Cognition Theory and Applications (with Study Guide Printed Access Card)

by Reed, Stephen K.

• ISBN13: 9780495091561
• ISBN10: 0495091561
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-03-20
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Dr. Reed's Seventh Edition of COGNITION: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS focuses on the theories that underlie cognitive phenomena as well as empirical data that establishes a traditional, information processing approach to cognitive psychology. This structure allows undergraduates to discover the direct relevance of cognitive psychology to many of their daily activities. The features of the text incorporate unparalleled scholarship with a distinctive clear voice that allows for the emphasis of both contemporary and classical research through real-life examples and experiments. The author incorporates the ever-evolving field and makes the material relevant to students' lives by including popular articles from current well-known magazines and newspapers. As in past editions, all of these materials have been revised to maintain a high degree of currency and accuracy. Three criteria were used to create the Seventh Edition: first, the material has to make an important contribution to cognitive psychology; second, the material has to be accessible to the reader; and third, the material needs to be understandable and interesting. Through the incorporation of these three criteria, the text becomes an invaluable tool in learning cognitive psychology.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
PART ONE Information-Processing Stages
Introduction	1	(16)
The Information-Processing Approach	2	(2)
The Growth of Cognitive Psychology	4	(3)
Information Processing Gathers Momentum	5	(1)
Higher Cognitive Processes	6	(1)
Cognition's Relation to Other Fields	7	(3)
In The News 1.1 From Brain Scan to Lesson Plan	10	(2)
Organization of This Book	12	(2)
Study Questions	14	(1)
Coglab Brain Asymmetry	14	(1)
Key Terms	14	(1)
Recommended Reading	15	(2)
Pattern Recognition	17	(26)
In The News 2.1 Battling Bots	19	(1)
Describing Patterns	20	(5)
Template Theories	20	(2)
Feature Theories	22	(3)
In The News 2.2 Why Do ``They All Look Alike''?	25	(5)
Structural Theories	26	(4)
Information-Processing Stages	30	(5)
The Partial-Report Technique	30	(1)
Sperling's Model	31	(2)
Rumelhart's Model	33	(2)
Word Recognition	35	(5)
The Word Superiority Effect	35	(1)
A Model of the Word Superiority Effect	36	(2)
Neural Network Models	38	(2)
Summary	40	(1)
Study Questions	41	(1)
Coglab Receptive Fields Muller-Lyer Illusion Visual Search Partial Report Word Superiority Metacontrast Masking	41	(1)
Key Terms	42	(1)
Recommended Reading	42	(1)
Attention	43	(26)
In The News 3.1 Brain Study May Help Identify Those at Risk for Alzheimer's	45	(1)
Bottleneck Theories	46	(6)
Broadbent's Filter Model	46	(2)
Treisman's Attenuation Model	48	(1)
The Deutsch-Norman Memory Selection Model	49	(3)
Capacity Theories	52	(5)
Example of a Capacity Model	52	(3)
Capacity and Stage of Selection	55	(2)
Automatic Processing	57	(4)
When Is a Skill Automatic?	58	(1)
Automatic Encoding	59	(2)
In The News 3.2 Training Quarterbacks	61	(2)
Automatic Processing and Reading	62	(1)
Applications	63	(3)
Predicting Road Accidents	63	(1)
Using Cell Phones	64	(2)
Summary	66	(1)
Study Questions	67	(1)
Coglab Attentional Blink Spatial Cueing Stroop Task Simon Effect	67	(1)
Key Terms	68	(1)
Recommended Reading	68	(1)
Short-Term Working Memory	69	(28)
Forgetting	71	(5)
Rate of Forgetting	71	(1)
Decay versus Interference	72	(2)
Release from Proactive Interference	74	(2)
Capacity	76	(4)
The Magic Number	76	(1)
Individual Differences in Chunking	77	(3)
Memory Codes	80	(4)
Acoustic Codes and Rehearsal	80	(2)
Acoustic Codes in Reading	82	(2)
Recognition of Items in Short-Term Memory	84	(4)
Searching Short-Term Memory	85	(1)
Degraded Patterns	86	(2)
Working Memory	88	(5)
Baddeley's Working Memory Model	88	(2)
Working Memory versus Short-Term Memory	90	(1)
Baddeley's Revised Working Memory Model	91	(2)
