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9780534628888

Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving with Infotrac

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780534628888

  • ISBN10:

    0534628885

  • Edition: 4th
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2004-08-13
  • Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

Section One: AN OVERVIEW. 1. The Evolution of Community Policing. 2. Inside Police Agencies: Understanding Mission and Culture. 3. Understanding and Involving the Community. 4. Problem Solving: Proactive Policing. 5. Implementing Community Policing. Section Two: GETTING THE JOB DONE. 6. Communicating Effectively--One on One. 7. Building Partnerships: Indispensable to Community Policing. 8. Forming Partnerships with the Media. Section Three: COMMUNITY POLICING IN THE FIELD: COORDINATED STRATEGIES. 9. Early Experiments in Crime Prevention and the Evolution of Community Policing Strategies. 10. Safe Neighborhoods and Communities: From Traffic Problems to Crime. 11. Community Policing and Drugs. 12. Bringing Youths into Community Policing. 13. Community Policing and Gangs. 14. Understanding and Preventing Violence. 15. What Research Tells Us and a Look to the Future. Epilogue. Glossary. Author Index. Subject Index.

Table of Contents

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxii
Foreword xxiii
About the Authors xxiv
SECTION I AN OVERVIEW
1(132)
The Evolution of Community Policing
3(23)
Introduction
4(1)
A Brief History of Policing
5(1)
The Beginnings of ``Modern'' Police Forces
6(1)
Policing in the United States
7(2)
Policing in the Southern States
8(1)
The Three Eras of Policing
9(8)
The Political Era (1840 to 1930)
9(1)
The Reform Era (1930 to 1980)
10(6)
The Community Era (1980 to Present)
16(1)
Community Policing Defined
17(2)
Features of Community Policing
19(1)
Four Essential Elements of Community Policing
20(1)
The Philosophical Dimension
20(1)
The Strategic Dimension
20(1)
The Tactical Dimension
21(1)
The Organizational Dimension
21(1)
Other Views of the Elements of Community Policing
21(1)
The Three Generations of Community Policing
22(1)
First Generation: Innovation (1979 through 1986)
22(1)
Second Generation: Diffusion (1987 through 1994)
22(1)
Third Generation: Institutionalization (1995 to Present)
22(1)
Summary
23(3)
Inside Police Agencies: Understanding Mission and Culture
26(23)
Introduction
27(1)
The Police Mission
27(4)
Fighting Crime versus Service to the Public
29(2)
Neighborhood Cops or Special Ops?
31(1)
Who Are the Police?
31(1)
The Police Culture
31(3)
The Police Image
34(3)
Sources of the Police Image
34(2)
Personal Contacts
36(1)
Public Expectations
37(1)
Police Discretion
38(3)
Reasons for Police Discretion
39(1)
Changes in Police Discretion
40(1)
The Downside of Police Discretion
40(1)
Discretion and the Police Image
40(1)
Use of Force
41(1)
Ethical Policing
42(4)
Ethical Dilemmas
43(1)
Police Corruption
44(1)
Investigative Commissions
45(1)
Summary
46(3)
Understanding and Involving the Community
49(27)
Introduction
50(1)
Community Defined
51(1)
Social Capital
52(2)
Community Factors Affecting Social Capital
53(1)
Lack of Community
54(1)
Broken Windows
54(1)
Communities and Crime
55(1)
Community Demographics
56(1)
A Rapidly Changing Population
57(2)
Organizations and Institutions
59(1)
The Public-Private Policing Interaction
60(1)
The Power Structure
60(1)
The Criminal Justice System
61(3)
Controversial Issues
63(1)
Restorative Justice
64(1)
Citizen Involvement in the Law Enforcement Community
65(8)
Civilian Review Boards
67(3)
Citizen Patrol
70(1)
Citizen Police Academies
71(1)
Ride-Along Programs
72(1)
Summary
73(3)
Problem Solving: Proactive Policing
76(27)
Introduction
77(1)
From Incidents to Problems
78(3)
Community Policing Compared to Problem-Oriented Policing
80(1)
Being Efficient and Effective
81(1)
Addressing Substantive Problems
82(1)
The SARA Model: A Four-Stage Problem-Solving Process
82(8)
Scanning and Analysis
83(4)
Assessing Responses to Problems
87(1)
The SARA Model in Action
88(2)
Making Ethical Decisions
90(1)
Mediation as a Problem-Solving Tool
90(1)
Problem-Solving Policing and Crime-Specific Planning
91(1)
Crime Analysis
91(1)
Using Technology for Problem Solving
92(4)
CompStat
92(1)
Crime Mapping---Geographic Information Systems
93(1)
Geographic Profiling
94(2)
Common Mistakes in Problem Solving
96(1)
Problem Solving and Creativity
