Communication Systems Engineering

by Proakis, John G.; Salehi, Masoud

• ISBN13: 9780130617934
• ISBN10: 0130617938
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-08-21
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Thorough coverage of basic digital communication system principles ensures that readers are exposed to all basic relevant topics in digital communication system design. The use of CD player and JPEG image coding standard as examples of systems that employ modern communication principles allows readers to relate the theory to practical systems. Over 180 worked-out examples throughout the book aids readers in understanding basic concepts. Over 480 problems involving applications to practical systems such as satellite communications systems, ionospheric channels, and mobile radio channels gives readers ample opportunity to practice the concepts they have just learned.With an emphasis on digital communications,Communication Systems Engineering, Second Editionintroduces the basic principles underlying the analysis and design of communication systems. In addition, this book gives a solid introduction to analog communications and a review of important mathematical foundation topics. New material has been added on wireless communication systemsGSM and CDMA/IS-94; turbo codes and iterative decoding; multicarrier (OFDM) systems; multiple antenna systems. Includes thorough coverage of basic digital communication system principlesincluding source coding, channel coding, baseband and carrier modulation, channel distortion, channel equalization, synchronization, and wireless communications. Includes basic coverage of analog modulation such as amplitude modulation, phase modulation, and frequency modulation as well as demodulation methods.For use as a reference for electrical engineers for all basic relevant topics in digital communication system design.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Introduction	1	(23)
Historical Review	1	(3)
Elements of an Electrical Communication System	4	(8)
Digital Communication System	7	(3)
Early Work in Digital Communications	10	(2)
Communication Channels and Their Characteristics	12	(7)
Mathematical Models for Communication Channels	19	(3)
Organization of the Book	22	(1)
Further Reading	23	(1)
Frequency Domain Analysis of Signals and Systems	24	(46)
Fourier Series	24	(7)
Fourier Series for Real Signals: The Trigonometric Fourier Series	29	(2)
Fourier Transforms	31	(9)
Fourier Transform of Real, Even, and Odd Signals	35	(1)
Basic Properties of the Fourier Transform	36	(3)
Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals	39	(1)
Power and Energy	40	(5)
Energy-Type Signals	41	(1)
Power-Type Signals	42	(3)
Sampling of Bandlimited Signals	45	(4)
Bandpass Signals	49	(8)
Further Reading	57	(13)
Problems	57	(13)
Analog Signal Transmission and Reception	70	(74)
Introduction to Modulation	70	(1)
Amplitude Modulation (AM)	71	(25)
Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM	71	(7)
Conventional Amplitude Modulation	78	(3)
Single-Sideband AM	81	(4)
Vestigial-Sideband AM	85	(3)
Implementation of AM Modulators and Demodulators	88	(6)
Signal Multiplexing	94	(2)
Angle Modulation	96	(19)
Representation of FM and PM Signals	97	(4)
Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated Signals	101	(6)
Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators	107	(8)
Radio and Television Broadcasting	115	(13)
AM Radio Broadcasting	115	(1)
FM Radio Broadcasting	116	(4)
Television Broadcasting	120	(8)
Mobile Radio Systems	128	(3)
Further Reading	131	(13)
Problems	131	(13)
Random Processes	144	(73)
Probability and Random Variables	144	(15)
Random Processes: Basic Concepts	159	(18)
Description of Random Processes	162	(2)
Statistical Averages	164	(2)
Stationary Processes	166	(8)
Random Processes and Linear Systems	174	(3)
Random Processes in the Frequency Domain	177	(9)
Power Spectrum of Stochastic Processes	177	(6)
Transmission over LTI Systems	183	(3)
Gaussian and White Processes	186	(6)
Gaussian Processes	186	(2)
White Processes	188	(4)
Bandlimited Processes and Sampling	192	(2)
Bandpass Processes	194	(7)
Further Reading	201	(16)
Problems	202	(15)
Effect of Noise on Analog Communication Systems	217	(50)
Effect of Noise on Linear-Modulation Systems	217	(8)
Effect of Noise on a Baseband System	218	(1)
Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM	218	(2)
Effect of Noise on SSB AM	220	(1)
Effect of Noise on Conventional AM	221	(4)
Carrier-Phase Estimation with a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)	225	(9)
The Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)	226	(3)
Effect of Additive Noise on Phase Estimation	229	(5)
Effect of Noise on Angle Modulation	234	(17)
Threshold Effect in Angle Modulation	244	(4)
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Filtering	248	(3)
Comparison of Analog-Modulation Systems	251	(1)
Effects of Transmission Losses and Noise in Analog Communication Systems	252	(9)
Characterization of Thermal Noise Sources	253	(1)
Effective Noise Temperature and Noise Figure	254	(3)
Transmission Losses	257	(1)
