Cognition

by Ashcraft, Mark H.; Radvansky, Gabriel A.

• ISBN13: 9780131552715
• ISBN10: 0131552716
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Providing a comprehensive, approachable treatment of current cognitive psychology, this fourth edition of a classic volume, formerly entitled Human Memory and Cognition, maintains the direct style that has proved so popular in the past. Neurocognitive evidence is integrated throughout, and the book balances empirical evidence, theory, and explanations of important points with sufficient detail so that readers learn not only cognitive psychology, but also how experiments are designed and interpreted and how theories are tested.Chapter topics include an introduction to cognitive psychology; the cognitive science approach; perception and pattern recognition; attention; short-term, working memory; learning and remembering; knowing; using knowledge in the real world; language; comprehension: written and spoken language; decisions, judgments, and reasoning; and problem solving.For individuals interested in cognitive psychology and memory.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction	1	(33)
Thinking About Thinking	4	(5)
Memory and Cognition Defined	9	(3)
An Introductory History of Cognitive Psychology	12	(17)
Anticipations of Psychology	14	(1)
Early Psychology	15	(4)
Behaviorism and Neobehaviorism	19	(3)
Dissatisfaction with Behaviorism: The Winds of Change	22	(7)
Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing: The New Direction	29	(5)
The Assumptions of Cognitive Psychology	31	(3)
The Cognitive Science Approach	34	(40)
Guiding Principles	35	(1)
Themes	36	(1)
Measuring Information Processes	37	(7)
Getting Started	37	(1)
Time and Accuracy Measures	38	(4)
Guiding Analogies	42	(2)
The Information-Processing Approach	44	(7)
The Standard Theory	44	(1)
A Process Model	45	(3)
The Strict Information Processing Approach	48	(1)
Some Difficulties	49	(2)
The Modern Cognitive Approach: Cognitive Science	51	(3)
Updating the Standard Theory	51	(2)
Fixing the Narrowness	53	(1)
Neurocognition: The Brain and Cognition Together	54	(17)
Basic Neurology	56	(3)
Brain Anatomy	59	(3)
Principles of Functioning	62	(2)
Split Brain Research and Lateralization	64	(1)
Methods of Investigation	65	(6)
Neural Net Models: Connectionism	71	(3)
Perception and Pattern Recognition	74	(48)
Visual Perception	75	(17)
Gathering Visual Information	79	(3)
Visual Sensory Memory	82	(7)
The Argument About Iconic Memory	89	(2)
A Summary for Visual Sensory Memory	91	(1)
Pattern Recognition: Written Language	92	(13)
The Template Approach	93	(1)
Visual Feature Detection	93	(3)
Beyond Features: Conceptually Driven Pattern Recognition	96	(5)
Connectionism Modeling	101	(4)
Object Recognition and Agnosia	105	(8)
Recognition by Components	106	(3)
Agnosia	109	(2)
Implications for Cognitive Science	111	(2)
Auditory Perception	113	(9)
Auditory Sensory Memory	115	(4)
Auditory Pattern Recognition	119	(3)
Attention	122	(41)
Multiple Meanings of Attention	123	(1)
Basics of Attention	124	(2)
Basic Input Attentional Processes	126	(10)
Alertness and Arousal	126	(2)
Reflexive Attention and the Orienting Response	128	(1)
Spotlight Attention and Visual Search	129	(4)
Contrasting Input and Controlled Attention	133	(3)
Controlled, Voluntary Attention	136	(11)
Selective Attention and the Cocktail Party Effect	138	(1)
Selection Models	139	(8)
Attention as a Mental Resource	147	(11)
Automatic and Conscious Processing Theories	148	(5)
A Synthesis for Attention and Automaticity	153	(3)
Disadvantages of Automaticity	156	(2)
A Disorder of Attention: Hemineglect	158	(5)
Short-Term Working Memory	163	(47)
