Community Nutrition in Action An Entrepreneurial Approach (with InfoTrac)

by Boyle, Marie A.; Holben, David H.

• ISBN13: 9780534465810
• ISBN10: 0534465811
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-07-26
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

Section 1: COMMUNITY NUTRITIONISTS IN ACTION: WORKING IN THE COMMUNITY. 1. Opportunities and Challenges in Community Nutrition. 2. Assessing Community Resources. 3. Assessing the Target Population's Nutritional Status. 4. Principles of Epidemiology. 5. Understanding Food Security. Section II: COMMUNITY NUTRITIONISTS IN ACTION: UNDERSTANDING THE COMMUNITY NUTRITION LANDSCAPE. 6. A National Nutrition Agenda for the Public's Health. 7. The Art and Science of Policy Making. 8. Addressing the Obesity Epidemic: An Issue for Public Health Policy. 9. The Reality of Equity and Access in Health Care Section III: COMMUNITY NUTRITIONISTS IN ACTION: DELIVERING PROGRAMS. 10. Mothers and Infants: Nutrition Issues, Services, and Programs. 11. Children and Adolescents: Nutrition Issues, Services and Programs. 12. The Adult Years: Nutrition Issues, Services, and Programs. 13. Nurturing Global Awareness: International Nutrition Issues. Section IV: COMMUNITY NUTRITIONISTS IN ACTION: PLANNING NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS. 14. Program Planning for Success. 15. Designing Community Nutrition Interventions. 16. Gaining Cultural Competence in Community Nutrition. 17. Principles of Nutrition Education. 18. Marketing Nutrition for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. 19. The Functions of Management. 20. Building Grantsmanship Skills.

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
Section One Community Nutritionists in Action: Working in the Community	1	(308)
Opportunities in Community Nutrition	2	(31)
Introduction	3	(1)
The Concept of Community	4	(11)
Opportunities in Community Nutrition	4	(1)
Public Health and Community Interventions	5	(6)
Healthy People in Healthy Communities	11	(4)
Community Nutrition Practice	15	(6)
Community versus Public Health Nutrition	16	(5)
Entrepreneurship in Community Nutrition	21	(4)
Entrepreneurs and Intrapreneurs	22	(3)
Social and Economic Trends for Community Nutrition	25	(4)
Leading Indicators of Change	25	(2)
Watchwords for the Future	27	(2)
Case Study: Ethics and You	29	(1)
Professional Focus: Community-Based Dietetics Professionals	30	(3)
Assessing Community Resources	33	(26)
Introduction	34	(1)
Community Needs Assessment	35	(19)
Basic Principles of Needs Assessment	36	(18)
Programs in Action: The Nutrition Service Project	54	(3)
Entrepreneurship in Community Needs Assessment	54	(3)
Professional Focus: Getting Where You Want to Go	57	(2)
Assessing the Target Population's Nutritional Status	59	(29)
Introduction	60	(1)
A Plan for Collecting Data	60	(4)
Types of Data to Collect about the Target Population	61	(3)
Case Study 1: Women and Coronary Heart Disease	64	(12)
Methods of Obtaining Data about the Target Population	66	(10)
Issues in Data Collection	76	(4)
Practical Issues	77	(1)
Scientific Issues	77	(2)
Cultural Issues	79	(1)
Case Study 2: Nutritional Status of Independent Elderly Persons	80	(2)
Programs in Action: The Project L.E.A.N. Nutrition Campaign	82	(3)
Putting It All Together	84	(1)
Professional Focus: Lighten Up---Be Willing to Make Mistakes and Risk Failure	85	(3)
Principles of Epidemiology	88	(27)
Introduction	89	(1)
The Practice of Epidemiology	89	(3)
Investigating Causes of Diseases	90	(2)
Basic Epidemiologic Concepts	92	(9)
Rates and Risks	92	(2)
The Epidemiologic Method	94	(4)
Hypothesis Testing	98	(2)
Explaining Research Observations	100	(1)
Types of Epidemiologic Studies	101	(4)
Ecological or Correlational Studies	101	(1)
Cross-sectional or Prevalence Studies	102	(1)
Cohort Studies	102	(1)
Case-Control Studies	103	(1)
Controlled Trials	104	(1)
Nutritional Epidemiology	105	(4)
The Nature of Dietary Variation	107	(2)
Epidemiology and the Community Nutritionist	109	(2)
Case Study: Epidemiology of Obesity	111	(1)
Professional Focus: The Well-Read Community Nutritionist	112	(3)