Repeaters for Signal Transmission	258	(3)
Further Reading	261	(6)
Problems	261	(6)
Information Sources and Source Coding	267	(73)
Modeling of Information Sources	268	(5)
Measure of Information	269	(2)
Joint and Conditional Entropy	271	(2)
Source-Coding Theorem	273	(3)
Source-Coding Algorithms	276	(6)
The Huffman Source-Coding Algorithm	276	(4)
The Lempel-Ziv Source-Coding Algorithm	280	(2)
Rate-Distortion Theory	282	(8)
Mutual Information	283	(1)
Differential Entropy	284	(1)
Rate-Distortion Function	285	(5)
Quantization	290	(12)
Scalar Quantization	291	(9)
Vector Quantization	300	(2)
Waveform Coding	302	(10)
Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM)	302	(5)
Differential Pulse-Code Modulation (DPCM)	307	(3)
Delta Modulation (ΔM)	310	(2)
Analysis-Synthesis Techniques	312	(4)
Digital Audio Transmission and Digital Audio Recording	316	(7)
Digital Audio in Telephone Transmission Systems	317	(2)
Digital Audio Recording	319	(4)
The JPEG Image-Coding Standard	323	(4)
Further Reading	327	(13)
Problems	327	(13)
Digital Transmission Through the Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel	340	(134)
Geometric Representation of Signal Waveforms	341	(4)
Pulse Amplitude Modulation	345	(5)
Two-dimensional Signal Waveforms	350	(10)
Baseband Signals	350	(4)
Two-dimensional Bandpass Signals-Carrier-Phase Modulation	354	(3)
Two-dimensional Bandpass Signals-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation	357	(3)
Multidimensional Signal Waveforms	360	(10)
Orthogonal Signal Waveforms	360	(5)
Biorthogonal Signal Waveforms	365	(1)
Simplex Signal Waveforms	366	(1)
Binary-Coded Signal Waveforms	367	(3)
Optimum Receiver for Digitally Modulated Signals in Additive White Gaussian Noise	370	(35)
Correlation-Type Demodulator	370	(5)
Matched-Filter-Type Demodulator	375	(6)
The Optimum Detector	381	(5)
Demodulation and Detection of Carrier-Amplitude Modulated Signals	386	(2)
Demodulation and Detection of Carrier-Phase Modulated Signals	388	(8)
Demodulation and Detection of Quadrature Amplitude Modulated Signals	396	(2)
Demodulation and Detection of Frequency-Modulated Signals	398	(7)
Probability of Error for Signal Detection in Additive White Gaussian Noise	405	(31)
Probability of Error for Binary Modulation	405	(3)
Probability of Error for M-ary PAM	408	(5)
Probability of Error for Phase-Coherent PSK Modulation	413	(4)
Probability of Error for DPSK	417	(1)
Probability of Error for QAM	418	(5)
Probability of Error for M-ary Orthogonal Signals	423	(5)
Probability of Error for M-ary Biorthogonal Signals	428	(1)
Probability of Error for M-ary Simplex Signals	429	(1)
Probability of Error for Noncoherent Detection of FSK	430	(2)
Comparison of Modulation Methods	432	(4)
Performance Analysis for Wireline and Radio Communication Channels	436	(6)
Regenerative Repeaters	437	(1)
Link Budget Analysis for Radio Channels	438	(4)
Symbol Synchronization	442	(10)
Early-Late Gate Synchronizers	443	(2)
Minimum Mean-Square-Error Method	445	(3)
Maximum-Likelihood Methods	448	(1)
Spectral Line Methods	449	(2)
Symbol Synchronization for Carrier-Modulated Signals	451	(1)
Further Reading	452	(22)
Problems	453	(21)
Digital Transmission Through Bandlimited Awgn Channels	474	(102)
Digital Transmission through Bandlimited Channels	474	(8)
Digital PAM Transmission through Bandlimited Baseband Channels	478	(2)
Digital Transmission through Bandlimited Bandpass Channels	480	(2)
The Power Specturm of Digitally Modulated Signals	482	(8)
The Power Spectrum of the Baseband Signal	483	(5)
The Power Spectrum of a Carrier-Modulated Signal	488	(2)
Signal Design for Bandlimited Channels	490	(9)
Design of Bandlimited Signals for Zero ISI-The Nyquist Criterion	492	(5)
Design of Bandlimited Signals with Controlled ISI-Partial Response Signals	497	(2)
Probability of Error in Detection of Digital PAM	499	(8)
Probability of Error for Detection of Digital PAM with Zero ISI	500	(1)
Symbol-by-Symbol Detection of Data with Controlled ISI	501	(3)
Probability of Error for Detection of Partial Response Signals	504	(3)
Digitally Modulated Signals with Memory	507	(27)
Modulation Codes and Modulation Signals with Memory	508	(13)
The Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detector	521	(4)
Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection of Partial Response Signals	525	(5)
The Power Spectrum of Digital Signals with Memory	530	(4)
System Design in the Presence of Channel Distortion	534	(22)
Design of Transmitting and Receiving Filters for a Known Channel	535	(3)
Channel Equalization	538	(18)
Multicarrier Modulation and OFDM	556	(4)
An OFDM System Implemented via the FFT Algorithm	557	(3)
Further Reading	560	(16)
Problems	561	(15)
Channel Capacity and Coding	576	(98)
Modeling of Communication Channels	576	(3)
Channel Capacity	579	(7)
Gaussian Channel Capacity	583	(3)
Bounds on Communication	586	(5)
Transmission of Analog Sources by PCM	590	(1)
Coding for Reliable Communication	591	(10)
A Tight Bound on Error Probability of Orthogonal Signals	592	(3)
The Promise of Coding	595	(6)
Linear Block Codes	601	(14)
Decoding and Performance of Linear Block Codes	606	(8)
