This fluent, accessible and richly informed study, based on previously unexplored archival material, concerns the history of Gibraltar following its military conquest in 1704, after which sovereignty of the territory was transferred from Spain to Britain and it became a British fortress and colony. Unlike virtually all other studies of Gibraltar, this book focuses on the civilian population. It shows how a substantial multi-ethnic Roman Catholic and Jewish population derived mainly from the littorals and islands of the Mediterranean became settled in British Gibraltar, much of it in defiance of British efforts to control entry and restrict residence.With Gibraltar's political future still today contested this is a matter of considerable political importance.Community and Identitywill appeal to both a scholarly and a lay readership interested particularly in the 'Rock' or more generally in nationality and identity formation, colonial administration, decolonization and the Iberian peninsula.

Stephen Constantine is a Senior Lecturer in History at Lancaster University.

List of tables	p. x
List of abbreviations	p. xi
Map of Gibraltar, 1952	p. xii
Foreword by Professor Martin Blinkhorn	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
The demographic roots of Gibraltarian identity, 1704-1819	p. 11
War and the partition of Gibraltar, 1704-5	p. 12
Opportunities for immigrants	p. 14
Military security, controls and surveillance	p. 17
British Protestants and others: censuses, 1725-1816	p. 20
People and property ownership, 1712-1819	p. 31
Conclusion	p. 35
A fortress economy, 1704-1815	p. 37
Supplying the garrison and the town	p. 38
External trade	p. 4l
'Regulating' the economy	p. 45
Fluctuations in the economy	p. 50
Occupations, ethnicity and living standards	p. 56
Conclusion	p. 62
Government and politics, 1704-1819	p. 65
Becoming and staying a British fortress	p. 66
Military rule(s)	p. 68
Good government	p. 75
Civilian politics: cooperation and protest	p. 81
Civic self-government	p. 89
Conclusion	p. 92
Demographic management: aliens and us, 1815-1890s	p. 93
Population growth, 1815-1901	p. 94
Identifying the alien, 1815-1860s	p. 98
Civilian responses: subterfuge and denial	p. 109
Tightening the rules: the Aliens Order-in-Council, 1873	p. 113
Civilian responses: the Aliens Order-in-Council, 1885	p. 123
Conclusion	p. 129
Economy and living standards in the nineteenth century	p. 132
Demand	p. 133
Supply	p. 136
Payment	p. 139
Economic management	p. 148
Occupations and living standards	p. 159
Conclusion	p. 170
Governors and the governed, 1815-1914	p. 174
The governors	p. 177
Law and government	p. 183
Charities: education and poor relief	p. 189
The moneyed class and public services: the origins of the Sanitary Commission, 1865	p. 195
Gibraltar politics: the Sanitary Commission, 1865-91	p. 207
Gibraltar politics: Civil to Colonial Hospital, 1815-89	p. 218
Conclusion	p. 224
Demography and the alien in the twentieth century: creating the Gibraltarian	p. 230
Counting the people, 1891-2001	p. 231
Marginalising the 'British': the Aliens Order Extension Order-in-Council, 1900	p. 236
Statutory Aliens, British Indians and the Alien Traders Ordinances, 1920s-1950s	p. 243
Belonging: from the 1920s to the Right of Residence in Gibraltar Ordinance, 1955	p. 250
Under new management: the Immigration Control Ordinance and the Gibraltarian Status Ordinance, 1962 and after	p. 266
Conclusion	p. 274
Earning a living in the twentieth century	p. 278
The needs of the people	p. 280
Paying the bills: garrison town	p. 283
Selling goods and services	p. 286
Selling the Rock: tourism, finance and gambling	p. 293
Occupations, living standards and health	p. 301
Conclusion	p. 310
Government and politics in the twentieth century, 1915-40	p. 314
Governors and law, 1915-69	p. 316
City Council and Executive Council, to 1940	p. 321
Colonial government, City Council and housing, 1921-40	p. 332
The politics of taxation, 1914-39	p. 338
Conclusion	p. 343
Big government and self-government, 1940-69	p. 345
The City Council	p. 347
Colonial government and post-war housing	p. 352
Gibraltar's welfare state	p. 359
Government finance and the politics of taxation	p. 367
Constitutional change and the Legislative Council, 1950	p. 377
Self-government and the Gibraltar constitution, 1969	p. 391
Conclusion	p. 399
Towards the future: constructing a Gibraltarian Identity	p. 402
Politics, Britishness and national identity	p. 406
The economy, consumption and identity	p. 417
Ethnicity, culture and identity	p. 422
Conclusion: history and identity	p. 427
Sources and select bibliography	p. 430
Index	p. 437
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Community and Identity The Making of Modern Gibraltar since 1704

9780719080548

0719080541

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