Clinical Psychology (with InfoTrac)

by Trull, Timothy J.

• ISBN13: 9780534633875
• ISBN10: 0534633870
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-08-05
• Publisher: Thomson-Wadsworth

Summary

Part One: FOUNDATIONS OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY. 1. Clinical Psychology: An Introduction. 2. Historical Overview Of Clinical Psychology. 3. Current Issues In Clinical Psychology. 4. Research Methods In Clinical Psychology. 5. Diagnosis And Classification Of Psychological Problems. Part Two: CLINICAL ASSESSMENT. 6. The Assessment Interview. 7. The Assessment Of Intelligence. 8. Personality Assessment. 9. Behavioral Assessment. 10. Clinical Judgment. Part Three: CLINICAL INTERVENTION. 11. Psychological Interventions. 12. Psychotherapy: The Psychodynamic Perspective. 13. Psychotherapy: Phenomenological And Humanistic-Existential Perspectives. 14. Psychotherapy: Behavioral And Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives. 15. Group Therapy, Family Therapy, And Couples Therapy. Part Four: SPECIALTIES IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY. 16. Community Psychology. 17. Health Psychology And Behavioral Medicine. 18. Neuropsychology. Perspectives And History. 19. Forensic Psychology. 20. Pediatric And Clinical Child Psychology. Appendix Web Sites Of Interest. References. Name Index. Subject Major.

Author Biography

Timothy Trull is a professor of psychology at the University of Missouri-Columbia, where he enjoys both teaching a variety of courses in clinical psychology, particularly abnormal psychology and psychometrics, and supervising graduate students in their research, assessment, and clinical work.

Table of Contents

PART 1 FOUNDATIONS OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Clinical Psychology: An Introduction	3	(28)
What Is Clinical Psychology?	4	(1)
Closely Related Mental Health Professions	4	(5)
Psychiatrists	4	(1)
Counseling Psychologists	5	(2)
Other Mental Health Professionals	7	(2)
The Clinical Psychologist	9	(9)
Activities of Clinical Psychologists	9	(5)
Employment Sites	14	(1)
A Week in the Life of Dr. Karen C.	14	(2)
Some Demographic Notes	16	(1)
Research and the Scientific Tradition	16	(1)
Art or Science?	17	(1)
Training: Toward a Clinical Identity	18	(4)
An Overview	18	(1)
Clinical Training Programs	19	(3)
Admission to Graduate Programs	22	(4)
Step 1: Know Your Programs	22	(2)
Step 2: Application Materials	24	(2)
Essential Qualifications	26	(1)
A Profession in Movement	26	(1)
Demographics	26	(1)
Training Models	27	(1)
Clinical Practice	27	(1)
A Tolerance for Ambiguity and a Thirst for New Knowledge	27	(4)
Chapter Summary	28	(1)
Key Terms	28	(2)
Web Sites of Interest	30	(1)
Historical Overview of Clinical Psychology	31	(26)
Historical Roots	32	(1)
Diagnosis and Assessment	33	(5)
The Beginnings (1850--1899)	33	(1)
The Advent of the Modern Era (1900--1919)	33	(1)
Between the Wars (1920--1939)	34	(1)
World War II and Beyond (1940--Present)	35	(3)
Interventions	38	(6)
The Beginnings (1850--1899)	38	(1)
The Advent of the Modern Era (1900--1919)	38	(2)
Between the Wars (1920--1939)	40	(1)
World War II and Beyond (1940--Present)	41	(3)
Research	44	(3)
The Beginnings (1850--1899)	44	(1)
The Advent of the Modern Era (1900--1919)	44	(1)
Between the Wars (1920--1939)	44	(1)
World War II and Beyond (1940--Present)	44	(3)
The Profession	47	(10)
The Beginnings (1850--1899)	47	(1)
The Advent of the Modern Era (1900--1919)	48	(1)
Between the Wars (1920--1939)	48	(2)
World War II and Beyond (1940--1969)	50	(1)
The Growth of a Profession (1970--Present)	51	(1)
The 1988 Schism	52	(2)
Chapter Summary	54	(1)
Key Terms	54	(2)