Summary	93	(1)
Study Questions	94	(1)
Coclab Brown-Peterson Memory Span Operation Span Absolute Identification Sternberg Search	94	(1)
Key Terms	95	(1)
Recommended Reading	95	(2)
Long-Term Memory	97	(28)
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model	100	(4)
Transferring Information from Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory	100	(1)
Verbal Rehearsal and Learning	101	(1)
Rehearsal and the Serial Position Effect	102	(2)
Control Processes	104	(1)
In The News 5.1 Teaching Students How to Learn	105	(6)
Acquisition	105	(2)
Retention	107	(2)
Retrieval	109	(2)
Improving Eyewitness Recall and Identification	111	(1)
In The News 5.2 Wait, Don't Tell Me!	112	(4)
Improving Eyewitness Recall	113	(2)
Eyewitness Identification	115	(1)
Indirect Tests of Memory	116	(6)
Processing Theories	117	(1)
Multiple Memories	118	(2)
Brain Structures	120	(2)
Summary	122	(1)
Study Questions	122	(1)
Coglab Serial Position Remember/Know Implicit Learning False Memory	123	(2)
Key Terms	123	(1)
Recommended Reading	124	(1)
PART TWO Representation and Organization of Knowledge
Memory Codes	125	(26)
The Levels-of-Processing Theory	128	(4)
Emphasis on Coding Strategies	128	(2)
Implications for Verbal Rehearsal	130	(2)
Supporting Evidence of the Levels-of-Processing Theory	132	(3)
The Hyde-Jenkins Experiment	132	(1)
Structural, Phonemic, and Semantic Processing	133	(2)
Criticisms and Modifications of the Theory	135	(6)
Criticisms	135	(1)
Elaboration of Memory Codes	136	(2)
Distinctiveness of Memory Codes	138	(3)
In The News 6.1 Memories May Not Be Clear Even with ``Unforgettable'' Events	141	(1)
Encoding Specificity and Retrieval	142	(4)
The Encoding Specificity Principle	142	(1)
Interaction between Encoding and Retrieval Operations	143	(2)
Transfer-Appropriate Processing	145	(1)
In The News 6.2 Remembering in Tongues	146	(2)
Summary	148	(1)
Study Questions	149	(1)
COGLAB Von Restorff Effect Encoding Specificity	149	(1)
Key Terms	150	(1)
Recommended Reading	150	(1)
Visual Images	151	(30)
Visual Imagery and Learning	153	(8)
Memory for Pictures	153	(1)
Paivio's Dual Coding Theory	154	(3)
Comparison of Association-Learning Strategies	157	(2)
The Mnemonic Keyword Method and Vocabulary Learning	159	(2)
Evidence for Images in Performing Cognitive Tasks	161	(7)
Scanning Visual Images	161	(2)
Sequential versus Parallel Processing	163	(2)
Mental Transformations	165	(2)
Interference	167	(1)
In The News 7.1 Mental Images Help Athletes Train Their Bodies	168	(3)
Evidence from Cognitive Neuroscience	169	(2)
Limitations of Images	171	(7)
Memory for Details	172	(2)
Reality Monitoring	174	(2)
Breakdown of Reality Monitoring	176	(2)
Summary	178	(1)
Study Questions	179	(1)
Coglab Mental Rotation	179	(1)
Key Terms	179	(1)
Recommended Reading	180	(1)
Categorization	181	(28)
Concept Identification	183	(3)
Discovering Rules and Attributes	183	(1)
Critique of the Concept Identification Paradigm	184	(2)
Natural Categories	186	(11)
Hierarchical Organization of Categories	186	(4)
Typicality and Family Resemblances	190	(3)
Person Perception	193	(2)
Loss of Categorical Knowledge	195	(2)
Categorizing Novel Patterns	197	(8)
Categorization Models	198	(3)
Evaluation of Categorization Models	201	(2)
Theory-Based Categorization	203	(2)
Summary	205	(1)
Study Questions	206	(1)
Coglab Prototypes Categorical Perception: Identification	207	(1)
Key Terms	207	(1)
Recommended Reading	207	(2)
Semantic Organization	209	(34)
Organization and Recall	211	(4)
Recall of Hierarchical Information	211	(2)
Building Semantic Networks	213	(2)
Verification of Semantic Statements	215	(9)
The Hierarchical Network Model	216	(3)
The Feature Comparison Model	219	(3)
The Spreading Activation Model	222	(2)
In The News 9.1 Study May Shed Light on Why False Memories Appear Real to People	224	(4)
The Perceptual Symbols Model	225	(3)
Clusters of Knowledge	228	(5)
The ACT Model	228	(3)
Modification of ACT	231	(2)
Schema Theory	233	(6)
Bartlett's Schema Theory	234	(1)
Modern Schema Theory	235	(1)