Food Insecurity and the Food Assistance Programs	115	(49)
Introduction	116	(2)
Counting the Hungry in the United States	118	(11)
Who Are the Hungry in the United States?	121	(6)
Causes of Hunger in the United States	127	(2)
Historical Background of Food Assistance Programs	129	(20)
Welfare Reform: Issues in Moving from Welfare to Work	130	(3)
Federal Domestic Nutrition Assistance Programs Today	133	(16)
Filling in the Gaps to Strengthen the Food Resource Safety Net	149	(3)
The Rising Tide of Food Assistance Need	149	(3)
Programs in Action: Overcoming Barriers to Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption	152	(5)
Beyond Public Assistance: What Can Individuals Do?	154	(3)
Case Study: Hunger in an At-Risk Population	157	(1)
Professional Focus: Moving toward Community Food Security	158	(6)
A National Nutrition Agenda for the Public's Health	164	(36)
Introduction	165	(1)
National Nutrition Policy	165	(17)
National Nutrition Monitoring	166	(13)
Nutrient Intake Standards	179	(3)
Nutrition Survey Results: How Well Do We Eat?	182	(12)
Dietary Guidance Systems	182	(6)
Implementing the Recommendations: From Guidelines to Groceries	188	(6)
Case Study: From Guidelines to Groceries	194	(1)
Professional Focus: Evaluating Research and Information on Nutrition and Health	195	(5)
The Art and Science of Policy Making	200	(36)
Introduction	201	(1)
The Process of Policy Making	202	(8)
The People Who Make Policy	209	(1)
Legitimizing Policy	209	(1)
The Legislative and Regulatory Process	210	(6)
Laws and Regulations	210	(1)
How an Idea Becomes Law	211	(2)
The Federal Budget Process	213	(3)
The Political Process	216	(7)
Current Legislation and Emerging Policy Issues	219	(4)
The Community Nutritionist in Action	223	(8)
Make Your Opinion Known	224	(1)
Become Directly Involved	225	(1)
Join an Interest Group	225	(4)
Political Realities	229	(2)
Case Study: Food Safety as a Food Policy Issue	231	(2)
Professional Focus: Building Media Skills	233	(3)
Addressing the Obesity Epidemic: An Issue for Public Health Policy	236	(40)
Introduction	237	(1)
Defining Obesity and Overweight	237	(11)
Epidemiology of Obesity and Overweight	238	(3)
Medical and Social Costs of Obesity	241	(2)
Determinants of Obesity	243	(5)
Obesity Prevention and Treatment Interventions	248	(1)
Adult Interventions	248	(1)
Child and Adolescent Interventions	249	(1)
Public Health Policy Options for Addressing the Global Obesity Epidemic	249	(13)
Obesity Surveillance and Monitoring Efforts	250	(1)
Awareness Building, Education, and Research	251	(5)
Regulating Environments	256	(3)
Private Enforcement and Litigation	259	(1)
Pricing Policies	260	(1)
Societal-Level Solutions	261	(1)
Where Do We Go from Here?	262	(2)
Programs in Action: Coordinated School Health Programs	264	(5)
Case Study: Worksite Health Promotion Program for Prevention of Overweight	269	(1)
Professional Focus: Diet Confusion: Weighing the Evidence	270	(6)
Health Care Systems and Policy	276	(33)
Introduction	277	(1)
An Overview of the Health Care Industry	278	(9)
Private Insurance	279	(2)
Public Insurance	281	(5)
The Uninsured	286	(1)
Demographic Trends and Health Care	287	(7)
The Need for Health Care Reform	288	(6)
Health Care Reform in the United States	294	(6)
Nutrition as a Component of Health Care Reform	295	(3)
Medical Nutrition Therapy and Medicare Reform	298	(2)
Programs in Action: Evaluating Nutrition Risk in Older Adults	300	(1)
On the Horizon: Changes in Health Care and Its Delivery	301	(3)
Case Study: Insurance Access	304	(1)
Professional Focus: Ethics and the Nutrition Professional	305	(4)
Section Two Community Nutritionists in Action: Delivering Programs	309	(140)
Mothers and Infants: Nutrition Assessment, Services, and Programs	310	(35)
Introduction	311	(1)
Trends in Maternal and Infant Health	311	(5)
National Goals for Maternal and Infant Health	313	(3)
Healthy Mothers	316	(4)
Maternal Weight Gain	317	(1)
Adolescent Pregnancy	317	(1)
Nutrition Assessment in Pregnancy	318	(2)
Healthy Babies	320	(10)
Nutrient Needs and Growth Status in Infancy	322	(2)
Breastfeeding Recommendations	324	(2)
Other Recommendations on Feeding Infants	326	(1)