Web Sites of Interest	56	(1)
Current Issues in Clinical Psychology	57	(27)
Models of Training in Clinical Psychology	58	(6)
The Scientist-Practitioner	58	(1)
The Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) Degree	59	(1)
Professional Schools	60	(1)
Clinical Scientist Model	60	(1)
Combined Professional-Scientific Training Programs	61	(3)
Graduate Programs: Past and Future	64	(1)
Professional Regulation	64	(2)
Private Practice	66	(1)
Independence and Economics	67	(1)
The Health Care Revolution	68	(3)
Prescription Privileges	71	(5)
Culturally Sensitive Mental Health Services	76	(2)
Ethical Standards	78	(6)
Competence	78	(1)
Privacy and Confidentiality	78	(2)
Human Relations	80	(1)
Chapter Summary	81	(1)
Key Terms	82	(1)
Web Sites of Interest	83	(1)
Research Methods in Clinical Psychology	84	(30)
Introduction to Research	85	(1)
Methods	86	(19)
Observation	86	(3)
Epidemiological Research	89	(2)
Correlational Methods	91	(4)
Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Approaches	95	(2)
The Experimental Method	97	(4)
Single-Case Designs	101	(2)
Mixed Designs	103	(2)
Statistical Versus Practical Significance	105	(1)
Research and Ethics	106	(8)
Chapter Summary	110	(1)
Key Terms	111	(2)
Web Sites of Interest	113	(1)
Diagnosis and Classification of Psychological Problems	114	(27)
What Is Abnormal Behavior?	116	(9)
Conformity to Norms: Statistical Infrequency or Violation of Social Norms	116	(1)
The Case of Dmitri A.	116	(1)
The Case of Martha L.	117	(4)
Subjective Distress	121	(1)
The Case of Cynthia S.	122	(1)
The Case of Robert G.	122	(1)
Disability or Dysfunction	123	(1)
The Case of Richard Z.	123	(1)
The Case of Phyllis H.	123	(1)
Where Does This Leave Us?	124	(1)
Mental Illness	125	(2)
The Importance of Diagnosis	125	(1)
Early Classification Systems	126	(1)
DSM-IV-TR	127	(3)
The Case of Michelle M.	128	(2)
General Issues in Classification	130	(5)
Causes of Abnormal Behavior and Mental Illness	135	(1)
The Value of Classification	136	(5)
Chapter Summary	137	(1)
Key Terms	137	(1)
Web Sites of Interest	138	(3)
PART 2 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
The Assessment Interview	141	(32)
Assessment in Clinical Psychology	142	(2)
Definition and Purpose	142	(1)
The Case of Billy G.	142	(1)
The Referral	143	(1)
What Influences How the Clinician Addresses the Referral Question?	144	(1)
The Interview	144	(10)
General Characteristics of Interviews	145	(2)
Interviewing Essentials and Techniques	147	(2)
Rapport	149	(1)
Communication	150	(3)
The Patient's Frame of Reference	153	(1)
The Clinician's Frame of Reference	153	(1)
Varieties of Interviews	154	(9)
The Intake-Admission Interview	154	(1)
The Case-History Interview	155	(1)
The Mental Status Examination Interview	155	(1)
The Crisis Interview	156	(7)
The Diagnostic Interview	163	(1)
Reliability and Validity of Interviews	163	(8)
Reliability	163	(5)
Validity	168	(2)
Suggestions for Improving Reliability and Validity	170	(1)
The Art and Science of Interviewing	171	(2)
Chapter Summary	171	(1)
Key Terms	171	(2)
The Assessment of Intelligence	173	(27)
Intelligence Testing: Yesterday and Today	174	(1)
The Concept of Intelligence	175	(6)
Reliability and Validity	175	(3)
Definitions of Intelligence	178	(1)
Theories of Intelligence	179	(2)
The IQ: Its Meaning and Its Correlates	181	(6)
The Intelligence Quotient (IQ)	181	(1)
Correlates of the IQ	182	(1)
Heredity and Stability of IQ Scores	183	(4)
The Clinical Assessment of Intelligence	187	(13)
The Stanford-Binet Scales	187	(2)
The Wechsler Scales	189	(1)
The WAIS-III	189	(2)
A Brief Case Report: Intellectual Evaluation	191	(2)
The WISC-IV	193	(2)
The Clinical Use of Intelligence Tests	195	(1)