Scripts: Representing Sequences of Events	235	(4)
Summary	239	(1)
Study Questions	240	(1)
Coglab Lexical Decision	241	(1)
Key Terms	241	(1)
Recommended Reading	241	(2)
PART THREE Complex Cognitive Skills
Language	243	(28)
Three Aspects of Language	246	(5)
Grammar (Forming Phrases)	246	(1)
Meaning (Combining Words and Morphemes)	246	(3)
Sound (Producing Phonemes)	249	(1)
Evidence for Hierarchical Organization (Speech Errors)	250	(1)
Psychology and Grammar	251	(3)
Phrase Structure Grammar	251	(1)
Transformational Grammar	252	(2)
In The News 10.1 Wording on Driver's Licenses Costs State Almost $250,000	254	(2)
Words as Grammatical Clues	254	(2)
In The News 10.2 Psychologists' Research Can Help Computers' Language Skills	256	(1)
Using Semantic Context in Sentence Comprehension	257	(8)
Semantic Context and Word Recognition	258	(2)
Semantic Context and Ambiguous Meanings	260	(2)
Individual Differences in Resolving Ambiguities	262	(1)
Interpreting Phrases	263	(2)
Implications of Sentences	265	(3)
Courtroom Testimony	266	(1)
Advertising Claims	267	(1)
Summary	268	(1)
Study Questions	269	(1)
Coglab Categorical Perception: Discrimination	269	(1)
Key Terms	270	(1)
Recommended Reading	270	(1)
Comprehension and Memory for Text	271	(28)
Prior Knowledge of the Reader	272	(1)
Effect on Comprehension	272	(1)
In The News 11.1 Speed-Reading Can Undermine Learning	273	(6)
Effect on Retrieval	275	(2)
Effect on False Recognition and Recall	277	(2)
Organization of the Text	279	(9)
Story Structure	279	(2)
Causal Connections	281	(4)
Integration of Details	285	(3)
Kintsch's Model of Comprehension	288	(8)
Processing Assumptions	288	(2)
The Construction-integration Model	290	(2)
Incorporating Prior Knowledge	292	(2)
Predicting Readability	294	(2)
Summary	296	(1)
Study Questions	296	(1)
Key Terms	297	(1)
Recommended Reading	298	(1)
Problem Solving	299	(28)
Classifying Problems	300	(5)
Arrangement	302	(2)
Inducing Structure	304	(1)
In The News 12.1 Pair of Crafty Inmates Melt Way Out of Jail	305	(2)
Transformation	307	(1)
Newell and Simon's Theory	307	(4)
Objectives and Method	307	(2)
Theoretical Assumptions	309	(1)
Means-End Analysis	310	(1)
General Strategies	311	(4)
Subgoals	311	(3)
Analogy	314	(1)
In The News 12.2 Radiation Beams Target Tumors, Bypass Healthy Tissue	315	(8)
Diagrams	318	(2)
Representational Transfer	320	(3)
Summary	323	(1)
Study Questions	323	(1)
Key Terms	324	(1)
Recommended Reading	325	(2)
Expertise and Creativity	327	(26)
Expertise and Reasoning	329	(6)
Logical Reasoning	329	(3)
Analogical Reasoning	332	(2)
Scientific Reasoning	334	(1)
Acquiring Expertise	335	(6)
Search versus Implementation	336	(2)
Learning a Solution	338	(1)
Combining Theory and Instruction	339	(2)
Creativity	341	(8)
The Constraining Effects of Examples	342	(2)
Inventing Products through Imagery	344	(2)
The Geneplore Model	346	(1)
Associative versus Rule-based Reasoning	347	(2)
Summary	349	(1)
Study Questions	350	(1)
Coglab Wason Selection Task	350	(1)
Key Terms	351	(1)
Recommended Reading	351	(2)
Decision Making	353	(30)
Making Choices	354	(5)
Compensatory Models	354	(2)
Noncompensatory Models	356	(1)
Selecting a Strategy	357	(2)
Estimating Probabilities	359	(4)
Availability	360	(2)
Representativeness	362	(1)
Combining Probabilities and Values	363	(3)
Expected Value	364	(1)
Expected Utility	365	(1)
In The News 14.1 Critics Want Government to Put a Standard Price on Human Life	366	(2)
Subjective Expected Utility	36	(332)
Risk Dimensions	368	(1)
Importance of Risk Dimensions	368	(1)
In The News 14.2 Lottery Fans Drawn to Bigger Prizes	369	(2)
Decision Frames	369	(1)
Perceived Risk	370	(1)
Applications	371	(5)
Decision Aids and Training	371	(2)
Jury Decision Making	373	(2)
Action-Based Decision Making	375	(1)
In The News 14.3 Most Jurors Unwittingly Deliver Biased Verdicts	376	(3)
Sources of Power	378	(1)
Summary	379	(1)
Study Questions	380	(1)
Coglab Typical Reasoning Risky Decisions/Monty Hall	381	(1)
Key Terms	381	(1)
Recommended Reading	382	(1)
Glossary	383	(8)
References	391	(24)
Name Index	415	(4)
Subject Index	419