Child, Family, School, Community Socialization and Support

by Berns, Roberta M.

• ISBN13: 9780495007586
• ISBN10: 0495007587
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-03-06
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Revealing and filled with professional insight, Robert M. Berns' best-selling book helps students understand the socialization process of children via the powerful conceptual framework of Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model of Human Development. Berns closely examines the interactive effects of family, childcare, school, peer groups, media, community, and societal factors (including culture, political ideology, economics, and technology) on the socialization of the child to vividly illustrate the concepts of the course and help students learn how the various aspects of a child's environment affect his or her development. Truly ideal for undergraduate students and anyone who works with children, this text underscores the immeasurable value in preparing the child with the ability to adapt to a changing world.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Ecology of the Child	1	(39)
Prologue	2	(3)
Ecology, Change, and Children	5	(1)
Socialization and Child Development	6	(7)
Socialization as a Unique Human Process	7	(1)
Socialization as a Reciprocal Dynamic Process	7	(5)
Intentional and Unintentional Socialization	12	(1)
Socialization, Change, and Challenge	13	(6)
Change and the Concept of Childhood	15	(2)
Socialization and Adaptation	17	(2)
Theories Relating to Socialization	19	(1)
Examining Socialization in an Ecological Context	20	(9)
Microsystems	21	(2)
Mesosystems	23	(2)
Exosystems	25	(1)
Macrosystems	26	(3)
Interaction of Ecological Systems Over Time: The Chronosystem	29	(3)
Impact of Significant Historical Events	29	(2)
Impact of Ongoing Events	31	(1)
Contemporary Ecology	32	(5)
Epilogue	37	(1)
Summary	37	(1)
Activity	38	(1)
Related Readings	39	(1)
Ecology of Socialization	40	(44)
Prologue	41	(1)
Socialization Processes	42	(2)
Aims of Socialization	44	(7)
Develop a Self-Concept	44	(4)
Enable Self-Regulation	48	(1)
Empower Achievement	48	(1)
Teach Appropriate Social Roles	48	(1)
Implement Developmental Skills	49	(2)
Agents of Socialization	51	(9)
Family	52	(3)
School and Child Care	55	(1)
Peers	56	(2)
Mass Media	58	(1)
Community	59	(1)
Methods of Socialization	60	(17)
Affective Methods (Effect Emerges from Feeling)	60	(2)
Operant Methods (Effect Emerges from Acting)	62	(6)
Observational Methods (Effect Emerges from Imitating)	68	(2)
Cognitive Methods (Effect Emerges from Information Processing)	70	(3)
Sociocultural Methods (Effect Emerges from Conforming)	73	(4)
Apprenticeship Methods (Effect Emerges from Guided Participation)	77	(1)
Outcomes of Socialization	77	(4)
Values	77	(1)
Attitudes	78	(1)
Motives and Attributions	78	(1)
Self-Esteem	79	(1)
Self-Regulation/Behavior	79	(1)
Morals	80	(1)
Gender Roles	81	(1)
Epilogue	81	(1)
Summary	82	(1)
Activity	82	(1)
Related Readings	83	(1)
Ecology of the Family	84	(43)
Prologue	85	(1)
Family Systems	86	(4)
Basic Family Structures	87	(2)
Basic Family Functions	89	(1)
Family Transitions	90	(18)
Structural Family Changes	90	(13)
Functional Family Changes	103	(5)
Macrosystem Influences on Families, Socialization, and Children	108	(12)
Socioeconomic Status	108	(7)
Ethnic Orientation	115	(3)
Religious Orientation	118	(2)
Chronosystem Influences on Families, Socialization, and Children	120	(3)
Sociopolitical Changes	121	(1)
Economic Changes	122	(1)
Technological Changes	122	(1)
Meeting the Challenge of Change: Family Empowerment	123	(1)
Epilogue	124	(1)
Summary	125	(1)
Activity	126	(1)
Related Readings	126	(1)
Ecology of Parenting	127	(50)