The Case of Harold	195	(1)
Some Final Observations and Conclusions	196	(1)
Chapter Summary	197	(1)
Key Terms	198	(1)
Web Sites of Interest	199	(1)
Personality Assessment	200	(36)
Objective Tests	202	(16)
Advantages	202	(1)
Disadvantages	203	(1)
Methods of Construction for Objective Tests	203	(2)
The MMPI and the MMPI-2	205	(7)
A Summary Evaluation of the MMPI and MMPI-2	212	(2)
The Revised NEO-Personality Inventory	214	(2)
NEO-PI-R Case Illustration	216	(2)
Projective Tests	218	(11)
The Nature of Projective Tests	218	(1)
Measurement and Standardization	219	(1)
The Rorschach	220	(1)
Rorschach Case Illustration 1	221	(2)
Rorschach Case Illustration 2	223	(2)
The Thematic Apperception Test	225	(2)
TAT Case Illustration	227	(2)
Sentence Completion Techniques	229	(1)
Illusory Correlation	229	(1)
Incremental Validity and Utility	229	(1)
The Use and Abuse of Testing	230	(6)
Chapter Summary	234	(1)
Key Terms	234	(1)
Web Sites of Interest	235	(1)
Behavioral Assessment	236	(27)
The Behavioral Tradition	237	(3)
Sample Versus Sign	237	(1)
Functional Analysis	237	(1)
Behavioral Assessment as an Ongoing Process	238	(2)
Behavioral Interviews	240	(3)
Observation Methods	243	(13)
Naturalistic Observation	243	(1)
Examples of Naturalistic Observation	244	(3)
Controlled Observation	247	(2)
Controlled Performance Techniques	249	(1)
Self-Monitoring	250	(1)
Variables Affecting Reliability of Observations	251	(2)
Variables Affecting Validity of Observations	253	(2)
Suggestions for Improving Reliability and Validity of Observations	255	(1)
Contemporary Trends in Data Acquisition	255	(1)
Role-Playing Methods	256	(1)
Inventories and Checklists	257	(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment	257	(2)
Strengths and Weaknesses of Behavioral Assessment	259	(4)
Chapter Summary	260	(1)
Key Terms	260	(2)
Web Sites of Interest	262	(1)
Clinical Judgment	263	(28)
Process and Accuracy	264	(14)
Interpretation	264	(3)
Theory and Interpretation	267	(1)
Quantitative Versus Subjective Approaches	267	(2)
The Case for a Statistical Approach	269	(2)
The Case for a Clinical Approach	271	(1)
Comparing Clinical and Actuarial Approaches	272	(5)
Conclusions	277	(1)
Improving Judgment and Interpretation	278	(3)
Information Processing	278	(1)
The Reading-in Syndrome	278	(1)
Validation and Records	279	(1)
Vague Reports, Concepts, and Criteria	279	(1)
The Effects of Predictions	279	(1)
Prediction to Unknown Situations	279	(1)
Fallacious Prediction Principles	280	(1)
The Influence of Stereotyped Beliefs	280	(1)
``Why I Do Not Attend Case Conferences''	280	(1)
Communication: The Clinical Report	281	(10)
The Referral Source	281	(2)
Aids to Communication	283	(1)
A Case Illustration of a Clinical Report	283	(4)
Chapter Summary	287	(1)
Key Terms	288	(3)
PART 3 CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS
Psychological Interventions	291	(32)
Intervention Defined	292	(1)
Does Psychotherapy Help?	292	(2)
What Problems Are Amenable to Change?	294	(1)
Features Common to Many Therapies	295	(4)
Nature of Specific Therapeutic Variables	299	(7)
The Patient or Client	299	(4)
The Therapist	303	(3)
Course of Clinical Intervention	306	(5)
Initial Contact	306	(1)
Assessment	307	(3)
The Coals of Treatment	310	(1)
Implementing Treatment	310	(1)
Termination, Evaluation, and Follow-up	310	(1)
Stages of Change	311	(1)
Psychotherapy Research	312	(8)
Issues in Psychotherapy Research	313	(1)
Comparative Studies	314	(2)
Process Research	316	(1)
Recent Trends	317	(3)
Some General Conclusions	320	(3)
Chapter Summary	321	(1)
Key Terms	321	(1)
Web Sites of Interest	322	(1)
Psychotherapy: The Psychodynamic Perspective	323	(25)