Primary Nutrition-Related Problems of Infancy	327	(3)
Programs in Action: Using Peer Counselors to Change Culturally Based Behaviors	330	(1)
Domestic Maternal and Infant Nutrition Programs	331	(10)
The WIC Program	332	(6)
Other Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture	338	(1)
Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services	339	(2)
Looking Ahead: Improving the Health of Mothers and Infants	341	(3)
Case Study: Promotion of Breastfeeding	344	(1)
Children and Adolescents: Nutrition Issues, Services, and Programs	345	(35)
Introduction	346	(1)
Healthy People 2010 National Nutrition Objectives	346	(2)
Healthy People 2010 Progress Review	347	(1)
What Are Children and Adolescents Eating?	348	(10)
Influences on Child and Adolescent Eating Patterns and Behaviors	350	(1)
Weighing In on the Problem of Childhood Obesity	351	(2)
Other Nutrition-Related Problems of Children and Adolescents	353	(3)
Children with Special Health Care Needs	356	(2)
Programs in Action: Nutrition Education Strategies for Preadolescent Girls	358	(1)
The History of Child Nutrition Programs in Schools	358	(9)
Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture	360	(6)
Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services	366	(1)
Impact of Child Nutrition Programs on Children's Diets	367	(2)
Factors Discouraging Participation in Child Nutrition Programs	368	(1)
Building Healthful School Environments	369	(1)
Nutrition Education Programs	369	(3)
Nutrition Education in the Public Sector	371	(1)
Programs in Action: Empowering Teens to Make Better Nutrition Decisions	372	(7)
Nutrition Education in the Private Sector	375	(1)
Keeping Children and Adolescents Healthy	376	(3)
Case Study: The Child Nutrition Program	379	(1)
Growing Older: Nutrition Assessment, Services, and Programs	380	(34)
Introduction	381	(1)
Demographic Trends and Aging	381	(1)
Healthy Adults	382	(6)
National Goals for Health Promotion	383	(2)
Understanding Baby Boomers	385	(1)
Nutrition Education Programs	386	(1)
Health Promotion Programs	387	(1)
Aging and Nutritional Status	388	(2)
Primary Nutrition-Related Problems of Aging	389	(1)
Programs in Action: Worksite Wellness Works for Firefighters	390	(11)
Nutrition Policy Recommendations for Health Promotion for Older Adults	392	(1)
Evaluation of Nutritional Status	393	(8)
Community-Based Programs and Services	401	(7)
General Assistance Programs	402	(1)
Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture	403	(1)
Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services	403	(4)
Private-Sector Nutrition Assistance Programs	407	(1)
Nutrition Education and Health Promotion Programs for Older Adults	407	(1)
Programs in Action: Bringing Food and Nutrition Services to Homebound Seniors	408	(2)
Looking Ahead: And Then We Were Old	410	(3)
Case Study: Postmenopausal Nutrition and Disease Prevention Program	413	(1)
World Hunger and Food Insecurity: Challenges and Opportunities	414	(35)
Introduction	415	(1)
Mapping Poverty and Undernutrition	415	(7)
Malnutrition and Health Worldwide	417	(5)
Food Insecurity in Developing Countries	422	(8)
The Role of Colonialism	423	(1)
International Trade and Debt	424	(1)
The Role of Multinational Corporations	424	(1)
The Role of Overpopulation	425	(1)
Distribution of Resources	426	(1)
Agricultural Technology	427	(2)
A Need for Sustainable Development	429	(1)
People-Centered Development	430	(1)
Nutrition and Development	430	(1)
Agenda for Action	431	(9)
Focus on Children	431	(4)
Making the World Fit for Children	435	(1)
Focus on Women	436	(4)
International Nutrition Programs	440	(1)
Looking Ahead: The Global Challenges	441	(4)
Personal Action: Opportunity Knocks	442	(3)
Case Study: UNICEF's Child Survival Campaign	445	(1)
Programs in Action: Vitamin A Field Support Projects	446	(3)
Section Three Community Nutritionists in Action: Planning Nutrition Interventions	449	(192)
Program Planning for Success	450	(24)
Introduction	451	(1)
Factors That Trigger Program Planning	451	(1)
Steps in Program Planning	452	(14)
Step 1: Review the Results of the Community Needs Assessment	453	(2)
Step 2: Define Program Goals and Objectives	455	(1)