Short-Term Memory: A Limited-Capacity Bottleneck	166	(9)
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two	166	(3)
The Brown-Peterson Task: Decay from Short-Term Memory	169	(1)
Interference versus Decay in Short-Term Memory	170	(5)
Short-Term Memory and Recall	175	(5)
Free versus Serial Recall	176	(1)
Serial Position Effects	176	(2)
Rehearsal Buffer	178	(2)
Retrieval from Short-Term Memory	180	(5)
Recognition Tasks	180	(1)
Short-Term Memory Scanning: The Sternberg Task	180	(5)
Multiple Codes in Short-Term Memory	185	(5)
Verbal Codes	185	(1)
Semantic Codes	186	(1)
Visual Codes	187	(2)
Other Codes	189	(1)
Working Memory	190	(20)
Early Neuropsychological Evidence	191	(1)
The Components of Working Memory	191	(3)
The Dual Task Method Applied to Working Memory	194	(1)
Testing the Working Memory Model	194	(5)
Neuropsychological Evidence	199	(2)
Individual Differences Approach to Working Memory	201	(6)
Overview	207	(3)
Learning and Remembering	210	(48)
Preliminary Issues	213	(9)
Mnemonic Devices	213	(3)
The Ebbinghaus Tradition of Memory Research	216	(4)
Metamemory	220	(2)
Storing Information in Episodic Memory	222	(16)
Rehearsal	223	(1)
Frequency of Rehearsal	223	(2)
Two Kinds of Rehearsal	225	(1)
Depth of Processing	226	(1)
Challenges to Depth of Processing	227	(1)
Defining Levels	227	(3)
Organization in Storage	230	(4)
Imagery	234	(2)
Storage Summary: Encoding Specificity	236	(2)
Retrieving Episodic Information	238	(10)
Decay	238	(1)
Interference	238	(4)
Retrieval Failure	242	(2)
Retrieval Cues and Encoding Specificity	244	(4)
Amnesia and Implicit Memory	248	(10)
Dissociation of Episodic and Semantic Memory	249	(2)
Anterograde Amnesia	251	(3)
Implicit and Explicit Memory	254	(4)
Knowing	258	(50)
Semantic Memory	260	(22)
The Collins and Quillian (and Loftus) Model	261	(4)
Smith's Feature Comparison Model	265	(2)
Empirical Tests of Semantic Memory Models	267	(2)
Clashing Models and Explanations	269	(4)
Semantic Relatedness	273	(9)
Categorization, Classification, and Prototypes	282	(5)
Concept Formation	282	(1)
Natural Language Concepts	282	(3)
Internal Structure and the Power of Categorization	285	(2)
Priming in Semantic Memory	287	(11)
Nuts and Bolts of Priming Tasks	287	(3)
Empirical Demonstrations of Priming	290	(1)
Priming in Other Tasks	291	(2)
Priming Is Automatic	293	(3)
Priming Is an Implicit Process	296	(2)
Context, Connectionism, and the Brain	298	(10)
Context	298	(3)
Connectionism	301	(2)
Connectionism and the Brain	303	(5)
Using Knowledge in the Real World	308	(54)
The Seven Sins of Memory	310	(1)
Reconstructive Memory and Semantic Integration	311	(11)
Bartlett's Research	312	(2)
Schemata	314	(2)
Semantic Integration	316	(4)
Technical and Content Accuracy	320	(2)
Propositions	322	(12)
The Nature of Propositions	322	(4)
Strengths of Propositional Theories	326	(2)
Rules for Deriving Propositions	328	(2)
Are Propositions Real?	330	(4)
Propositions, Semantic Networks, and Scripts	334	(7)
Scripts	335	(4)
Evidence of Scripts	339	(2)
False Memories, Eyewitness Memory, and ``Forgotten Memories''	341	(12)
False Memories	341	(3)
Leading Questions and Memory Distortion	344	(2)
The Misinformation Effect	346	(1)
Source Misattribution and Misinformation Acceptance	347	(4)
Stronger Memory Distortion Effects	351	(1)
Repressed and Recovered Memories	352	(1)
Autobiographical Memories	353	(9)
The Bahrick Work	354	(3)
The Relationship of Laboratory to Real-World Memory	357	(1)
The Irony of Memory	358	(4)
Language	362	(53)
Linguistic Universals and Functions	364	(12)
Defining Language	364	(1)
Universals of Language	365	(5)
Animal Communication Systems	370	(2)
Five Levels of Analysis, a Critical Distinction, and Whorf's Hypothesis	372	(4)