Burst-Error-Correcting-Codes	614	(1)
Cyclic Codes	615	(8)
The Structure of Cyclic Codes	615	(8)
Convolutional Codes	623	(15)
Basic Properties of Convolutional Codes	624	(5)
Optimum Decoding of Convolutional Codes-The Viterbi Algorithm	629	(5)
Other Decoding Algorithms for Convolutional Codes	634	(1)
Bounds on Error Probability of Convolutional Codes	634	(4)
Complex Codes Based on Combination of Simple Codes	638	(8)
Product Codes	639	(1)
Concatenated Codes	640	(1)
Turbo Codes	640	(2)
The BCJR Algorithm	642	(2)
Performance of Turbo Codes	644	(2)
Coding for Bandwidth-Constrained Channels	646	(9)
Combined Coding and Modulation	647	(2)
Trellis-Coded Modulation	649	(6)
Practical Applications of Coding	655	(6)
Coding for Deep-Space Communications	656	(1)
Coding for Telephone-Line Modems	657	(1)
Coding for Compact Discs	658	(3)
Further Reading	661	(13)
Problems	661	(13)
Wireless Communications	674	(108)
Digital Transmission on Fading Multipath Channels	674	(28)
Channel Models for Time-Variant Multipath Channels	676	(8)
Signal Design for Fading Multipath Channels	684	(2)
Performance of Binary Modulation in Frequency Nonselective Rayleigh Fading Channels	686	(3)
Performance Improvement Through Signal Diversity	689	(5)
Modulation and Demodulation on Frequency Selective Channels-The RAKE Demodulator	694	(3)
Multiple Antenna Systems and Space-Time Codes	697	(5)
Continuous Carrier-Phase Modulation	702	(27)
Continuous-Phase FSK (CPFSK)	702	(9)
Continuous-Phase Modulation (CPM)	711	(4)
Spectral Characteristics of CPFSK and CPM Signals	715	(5)
Demodulation and Detection of CPM Signals	720	(6)
Performance of CPM in AWGN and Rayleigh Fading Channels	726	(3)
Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems	729	(37)
Model of a Spread-Spectrum Digital Communication System	730	(1)
Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems	731	(11)
Some Applications of DS Spread-Spectrum Signals	742	(4)
Effect of Pulsed Interference and Fading	746	(2)
Generation of PN Sequences	748	(4)
Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum	752	(6)
Synchronization of Spread-Spectrum Systems	758	(8)
Digital Cellular Communication Systems	766	(8)
The GSM System	766	(2)
CDMA System Based on IS-95	768	(6)
Further Reading	774	(8)
Problems	775	(7)
Appendix A: The Probability of Error for Multichannel Reception of Binary Signals	782	(3)
References	785	(9)
Index	794

Excerpts

The objective of this book is to provide an introduction to the basic principles in the analysis and design of communication systems. It is primarily intended for use as a text for a first course in communications, either at a senior level or at a first-year graduate level. BROAD TOPICAL COVERAGE Although we have placed a very strong emphasis on digital communications, we have provided a review of important mathematical foundational topics and a solid introduction to analog communications. The major topics covered are: A review of frequency domain analysis of signals and systems, and the characterization of random processes ( Chapters 2 and 4) An introduction to analog signal transmission and reception ( Chapters 3 and 5) An introduction to digital communications ( Chapters 6-10) EMPHASIS ON DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Our motivation for emphasizing digital communications is due to the technological developments that have occurred during the past five decades. Today, digital communication systems are in common use and generally carry the bulk of our daily information transmission through a variety of communications media, such as wireline telephone channels, microwave radio, fiber optic channels, and satellite channels. We are currently witnessing an explosive growth in the development of personal communication systems and ultrahigh speed communication networks, which are based on digital transmission of the information, whether it is voice, still images, or video. We anticipate that, in the near future, we will witness a replacement of the current analog AM and FM radio and television broadcast by digital transmission systems. The development of sophisticated, high-speed digital communication systems has been accelerated by concurrent developments in inexpensive high speed integrated circuits (IC) and programmable digital signal processing chips. The developments in Microelectronic IC fabrication have made possible the implementation of high-speed, high precision A/D converters, of powerful error-correcting coders/decoders, and of complex digital modulation techniques. All of these technological developments point to a continuation in the trend toward increased use of digital communications as a means for transmitting information. OVERVIEW OF THE TEXT It is assumed that students using this book have a basic understanding of linear system theory, both continuous and discrete, including a working knowledge of Fourier series and Fourier transform techniques. Chapter 2 provides a review of basic material on signals and systems and establishes the necessary notation used in subsequent chapters. It is also assumed that students have had