Prologue	128	(1)
Parenting	129	(1)
Macrosystem Influences on Parenting	130	(14)
Political Ideology	131	(1)
Culture	132	(3)
Socioeconomic Status	135	(2)
Ethnicity/Religion	137	(7)
Chronosystem Influences on Parenting	144	(12)
Historical Trends	145	(3)
Family Dynamics	148	(8)
Parenting Styles	156	(8)
Microsystem Influences: Between Parent and Child	157	(6)
Mesosystem Influences: Between Parent and Others	163	(1)
Appropriate Parenting Practices	164	(2)
Developmental Appropriateness	165	(1)
Guidance and Discipline	166	(1)
Inappropriate Parenting Practices	166	(8)
Child Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect	167	(3)
Correlates and Consequences of Child Maltreatment	170	(4)
Epilogue	174	(1)
Summary	174	(1)
Activity	175	(1)
Related Readings	176	(1)
Ecology of Child Care	177	(36)
Prologue	178	(1)
Child Care	178	(6)
Components of Optimal Quality Care	180	(4)
Macrosystem Influences on Child Care	184	(2)
Chronosystem Influences on Child Care: Correlates and Consequences	186	(7)
Child Care and Psychological Development	187	(3)
Child Care and Social Development	190	(1)
Child Care and Cognitive Development	190	(3)
Mesosystem Influences on Child Care	193	(3)
School and Community Involvement in Child Care	193	(2)
Government and Business Involvement in Child Care	195	(1)
Child Care and Socialization	196	(9)
Socialization Effects of Different Preschool Programs	197	(5)
Socialization Effects of Child-Care Ideologies	202	(3)
Developmentally Appropriate Caregiving	205	(5)
Collaborative Caregiving	205	(2)
Caregivers and Child Protection	207	(3)
Epilogue	210	(1)
Summary	210	(2)
Activity	212	(1)
Related Readings	212	(1)
Ecology of the School	213	(40)
Prologue	214	(1)
The School's Function as a Socializing Agent	215	(2)
Macrosystem Influences on Schools	217	(15)
Educational Decisions	218	(1)
School Choice	219	(2)
Diversity and Equity	221	(11)
Chronosystem Influences on Schools	232	(7)
Adaptations to Societal Change	233	(1)
Technology	234	(2)
Violence	236	(2)
Substance Use/Abuse	238	(1)
Mesosystem Influences on Schools	239	(10)
School-Child Linkages	240	(1)
School-Family Linkages	241	(5)
School-Peer Group Linkages	246	(1)
School-Media Linkages	246	(1)
School-Community Linkages	247	(2)
Epilogue	249	(1)
Summary	250	(1)
Activity	251	(1)
Related Readings	251	(2)
Ecology of Teaching	253	(44)
Prologue	254	(2)
The Teacher's Role as a Socializing Agent	256	(2)
Teacher Characteristics and Student Learning	258	(5)
Teachers as Leaders	259	(2)
Teachers as Managers	261	(1)
Teachers' Expectations	262	(1)
Student Characteristics and Teacher Interaction	263	(21)
Gender	264	(1)
Ethnicity	264	(5)
Socioeconomic Status	269	(2)
Learning Styles	271	(3)
Disability	274	(4)
Risk and Resilience	278	(6)
Macrosystem Influences on Teaching	284	(6)
Philosophies of Teaching and Learning	284	(3)
Socialization Outcomes of Different Classroom Contexts	287	(2)
Accountability and Standardization	289	(1)
Mesosystem Influences on Teaching	290	(4)
Family Involvement in Learning	291	(2)
Developmentally Appropriate Learning and Assessment	293	(1)
Epilogue	294	(1)
Summary	294	(1)
Activity	295	(1)
Related Readings	296	(1)
Ecology of the Peer Group	297	(51)
Prologue	298	(1)
The Peer Group as a Socializing Agent	299	(15)
The Significance of Peers to Development	299	(6)
Psychological Development: Emotions	305	(1)
Social Development: Social Competence	306	(1)
Cognitive Development: Social Cognition	307	(2)
Peer Group Socializing Mechanisms	309	(5)
Macrosystem Influences on the Peer Group: Developmental Tasks	314	(7)
Getting Along With Others	314	(1)
Developing Morals and Values	315	(2)
Learning Appropriate Sociocultural Roles	317	(4)
Achieving Personal Independence and Identity	321	(1)
