Cities and Urban Life

by MacIonis, John J.; Parrillo, Vincent N.

• ISBN13: 9780130884169
• ISBN10: 0130884162
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For Urban Sociology, Urban Political Economy, Urban Anthropology, and Urban Studies courses. Cities and Urban Life, authored by two of the best-known textbook writers in the field, provides a comprehensive introduction to urban sociology, urban anthropology, and urban studies courses. Primarily sociological in approach, this book incorporates historical, social psychological, geographical, and anthropological insights. While strong in the classical urban sociology, it also gives extensive attention to the new political economy approach to urban studies. Also, the authors use global cities as case studies for more relevance to students.

Table of Contents

Special Features	xvii
Preface	xxi
PART I UNDERSTANDING THE CITY
Exploring the City	1	(25)
Why Study the City?	2	(2)
The Complexity of the City: Various Perspectives	4	(12)
The City in History	5	(2)
The Emergence of Urban Sociology	7	(1)
Social Psychology: The Urban Experience	8	(1)
Urban Geography and Ecology	8	(5)
Urban Anthropology: The City and Culture	13	(1)
Urban Political Economy	14	(2)
The Anatomy of Modern North American Cities	16	(3)
The City in World Perspective	19	(3)
Urban Sociology and the Quality of City Life	22	(4)
PART II HISTORY OF CITIES AND NEW TRENDS
The Origins and Development of the World's Cities	26	(36)
Urban Origins	27	(7)
Archaeology: Digging the Early City	27	(1)
The First Permanent Settlements	28	(1)
The City Emerges	29	(5)
The First Urban Revolution: City-States and Urban Empires	34	(14)
The Near East: Mesopotamia and Egypt	34	(4)
The Indus Region	38	(2)
A Glance Eastward: China	40	(1)
A Glance Westward: The Americas	40	(1)
Summary: Traits of Early Cities	41	(2)
Crete and Greece	43	(1)
Rome	43	(2)
Decline: The Middle Ages	45	(2)
Revival: Medieval and Renaissance Cities	47	(1)
The Second Urban Revolution: The Rise of Modern Cities	48	(4)
London---The History of a World City	52	(8)
Beginnings: 55 B.C.E-1066 C.E.	52	(2)
The Medieval City: 1066-1550	54	(1)
The World City Emerges: 1550-1800	54	(1)
Industrialization and Colonization: 1800-1900	55	(1)
The Modern Era: 1900 to the Present	56	(4)
Summary	60	(1)
Conclusion	61	(1)
The Development of North American Cities	62	(43)
The Colonial Era: 1600-1800	63	(4)
Beginnings	64	(1)
The Character of the Early Cities	64	(3)
The Revolutionary War Era	67	(1)
Growth and Expansion: 1800-1870	67	(5)
Cities as Big Business	68	(1)
The Beginnings of Industrialization	69	(1)
Urban-Rural/North-South Tensions	70	(2)
The Era of the Great Metropolis: 1870-1950	72	(6)
Technological Advance	73	(1)
The Great Migration	74	(1)
Politics and Problems	74	(1)
The Quality of Life in the New Metropolis	75	(2)
Trends Through 1950	77	(1)
The North American City Today: 1950 to the Present	78	(9)
Decentralization	78	(5)
The Sunbelt Expansion	83	(4)
The Coming of the Postindustrial City	87	(5)
Deterioration and Regeneration	87	(2)
The Future	89	(2)
The Human Cost of Economic Restructuring	91	(1)
New York---The ``Big Apple'	92	(11)
The Colonial Era	93	(1)
Growth and Expansion	94	(1)
The Great Metropolis Emerges	94	(4)
New York Today	98	(5)
Summary	103	(1)
Conclusion	104	(1)
Cities and Suburbs of the Twenty-First Century	105	(31)
Urban and Suburban Sprawl	106	(10)
What Is Sprawl?	106	(2)
Why Do We Have Sprawl?	108	(1)
Where Does Sprawl Occur?	108	(1)
The Problems of Sprawl	108	(6)
Solutions to Sprawl	114	(2)
Edge Cities	116	(8)
Characteristics and Commonalities	118	(1)
Types of Edge Cities	118	(1)
Evolving Middle-Class Centers	118	(1)
Three Edge City Variations	119	(5)
Gated Communities	124	(3)
Types of Gated Communities	125	(1)
A Sense of Community	126	(1)
Common-Interest Developments (CIDs)	127	(3)
Portland, Oregon	130	(4)
The Physical Setting	130	(1)
History	131	(1)
Urban Decline and the Planners' Response to Sprawl	132	(2)
Portland Today	134	(1)
Summary	134	(1)
Conclusion	135	(1)