a first course in probability. Such courses are currently required in many undergraduate electrical engineering and computer engineering programs. Chapter 4 provides a review of probability and random processes to the extent that is necessary for a first course in communications. Chapter 3 treats modulation and demodulation of analog signals. This treatment includes amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM),and phase modulation (PM).Radio and television broadcasting and mobile radio cellular systems are discussed as examples of analog communication systems. Chapter 5 continues the treatment of analog communication systems by analyzing the effect of additive noise in the demodulation of AM, FM, and PM signals. The phase-locked loop, which is used for estimating the phase of a sinusoidal carrier in both analog and digital communication systems is also described in Chapter 5. The chapter concludes with a treatment of the effect of transmission losses and the characterization of noise sources in communication systems. A logical beginning in the introduction of digital communication systems analysis and design is the characterization of information sources and source encoding. Chapter 6 is devoted to this topic. In this chapter we introduce the reader to the modeling of information sources, both discrete and continuous (analog), and the basic mathematical concepts of entropy and mutual information. Our discussion of source encoding for discrete sources includes the Huffman coding algorithm and the Lempel-Ziv algorithm. For the case of analog sources, we treat both scalar and vector quantization and describe the common waveform-coding techniques, namely, PCM, DPCM, and DM. We also describe the LPC-based source modeling method. As practical examples of the sourcecoding methods described in this chapter we cite the digital speech transmission systems in the telephone plant, the digital audio recording systems as embodied in the compact disc (CD) player and the JPEG image-coding standard. Digital modulation and demodulation techniques are described in Chapter 7. Binary and nonbinary modulation methods are described based on a geometric representation of signals, and their error-rate performance is evaluated and compared. This chapter also describes symbol synchronization methods for digital communication systems. Chapter 8 treats digital transmission through bandlimited AWGN channels. In this chapter we derive the power-spectral density of linearly modulated baseband signals and consider the problem of signal design for a bandlimited channel. We show that the effect of channel distortion is to introduce intersymbol interference (ISI), which can be eliminated or minimized by proper signal design. The use of linear and nonlinear adaptive equalizers for reducing the effect of ISI is also described. Chapter 9 treats the topic of channel coding and decoding. The capacity of a communication channel is first defined, and the capacity of the Gaussian channel is determined. Linear block codes and convolutional codes are introduced and appropriate decoding algorithms are described. The benefits of coding for bandwidth constrained channels are also described. The final section of this chapter presents three practical applications of coding. The last chapter of this book treats topics in wireless communications. First, we consider the characterization of fading multipath channels and describe the effects of such channels on wireless digital communication systems. The design of signals that are effective in mitigating this type of channel distortion is also considered. Second, we describe the class of continuous-phase modulated signals, which are especially suitable for digital communication in wireless channels. Finally, we treat the class of spreadspectrum signals, which are suitable for mufti-user wireless communication systems. EXAMPLES AND HOMEWORK PROBLEMS We have included a large number of carefully chosen examples and homework problems. The text contains over 180 worked-out examples and over 480 problems. Examples and problems range from simple exercises to more challenging and thought-provoking problems. A Solutions Manual is available free to all adopting faculty, which is provided in both typeset form and as a diskette formatted in LATEX. Solutions are not available for sale to students. This will enable instructors to print out solutions in any configuration easily. COURSE OPTIONS This book can serve as a text in either a one- or two-semester course in communication system. An important consideration in the design of the course is whether or not the students have had a prior course in probability and random processes. Another important consideration is whether or not analog modulation and demodulation techniques are to be covered. Here, we outline three scenarios. Others are certainly possible. A one-term course in analog and digital communication: Selected review sections from Chapters 2 and 4, all of chapters 3, 5, 7, and 8, and selections from chapters 6, 9, and 10. A one-term course in digital communica