Chief Joseph and the Flight of the Nez Perce : The Untold Story of an American Tragedy

by Nerburn, Kent

• ISBN13: 9780061136085
• ISBN10: 0061136085
• Edition: Reprint
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2009-11-18
• Publisher: HarperCollins Publications

Summary

Hidden in the shadow cast by the great western expeditions of Lewis and Clark lies another journey every bit as poignant, every bit as dramatic, and every bit as essential to an understanding of who we are as a nation -- the 1,800-mile journey made by Chief Joseph and eight hundred Nez Perce men, women, and children from their homelands in what is now eastern Oregon through the most difficult, mountainous country in western America to the high, wintry plains of Montana. There, only forty miles from the Canadian border and freedom, Chief Joseph, convinced that the wounded and elders could go no farther, walked across the snowy battlefield, handed his rifle to the U.S. military commander who had been pursuing them, and spoke his now-famous words, "From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever." The story has been told many times, but never before in its entirety or with such narrative richness. Drawing on four years of research, interviews, and 20,000 miles of travel, Nerburn takes us beyond the surrender to the captives' unlikely welcome in Bismarck, North Dakota, their tragic eight-year exile in Indian Territory, and their ultimate return to the Northwest. Nerburn reveals the true, complex character of Joseph, showing how the man was transformed into a myth by a public hungry for an image of the noble Indian and how Joseph exploited the myth in order to achieve his single goal of returning his people to their homeland. Chief Joseph & the Flight of the Nez Perce is far more than the story of a man and a people. It is a grand saga of a pivotal time in our nation's history. Its pages are alive with the presence of Lewis and Clark, General William Tecumseh Sherman, General George Armstrong Custer, and Sitting Bull. Its events brush against the California Gold Rush, the Civil War, the great western pioneer migration, and the building of the telegraph and the transcontinental railroad. Once you have read this groundbreaking work, you will never look at Chief Joseph, the American Indian, or our nation's westward journey in the same way again.

Table of Contents

Introduction: Searching for Joseph	ix
Part I A Time of Hope
1. "We Thought They Might Be Descended from Dogs"	3	(10)
2. A Harvest for the Lord	13	(13)
3. A Child of Two Worlds	26	(12)
4. A Tide of Laws and Men	38	(25)
5. "We Will Not Give Up the Land"	63	(14)
6. "I Am a Man; You Will Not Tell Me What to Do"	77	(10)
Part 2 A Time of War
7. "There Have Been Killings"	87	(18)
8. "We Are Living Here Peacefully and Want No Trouble"	105	(15)
9. "The Most Terrible Mountains I Ever Beheld"	120	(23)
10. "In a Dream Last Night I Saw Myself Killed"	143	(19)
11. "Pursue Them to the Death"	162	(21)
12. Alone in a Strange Country	183	(22)
13. "Our People Are Hungry and Weak"	205	(12)
14. "I Think We Will All Be Caught and Killed"	217	(14)
15. "Soldiers Are Coming"	231	(13)
16. "Colonel Miles Wants to Meet with Chief Joseph"	244	(18)
17. "It Is Cold and We Have No Blankets"	262	(15)
Part 3 A Time of Betrayal and Exile
18. "You Will Be Returned to Your Homeland"	277	(17)
19. "You Must Move Again"	294	(9)
20. "When Will These White Chiefs Begin to Tell the Truth?"	303	(13)
21. "Is It Possible That the Noble Red Man Is Not a Myth?"	316	(5)
22. "A Good Country to Get Rid of Indians In"	321	(22)
23. "I Have Heard Talk and Talk but Nothing Is Done"	343	(12)
24. "I Know What Is Good for You Now, Mr. Indian"	355	(18)
25. "We Won't Be Responsible for Their Lives 24 Hours After Their Arrival"	373	(10)
26. "I Would Be Happy with Very Little"	383	(14)
Epilogue: "The Noblest Indian of Them All"	397	(2)
A Note on Sources	399

Excerpts

Chief Joseph & the Flight of the Nez Perce
The Untold Story of an American Tragedy

Chapter One

"We Thought They Might Be Descended from Dogs"

The nez perce first encountered the European world, and the Europeans first encountered theirs, in a wide, pine-rimmed meadow in the foothills of the Bitterroot Mountains on a sunlit day in the autumn of 1805. There, in a flower-covered field called the Weippe Prairie, in the state we now call Idaho, three young Nez Perce boys were lazily playing with sticks and bows while their mothers and grandmothers dug camas roots on the far side of the clearing. It was the autumn gathering time, and the roots they dug would be dried and pulverized and made into meal for bread. A good harvest meant a good winter, and this year the harvest was good.