Psychoanalysis: The Beginnings	324	(5)
Anna O.	324	(2)
The Freudian View: A Brief Review	326	(2)
From Theory to Practice	328	(1)
The Role of Insight	329	(1)
Techniques of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy	329	(6)
Free Association	330	(1)
Analysis of Dreams	330	(1)
Psychopathology of Everyday Life	331	(1)
Resistance	332	(1)
A Case Illustration of Resistance	333	(1)
Transference	333	(1)
Interpretation	334	(1)
A Case Illustration of Interpretation	334	(1)
Psychoanalytic Alternatives	335	(5)
Ego Analysis	336	(1)
Other Contemporary Developments	336	(1)
Brief Psychodynamic Psychotherapy	337	(2)
Interpersonal Psychotherapy: An Empirically Supported Treatment	339	(1)
Summary Evaluation of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy	340	(8)
Does Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Work?	340	(1)
Interpretation and Insight	340	(3)
Curative Factors	343	(1)
The Lack of Emphasis on Behavior	344	(1)
The Economics of Psychotherapy	344	(1)
Chapter Summary	345	(1)
Key Terms	346	(1)
Web Sites of Interest	347	(1)
Psychotherapy: Phenomenological and Humanistic-Existential Perspectives	348	(25)
Client-Centered Therapy	349	(10)
Origins	349	(1)
The Phenomenological World	349	(2)
Theoretical Propositions	351	(1)
Core Features	352	(1)
The Therapeutic Process	353	(1)
Diagnosis	354	(1)
A Case Illustration of Client-Centered Therapy	355	(1)
Other Applications	356	(1)
Some Concluding Remarks	356	(3)
The Humanistic-Existential Movement	359	(7)
Humanism	359	(1)
Existential Therapy	359	(3)
Logotherapy	362	(1)
Gestalt Therapy	363	(3)
Process-Experiential Therapy	366	(1)
Summary Evaluation of Phenomenological and Humanistic-Existential Therapies	367	(6)
Strengths	367	(1)
Criticisms	368	(2)
Chapter Summary	370	(1)
Key Terms	371	(1)
Web Sites of Interest	372	(1)
Psychotherapy: Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives	373	(37)
Origins of the Behavioral Approach	374	(1)
Definition	374	(1)
A Brief History	374	(1)
Traditional Techniques of Behavior Therapy	375	(14)
The Relationship	375	(2)
Broad Spectrum of Treatment	377	(1)
Systematic Desensitization	378	(2)
A Case Illustration of Systematic Desensitization	380	(2)
Exposure Therapy	382	(2)
Behavior Rehearsal	384	(2)
Contingency Management	386	(1)
Aversion Therapy	387	(2)
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	389	(6)
Background	389	(1)
Modeling	390	(1)
Rational Restructuring	391	(2)
Stress Inoculation Training	393	(1)
Beck's Cognitive Therapy	393	(1)
Dialectical Behavior Therapy	394	(1)
An Evaluation of Behavior Therapy	395	(15)
Strengths	395	(6)
Criticisms	401	(5)
The Future	406	(1)
Chapter Summary	406	(1)
Key Terms	407	(2)
Web Sites of Interest	409	(1)
Group Therapy, Family Therapy, and Couples Therapy	410	(27)
Group Therapy	411	(10)
A Historical Perspective	411	(1)
Approaches to Group Therapy	411	(1)
A Case Illustration of Psychoanalytic Group Therapy	412	(5)
The Arrangements	417	(1)
The Curative Factors	418	(1)
Does Group Therapy Work?	419	(1)
The Future of Group Therapy	419	(2)
Family Therapy and Couples Therapy	421	(16)
The Development of Family Therapy	422	(1)
The Concept of Communication	422	(1)
Forms and Methods	423	(1)
Conjoint Family Therapy	424	(1)
A Case Illustration of Conjoint Family Therapy	424	(2)
Other Varieties of Family Therapy	426	(1)
When Family Therapy?	426	(1)
Couples Therapy	427	(1)
Do Family Therapy and Couples Therapy Work?	428	(3)
Special Problems	431	(1)
Chapter Summary	432	(1)
Key Terms	432	(2)
Web Sites of Interest	434	(3)
PART 4 SPECIALTIES IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Community Psychology	437	(25)
Perspectives and History	438	(4)