PART III DISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES
Urban Sociology: The Classic Statements	136	(29)
The European Tradition: 1846-1921	137	(12)
From Barbarism to Civilization	137	(3)
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
From Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft	140	(2)
Ferdinand Tonnies
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity	142	(1)
Emile Durkheim
The Mental Life of the Metropolis	143	(3)
Georg Simmel
The Historical and Comparative Study of Cities	146	(2)
Max Weber
The European Tradition: An Evaluation	148	(1)
Urban Sociology in North America: 1915-1938	149	(7)
Robert Park and Sociology at the University of Chicago	149	(3)
Louis Wirth and Urban Theory	152	(4)
The U.S. Tradition: An Evaluation	156	(1)
The Classic Theories and Modern Research: Myths and Realities	156	(7)
Tolerance in the City	157	(1)
Impersonality in the City	157	(2)
Density and Urban Pathology	159	(3)
Urban Malaise	162	(1)
The New Urban Sociology	163	(1)
Summary	163	(1)
Conclusion	164	(1)
Social Psychology: The Urban Experience	165	(28)
The Physical Environment	166	(4)
The Image of the City	166	(3)
Kevin Lynch
More on Mental Maps	169	(1)
Stanley Milgram
The Social Environment: Gesellschaft	170	(8)
The Pedestrian: Watching Your Step	170	(3)
A World of Strangers	173	(5)
Class, Race, and the Urban Experience	178	(1)
The City as Gesellschaft: A Reassessment	178	(1)
The Social Environment: Gemeinschaft	178	(9)
Urban Networks	178	(9)
Identifying with the City	187	(1)
The City as Gemeinschaft: A Reassessment	187	(1)
The Texture of the City	187	(2)
Humanizing the City	189	(2)
Summary	191	(1)
Conclusion	192	(1)
Geography and Ecology: Making Sense of Space	193	(25)
Urban Geography	194	(5)
The Location of Cities	195	(2)
Why Cities Are Where They Are	197	(2)
The Shape of the City	199	(4)
The Radiocentric City	200	(1)
The Gridiron City	201	(1)
City Growth: Horizontal, Vertical, and Interstitial	202	(1)
City Shape and Quality of Life	203	(1)
Urban Ecology: The Chicago School	203	(4)
The Ecological Theory of Urban Development	203	(2)
The Concentric Zone Hypothesis	205	(2)
Criticisms of the Chicago School	207	(1)
Urban Ecology: Other Theories	207	(9)
The Sector Theory	208	(1)
The Multiple Nuclei Theory	209	(1)
Social Area Analysis	210	(1)
Factorial Ecology	211	(5)
Summary	216	(1)
Conclusion	217	(1)
Urban Anthropology: The City and Culture	218	(31)
Prologue: Six Months in Ibadan	219	(1)
The City and Culture	220	(1)
The City and the Hinterland	220	(4)
Interdependencies	221	(1)
Urban Dominance	222	(2)
The City and Civilization	224	(3)
Oswald Spengler	225	(2)
Lewis Mumford	227	(1)
Ming Peking	227	(4)
Physical Structure	229	(1)
Symbolism	229	(2)
Hellenic Athens	231	(5)
The Preclassical Period	231	(2)
The Golden Age	233	(1)
Behind the Glory	234	(2)
Ming Peking and Athens: A Comparison	236	(1)
The Culture of Capitalism and the City	236	(6)
The Capitalist City	238	(1)
The Industrial Revolution	238	(3)
Urban Life as Economics	241	(1)
Assets and Debits	241	(1)
Communist Beijing	242	(5)
The Emergence of Modern Beijing	242	(1)
Urban Life as Politics	243	(2)
The Difficulties of Urban Life	245	(1)
Economic Reform	245	(1)
A Rising Consumerism	246	(1)
Summary	247	(1)
Conclusion	247	(2)
Structural Imperatives: Urban Political Economy	249	(30)
Urban Economics: The Traditional Perspective	250	(6)
Central Place Theory	250	(3)
The General Pattern of Land Use	253	(1)
Criticisms of the Basic Theory	254	(2)
Political Economy: The ``New'' Perspective	256	(7)
Redefining the Study of Cities	256	(2)
Henri Lefebvre
The Baltimore Study	258	(1)
David Harvey
Updating Marx	259	(1)
Manuel Castells
Business Location and the Global Economy	260	(2)
Allen Scott
Urban Growth Machines	262	(1)
John Logan
Harvey Molotch
The Global Economy	263	(6)
Economic Restructuring	264	(1)
A World System	265	(4)
Urban Political Economy: Four Principles	269	(3)
The Urbanization of Poverty	272	(5)
The Developing World	272	(1)
The Developed World	272	(5)
Summary	277	(1)
Conclusion	278	(1)
PART IV THE ANATOMY OF THE CITY