Smoke rose from fires near the buffalo-skin teepees, which were set in the same places they had been set for as long as anyone could remember. Each family had its own spot, each band its own area. The gathering had the gentle grace of a yearly ritual, when the different bands of the tribe came together from their distant homelands to share in the harvest, to meet family and friends, and to offer the firstfruits of the camas gathering in thanks to the earth for the bounty she had given.

Only women and children and elders were in the camp. The younger men had gone off across the rugged hills toward the south to confront the Shoshone, who had killed three Nez Perce peace emissaries the season before. It would be some time before they would return, and by that time the harvest would be finished and the bands would be ready to return to their respective wintering grounds in the lower valleys, where the snow seldom reached and the waters seldom froze. The sun was warm, the digging was good, and the day had an air of quietude and peace.

Through this golden autumn peace the three boys heard the snorts of horses and saw a glint of movement in the woods on a nearby hillside. Soon a figure emerged, then another and another, all on horseback, all unlike any the boys had ever seen. They had arms like men, legs like men. But their faces were covered with fur, like dogs. One of the figures had hair the color of sunset. Another was black and had hair like a buffalo. He looked like a warrior painted for night battle, except that the blackness was not paint but skin itself.

The boys tried to run, but the creature with the sunset hair caught up with them. He made gestures of peace with his hands and gave them lengths of red ribbon. He motioned for them to return to camp and bring back the leaders of the people.

The boys arrived at the lodges breathless and terrified. They pointed to the field and told of the pale beasts with the hairy faces and held up the ribbons they had been given. In the Nez Perce fashion, the youngest boy was asked to deliver the worst news about these beasts they had encountered. He huddled with the other boys for a moment, then turned and spoke solemnly. "They all had eyes like dead fish," he said.

The strangers were led back to camp, where everyone gathered around them. They seemed by all accounts to be men, though not of any tribe that had ever been seen before. Their language was not recognizable and their condition was barely above that of animals. They were filthy and squalid and gave off a repulsive odor. With their hairy faces, there was some thought that they might be descended from dogs.

The "sunset hair" acted as the leader. He seemed friendly and offered gifts. Most important, he and the others with him carried guns with long barrels, a mysterious weapon of which the Nez Perce had only recently learned. Earlier that year, a band of hunters who had gone across the mountains to the buffalo country had traded for six of these strange weapons and brought them back to the Nez Perce villages. They spoke in awe of what these guns could do—about the terrific noise they made and how a ball placed in the long barrel could kill an animal from a distance far greater than that reached by an arrow.

The Nez Perce had long been known as the makers of the finest bows and arrows of any tribe, having learned to steam the horn of the mountain ram until it softened, then to shape it into a bow and strengthen it with rawhide attached with the boiled blood of the sturgeon or the grease from the skin of the salmon. Once hardened, these bows were powerful enough to launch an arrow completely through the body of a deer. All the tribes with whom the Nez Perce traded were hungry to obtain them.

But these long-barreled guns were even more powerful—perhaps not as efficient for warfare, but well able to pierce the leather shields of enemies and quite capable of stopping attackers and terrifying horses at a great distance. That these beings had these guns spoke of great power and influence, whether in fact they were men or beasts.

The dog-men were led down the hill to the camp of Twisted Hair, a chief who had been too old to go off on the raiding party against the Shoshone. Though frightened, he greeted the strangers with hospitality, feeding them a meal of camas roots and salmon. They seemed both appreciative and friendly.

While the strangers ate and slept, the situation was discussed in council. There was some thought to kill them, because stories had long been told about strange, pale-skinned men coming from the east who would bring sickness and ruin. But one old woman called Watkueis, or "She Who Had Returned from a Far Country," spoke to spare their lives. Years ago she had been captured by Blackfeet while in . . .

Chief Joseph & the Flight of the Nez Perce
The Untold Story of an American Tragedy. Copyright © by Kent Nerburn. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. Available now wherever books are sold.

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Excerpted from Chief Joseph and the Flight of the Nez Perce: The Untold Story of an American Tragedy by Kent Nerburn
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