The Community Psychology Perspective	438	(1)
Chronology and Catalyzing Events	439	(3)
Key Concepts	442	(9)
Ecological Levels of Analysis	442	(1)
The Concept of Community Mental Health	443	(1)
The Concept of Prevention	444	(4)
Empowerment	448	(2)
Diversity	450	(1)
Social Intervention Concepts	450	(1)
Methods of Intervention and Change	451	(4)
Consultation	451	(2)
Community Alternatives to Hospitalization	453	(1)
Intervention in Early Childhood	453	(1)
Self-Help	454	(1)
Paraprofessionals	454	(1)
Concluding Comments	455	(7)
Questions of Effectiveness	455	(3)
Values, Power, and Civil Rights	458	(1)
The Training of Community Psychologists	458	(1)
The Age of Managed Care	459	(1)
The Future of Prevention	459	(1)
Chapter Summary	460	(1)
Key Terms	460	(1)
Web Sites of Interest	461	(1)
Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine	462	(28)
History and Perspectives	463	(9)
Definitions	463	(1)
History	464	(1)
Linking Stress, Lifestyle and Behavior, Personality, Social Support, and Health	465	(5)
Range of Applications	470	(2)
Methods of Intervention	472	(4)
Respondent Methods	472	(1)
Operant Methods	473	(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Methods	473	(1)
Biofeedback	474	(2)
Prevention of Health Problems	476	(4)
Cigarette Smoking	476	(1)
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence	477	(3)
Obesity	480	(1)
Other Applications	480	(3)
Coping with Medical Procedures	480	(1)
Compliance with Regimens	481	(2)
Health Psychology: Prospects for the Future	483	(7)
Health Care Trends	483	(1)
Training Issues	484	(1)
Other Challenges	485	(1)
Chapter Summary	486	(1)
Key Terms	487	(2)
Web Sites of Interest	489	(1)
Neuropsychology	490	(23)
Perspectives and History	491	(4)
Definitions	491	(1)
Roles of Neuropsychologists	491	(1)
History of Neuropsychology	491	(4)
The Brain: Structure, Function, and Impairment	495	(5)
Structure and Function	495	(1)
Antecedents or Causes of Brain Damage	495	(2)
Consequences and Symptoms of Neurological Damage	497	(1)
Brain-Behavior Relationships	498	(2)
Methods of Neuropsychological Assessment	500	(7)
Major Approaches	500	(1)
Interpretation of Neuropsychological Test Results	500	(1)
Neurodiagnostic Procedures	501	(1)
Testing Areas of Cognitive Functioning	501	(3)
Test Batteries	504	(3)
Variables That Affect Performance on Neuropsychological Tests	507	(1)
Intervention and Rehabilitation	507	(1)
Concluding Remarks	508	(5)
Training	508	(1)
The Future	509	(1)
Chapter Summary	509	(2)
Key Terms	511	(1)
Web Sites of Interest	512	(1)
Forensic Psychology	513	(20)
Perspectives and History	514	(3)
Definitions	514	(1)
History	514	(2)
Professional Issues	516	(1)
Some Major Activities of Forensic Psychologists	517	(16)
The Expert Witness	517	(2)
Criminal Cases	519	(3)
Civil Cases	522	(2)
Rights of Patients	524	(2)
Predicting Dangerousness	526	(1)
Psychological Treatment	527	(1)
Consultation	527	(2)
Research and Forensic Psychology	529	(2)
Chapter Summary	531	(1)
Key Terms	531	(1)
Web Sites of Interest	532	(1)
Pediatric and Clinical Child Psychology	533	(29)
Definitions, History, and Perspectives	534	(4)
Definitions	534	(1)
History	535	(1)
A Developmental Perspective	535	(2)
Resilience	537	(1)
Major Activities	538	(19)
General Issues	538	(3)
Assessment	541	(6)
Interventions	547	(4)
Are Psychological Interventions for Children and Adolescents Efficacious?	551	(1)
Psychopharmacological Treatment	552	(2)
Prevention	554	(1)
Consultation	555	(2)
Training	557	(2)
The Future of Clinical Child and Pediatric Psychology	559	(3)
Chapter Summary	559	(1)
Key Terms	560	(1)
Web Sites of Interest	561	(1)
References	562	(33)
Photo Credits	595	(2)
Name Index	597	(10)
Subject Index	607