Chronosystem Influences on the Peer Group: Play/Activities	321	(7)
The Significance and Development of Play	322	(3)
Infant/Toddler Peer Activities	325	(1)
Early Childhood Peer Activities	325	(1)
Middle Childhood/Preadolescent Peer Activities	326	(1)
Adolescent Peer Activities	327	(1)
Peer Group Interaction	328	(6)
Development of Friendship	328	(2)
Acceptance/Neglect/Rejection by Peers	330	(2)
Peer Sociotherapy	332	(2)
Peer Group Dynamics and Social Hierarchies	334	(5)
Inclusion and Exclusion	335	(1)
Bullies/Victims	336	(1)
Gangs	337	(1)
Peer Collaboration, Tutoring, and Counseling	338	(1)
Mesosystem Influences on the Peer Group	339	(5)
Adult-Mediated Group Interaction	340	(1)
Adult Leadership Styles	341	(1)
Team Sports	342	(2)
Epilogue	344	(1)
Summary	344	(2)
Activity	346	(1)
Related Readings	346	(2)
Ecology of the Mass Media	348	(51)
Prologue	349	(2)
Understanding Mass Media	351	(2)
Chronosystem Influences on Mass Media	353	(1)
Macrosystem Influences on Mass Media	354	(3)
Screen Media: Television and Movies (Videos, DVDs)	357	(17)
Concerns About Television and Movies	358	(14)
Mediating Influences on Socialization Outcomes	372	(2)
Mesosystem Influences	374	(4)
Community-Media Linkages	375	(1)
School-Media Linkages	376	(1)
Peer-Media Linkages	376	(1)
Family-Media Linkages	377	(1)
Print Media: Books and Magazines	378	(9)
How Books and Magazines Socialize Children	380	(2)
Concerns About Books and Magazines	382	(4)
Books, Socialization, and Developmental Levels of Children	386	(1)
Audio Media: Popular Music	387	(4)
Interactive and Multimedia	391	(4)
Computers and the Internet	392	(1)
Computerized Video/CD Games	393	(2)
Epilogue	395	(1)
Summary	395	(1)
Activity	396	(1)
Related Readings	397	(2)
Ecology of the Community	399	(48)
Prologue	400	(1)
Community: Structure and Functions	401	(3)
The Community's Influence on Socialization	404	(10)
Physical Factors	405	(3)
Economic Factors	408	(2)
Social and Personal Factors	410	(4)
The Community as a Learning Environment	414	(1)
The Community as a Support System	415	(9)
Chronosystem and Macrosystem Influences on Community Services	415	(1)
Preventive, Supportive, and Rehabilitative Services	416	(8)
Creating Caring Communities	424	(10)
Economic Assistance	425	(4)
Health Care	429	(1)
Support for Families	430	(3)
Special Child-Care Services	433	(1)
Mesosystem Influences: Linking Community Services to Families and Schools	434	(3)
Involvement and Advocacy	437	(5)
Types of Advocacy Groups	437	(1)
Advocating for Child Protection	438	(4)
Epilogue	442	(1)
Summary	442	(2)
Activity	444	(2)
Related Readings	446	(1)
Emotional and Cognitive Socialization Outcomes	447	(47)
Prologue	448	(3)
Values	451	(5)
Values Clarification	454	(2)
Attitudes	456	(10)
Development of Attitudes	456	(2)
Influences on Attitude Development	458	(5)
Changing Attitudes About Diversity	463	(3)
Motives and Attributions	466	(13)
Achievement Motivation	468	(4)
Locus of Control	472	(4)
Learned Helplessness	476	(2)
Self-Efficacy	478	(1)
Self-Esteem	479	(10)
Development of Self-Esteem	481	(2)
Influences on the Development of Self-Esteem	483	(6)
Epilogue	489	(1)
Summary	490	(1)
Activity	491	(2)
Related Readings	493	(1)
Social and Behavioral Socialization Outcomes	494	(62)
Prologue	495	(3)
Self-Regulation/Behavior	498	(23)
Antisocial Behavior: Aggression	501	(9)
Prosocial Behavior: Altruism	510	(11)
Morals	521	(18)
Moral Development	521	(8)
Influences on Moral Development	529	(10)
Gender Roles	539	(14)
Development of Gender Roles	539	(5)
Influences on Gender Role Development	544	(9)
Epilogue	553	(1)
Summary	553	(1)
Activity	554	(1)
Related Readings	555	(1)
Appendix: Core Concepts of Development and Socialization	556	(1)
Glossary	557	(6)
References	563	(43)
Index	606