Phonology: The Sounds of Language	376	(11)
Sounds in Isolation	376	(5)
Combining Phonemes into Words	381	(1)
Speech Perception and Context	382	(3)
A Final Puzzle	385	(2)
Syntax: The Ordering of Words and Phrases	387	(10)
Chomsky's Transformational Grammar	389	(4)
Limitations of the Transformational Grammar Approach	393	(1)
The Cognitive Role of Syntax	394	(3)
Lexical and Semantic Factors: The Meaning in Language	397	(10)
Morphemes	398	(1)
The Lexical Representation	399	(1)
Case Grammar	399	(3)
Interaction of Syntax and Semantics	402	(2)
Evidence for the Semantic Grammar Approaches	404	(2)
Case Grammar, Propositions, and Comprehension	406	(1)
Brain and Language	407	(8)
Aphasia	407	(4)
Generalizing from Aphasia	411	(1)
Language in the Intact Brain	412	(3)
Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language	415	(46)
Getting Started: An Overview	416	(14)
Conceptual and Rule Knowledge	416	(2)
Traditional Comprehension Research	418	(3)
Online Comprehension Tasks	421	(1)
Comprehension as Mental Structure Building	422	(7)
A Situation Model Approach to Comprehension	429	(1)
Reference, Inference, and Memory	430	(7)
Reference	430	(1)
Implication and Inference	431	(1)
Simple Reference and Inference	431	(2)
Inferences During Comprehension	433	(1)
The Processes and Extent of Drawing Inferences	434	(3)
Reading	437	(12)
Gaze Duration Procedures	437	(4)
Basic Online Reading Effects	441	(2)
A Model of Reading	443	(4)
Summary	447	(2)
Spoken Language and Conversation	449	(12)
The Structure of Conversations	450	(1)
Cognitive Conversational Characteristics	451	(4)
Empirical Effects in Conversation	455	(6)
Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning	461	(55)
Formal Logic and Reasoning	463	(10)
Syllogisms	463	(3)
Conditional Reasoning: If P Then Q	466	(6)
Hypothesis Testing	472	(1)
Decisions	473	(9)
Decisions About Physical Differences	474	(1)
Decisions About Symbolic Differences	475	(6)
Decisions About Geographic Distances	481	(1)
Decisions and Reasoning Under Uncertainty	482	(23)
Algorithms and Heuristics	483	(3)
Heuristics, Biases, and Fallacies	486	(1)
The Representativeness Heuristic	487	(5)
The Availability Heuristic	492	(2)
The Simulation Heuristic	494	(1)
The Undoing Heuristic: Counterfactual Reasoning	495	(5)
Adaptive Thinking and ``Fast, Frugal'' Heuristics	500	(1)
The Ongoing Debate	501	(4)
Limitations in Reasoning	505	(11)
Limited Domain Knowledge	505	(6)
Limitations in Processing Resources	511	(3)
Appendix: Algorithms for Coin Tosses and Hospital Births	514	(1)
Coin Tosses	514	(1)
Hospital Births	515	(1)
Problem Solving	516	(49)
The Status of the Problem-Solving Area	518	(1)
Gestalt Psychology and Problem Solving	519	(7)
Early Gestalt Research	520	(2)
Difficulties in Problem Solving	522	(4)
Insight and Analogy	526	(11)
Insight	526	(4)
Analogy	530	(4)
Neurocognition in Analogy and Insight	534	(3)
Basics of Problem Solving	537	(8)
Characteristics of Problem Solving	538	(1)
A Vocabulary of Problem Solving	539	(6)
Means--End Analysis: A Fundamental Heuristic	545	(10)
The Basics of Means--End Analysis	546	(1)
Means--End Analysis and the Tower of Hanoi	546	(4)
General Problem Solver	550	(2)
Adaptive Control of Thought	552	(3)
Improving Your Problem Solving	555	(10)
Increase Your Domain Knowledge	555	(1)
Automate Some Components of the Problem-Solving Solution	556	(1)
Follow a Systematic Plan	556	(1)
Draw Inferences	557	(1)
Develop Subgoals	557	(1)
Work Backward	558	(1)
Search for Contradictions	558	(1)
Search for Relations Among Problems	559	(1)
Find a Different Problem Representation	559	(2)
If All Else Fails, Try Practice	561	(4)
Glossary	565	(12)
References	577	(32)
Photo Credits	609	(4)
Name Index	613	(7)
Subject Index	620