Social Class: Urban and Suburban Lifestyles	279	(26)
Urban Diversity: Multiple Views	280	(10)
Urbanism as a Way of Life	280	(1)
Louis Wirth
Urbanism as Many Ways of Life	281	(7)
Herbert Gans
A Comparison	288	(2)
Wirth
Gans
A Subcultural Theory of Urbanism	290	(1)
Claude Fischer
Life Beyond the City Limits: A Brief History of Suburbs	290	(4)
Suburbs and the Gilded Age	291	(1)
Streetcar Suburbs	292	(1)
The Arrival of the Automobile	292	(1)
The Postwar Era: 1945-1970	293	(1)
1970 to the Present	293	(1)
Suburban Lifestyles	294	(9)
The Aristocratic Life	295	(1)
The New Suburbia	295	(1)
Contemporary Suburbia: Complexity and Diversity	296	(6)
The Exurbs	302	(1)
Urban Culture and the Suburbs	302	(1)
Summary	303	(1)
Conclusion	304	(1)
Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Urban Diversity	305	(28)
Cities and Immigrants	306	(2)
Ethnic Enclaves and Ethnic Identity	306	(1)
Ethnic Change	306	(2)
Racial and Ethnic Minorities	308	(12)
African Americans	308	(4)
Hispanic Americans	312	(4)
Asian Americans	316	(4)
Native Americans	320	(1)
Women and the City	320	(2)
Work	321	(1)
Urban Space	321	(1)
The Public Sphere	322	(1)
Chicago, ``City of the Big Shoulders''	322	(9)
Early Chicago	323	(1)
The Burning and Rebuilding of Chicago	324	(1)
Jane Addams and Hull House	325	(1)
Chicago in the Early Twentieth Century	326	(1)
The Postwar Period	327	(2)
Chicago Today	329	(2)
Summary	331	(1)
Conclusion	331	(2)
Housing, Education, Crime: Confronting Urban Problems	333	(29)
Housing: A Place to Live	334	(15)
Adequate Housing: Who Has It?	334	(1)
Housing Problems: A Brief History	335	(1)
Public Housing	336	(3)
Deterioration and Abandonment in the Inner City	339	(1)
The Inner City Today: A Revival?	340	(5)
The New Urbanism	345	(4)
Education: The Urban Challenge	349	(4)
Magnet Schools	350	(1)
School Vouchers	350	(1)
Charter Schools	351	(2)
Crime: Perception and Reality	353	(7)
A Declining Crime Rate	353	(2)
Explaining High-Crime Areas	355	(3)
Effects of Crime on Everyday Life	358	(1)
What Is the Solution?	359	(1)
Summary	360	(1)
Conclusion	361	(1)
PART V GLOBAL URBANIZATION
Cities in the Developing World	362	(44)
Historical Context	363	(19)
Latin American Cities	363	(6)
African Cities	369	(5)
Middle Eastern Cities	374	(4)
Asian Cities	378	(3)
Common Legacies	381	(1)
The Modern Era	382	(16)
Latin American Cities	382	(1)
African Cities	383	(1)
Middle Eastern Cities	384	(2)
Asian Cities	386	(9)
Common Problems	395	(3)
Summary: World Urbanization in Perspective	398	(2)
The Future: Theories and Possible Solutions	400	(4)
Modernization Theory	401	(1)
Dependency Theory	401	(1)
Interventionist Theory	402	(1)
The City Is Not the Problem: Jane Jacobs's Theory	403	(1)
Conclusion	404	(2)
PART VI THE PLANNING AND EVALUATION OF CITIES
Planning the Urban Environment	406	(30)
Visions	407	(2)
City Planning in World History	409	(2)
Why Plan?	410	(1)
Planning in the Industrial Era: 1800-1900	411	(1)
The ``City Beautiful'' Movement	411	(1)
``Till We Have Built Jerusalem'': The New Towns Movement	411	(7)
A Socialist-Feminist New Town	412	(1)
Later New Towns in Great Britain	412	(1)
New Towns in Western Europe, Australia, and Brazil	413	(1)
New Towns in the United States	414	(3)
Have They Worked? Criticisms of New Towns	417	(1)
Utopia Unlimited: Architectural Visions	418	(4)
The Radiant City	418	(1)
Le Corbusier
Broadacre City	419	(1)
Frank Lloyd Wright
The Arcology	420	(1)
Paolo Soleri
Utopia's Limitations: A Critique	421	(1)
Meanwhile ... Downtown: More Focused Urban Planning	422	(4)
Sidewalks, Neighborhoods, and Local Initiative	422	(1)
Open Spaces: Squares, Parks, and Architecture	423	(2)
Rouse Revisited: The Middle Ground	425	(1)
The Realities of Urban Planning	426	(1)
Economics and Politics	426	(1)
The Difference That Values Make	427	(1)
Toronto, Ontario	427	(7)
The Physical Setting	428	(1)
History	429	(1)
Creation of a Metropolitan Government	430	(1)
Two Phases of Urban Planning	431	(1)
Toronto Today	432	(2)
Conclusion	434	(2)
References	436	(15)
Photo Credits	451	(2)
Index	453