Step 3: Develop a Program Plan	456	(1)
Step 4: Develop a Management System	457	(1)
Step 5: Identify Funding Sources	458	(1)
Step 6: Implement the Program	458	(1)
Step 7: Evaluate Program Elements and Effectiveness	458	(8)
Programs in Action: Feast with the Beasts™	466	(4)
Spreading the Word about the Program's Success	470	(1)
Entrepreneurship in Program Planning	470	(2)
Professional Focus: Leading for Success	472	(2)
Designing Community Nutrition Interventions	474	(22)
Introduction	475	(1)
Choose an Intervention Strategy	475	(6)
Study the Target Population	477	(4)
Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior	481	(7)
The Stages of Change Model	481	(3)
The Health Belief Model	484	(1)
The Theory of Planned Behavior	485	(2)
Social Cognitive Theory	487	(1)
Programs in Action: Eat Healthy: Your Kids Are Watching	488	(2)
The Diffusion of Innovation Model	489	(1)
Put It All Together: Case Study 1	490	(2)
Use Entrepreneurship to Steer in a New Direction	492	(1)
Professional Focus: Being an Effective Speaker	493	(3)
Gaining Cultural Competence in Community Nutrition	496	(30)
Introduction	497	(1)
Gaining Cultural Competence	497	(12)
Terms Related to Cultural Competence	498	(1)
Need for Cultural Competence	499	(4)
Cultural Competence Models	503	(6)
Cross-Cultural Communication	509	(5)
Communication Styles	509	(4)
Working with Interpreters	513	(1)
Culturally Appropriate Intervention Strategies	514	(4)
Explanatory Models	515	(1)
Learn Intervention Guidelines	516	(1)
Practical Considerations for Interventions	517	(1)
Programs in Action: Encouraging Breastfeeding among African-American Women	518	(1)
Organizational Cultural Competence	518	(4)
Essential Organizational Elements of Cultural Competence	519	(3)
Case Study: Gaining Cultural Competence in a Muslim Community	522	(1)
Professional Focus: Cross-Cultural Nutrition Counseling	523	(3)
Principles of Nutrition Education	526	(23)
Introduction	527	(1)
Applying Educational Principles to Program Design	527	(5)
Learning across the Life Span	527	(4)
Developing a Nutrition Education Plan	531	(1)
Programs in Action: Behaviorally Focused Nutrition Education Programs for Children	532	(4)
Nutrition Education to Reduce CHD Risk: Case Study 1	536	(6)
``Heartworks for Women'' Program: Assessing Participants' Needs	537	(5)
Designing Nutrition and Health Messages	542	(4)
General Ideas for Designing Messages	542	(3)
Entrepreneurship in Nutrition Education	545	(1)
Professional Focus: Being an Effective Writer	546	(3)
Marketing Nutrition and Health Promotion	549	(25)
Introduction	550	(1)
What Is Marketing?	550	(14)
Develop a Marketing Plan	551	(7)
Develop a Marketing Strategy	558	(6)
Monitor and Evaluate	564	(1)
Social Marketing: Community Campaigns for Change	564	(2)
Social Marketing at the Community Level	565	(1)
Programs in Action: Motivating Children to Change Their Eating and Activity Habits	566	(2)
A Marketing Plan for ``Heartworks for Women'': Case Study 1	568	(3)
Entrepreneurship Leads the Way	571	(1)
Professional Focus: The Art of Negotiating	572	(2)
Managing Community Nutrition Programs	574	(22)
Introduction	575	(1)
The Four Functions of Management	575	(13)
Planning	576	(2)
Organizing	578	(6)
Leading	584	(2)
Controlling	586	(2)
Management Issues for ``Heartworks for Women'': Case Study 1	588	(2)
The Critical Path	588	(2)
Programs in Action: The Better Health Restaurant Challenge	590	(3)
The Business of Community Nutrition	592	(1)
Professional Focus: Time Management	593	(3)
Building Grantsmanship Skills	596	(45)
Introduction	597	(1)
Laying the Foundation for a Grant	597	(5)
Generate Ideas	597	(2)
Describe Goals	599	(3)
Identify Funding Sources	602	(6)
Identify Potential Collaborators	607	(1)
Building the Proposal	608	(23)
Components of a Proposal	608	(16)
Budget	624	(3)
Assembling the Final Product	627	(2)
Review of the Grant Proposal	629	(2)
Professional Focus: Teamwork Gets Results	631	(2)
Appendixes
Appendix A Nutrition Assessment and Screening	633	(3)
Appendix B Complementary Nutrition and Health Therapies	636	(3)
Appendix C The SMOG Readability Formula	639	(2)
References	641	(31)
Index	672