96(1)
Problem Solving at Work
97(3)
Promising Practices from the Field
98(1)
The International Association of Chiefs of Police's Community Policing Awards
99(1)
2002 IACP Community Policing Award Winner, Category---Agency Serving a Population of 50,001 to 100,000 Residents: Gastonia, NC Police Department
99(1)
Summary
100(3)
Implementing Community Policing
103(30)
Introduction
104(1)
Change
105(1)
Needed Changes
106(1)
Management Styles
107(1)
Creating a Vision and Mission Statement
108(1)
Assessing Needs
109(3)
Analyzing the Department
109(2)
Analyzing the Community
111(1)
Strategic Planning
112(2)
Developing Strategies
114(1)
Hiring and Promoting
115(1)
Training
116(2)
An Example of Implementing Community Policing
118(4)
Lessons Learned from Team Policing
121(1)
Doing the Little Things---A Shift in Policy Focus
122(1)
Benefits That Might Be Achieved
122(1)
Resistance to Community Policing
123(1)
Pitfalls to Avoid
123(4)
Reconciling Expectations and Results
123(1)
The Specialized Unit Approach
124(1)
Community Empowerment
124(2)
Taking Advantage of Your Position
126(1)
Misrepresentation---Talking the Talk without Walking the Walk
126(1)
Impediments to Overcome
127(1)
Evaluating Progress
128(1)
Giving COP Implementation a Boost
129(1)
Summary
129(4)
SECTION II BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS AND TRUST
133(110)
Communicating Effectively---One on One
135(38)
Introduction
136(2)
Understanding One's Self
138(1)
Prejudice, Bias, Stereotyping and Discrimination
138(1)
Understanding Others
139(1)
The Communication Process
139(3)
Nonverbal Communication and Body Language
140(1)
Barriers to Communication
141(1)
Active Listening
142(1)
Lessons from Business
142(2)
Networking
142(1)
A Service Orientation: The Citizen as Customer
143(1)
Diversity: An Overview
144(14)
Racism
146(1)
Racial Disparity
146(3)
Racial Profiling
149(3)
Strategies to Overcome Barriers Based on Racial and Ethnic Diversity
152(1)
Religious Diversity
153(1)
Socioeconomic Diversity
154(3)
The Powerful and Connected
157(1)
Facing the Challenge
157(1)
A Cultural Diversity Value Statement
158(1)
Persons with Disabilities
158(4)
Understanding Physical and Mental Disabilities
158(4)
The Elderly
162(2)
Our Nation's Youths
164(2)
Youths with Special Needs and the Police
164(2)
Victims and Witnesses
166(3)
Results of Being Victimized
166(1)
Nonreporting of Victimization
166(1)
Assisting Victims
167(2)
Agencies That Can Assist
169(1)
The Direction of Victims' Rights and Services in the Twenty-First Century
169(1)
Summary
169(4)
Building Partnerships: The Glue of Community Policing
173(36)
Introduction
174(1)
Why Partnerships?
175(1)
The Core Components of a Partnership or Collaboration
176(8)
Stakeholders
176(2)
Active Community Involvement
178(1)
Building Trust
178(3)
A Shared Vision and Common Goals
181(2)
The Remaining Core Components of Successful Collaboration and Partnerships
183(1)
Criticisms of Partnerships
184(1)
Making Time for Partnering and Problem Solving: Call Management or Call Reduction
184(4)
Calls for Service and Problem Solving
187(1)
Citizen Police Academies
188(2)
Some Key Collaborators
190(11)
Prosecutors
190(4)
Community Courts
194(1)
Community Corrections
195(1)
Other Government Agencies
196(1)
Private Security Providers
196(1)
Victims
197(1)
The Elderly
198(2)
Taxi Drivers
200(1)
Building Partnerships in a Variety of Neighborhoods
201(1)
Successful Partnerships in Action
202(1)
Partnerships to Accommodate the Homeless
203(1)
A More Complex Partnership
203(2)
Communication/Networking
203(1)
Cooperation
203(1)
Coordination
203(1)
Collaboration Forming
204(1)
Successful Law Enforcement/Community Partnership in Action
204(1)
IACP Community Policing Award-Winning Category---Agency Serving a Population of 100,001 to 250,000 Residents---Halton, Ontario, Regional Police Service
205(1)
The Problem
205(1)
The Solution
205(1)
Evaluation
206(1)
Summary
206(3)
Forming Partnerships with the Media
209(34)
Introduction
210(1)
Mutual Reliance of the Police and the Media
211(1)
The First Amendment and Freedom of the Press
212(2)
The Media and the Public's Fear of Crime
212(1)
The Media's Impact on the Criminal Justice System
213(1)
Freedom of Information Act
214(1)
The Sixth Amendment, Suspects' Rights and Criminal Investigations
214(1)
Leaks
214(1)
Victim Privacy Rights
215(2)
Conflict between the Media and the Police
217(6)
Differing Perspectives
219(1)
Sources of Conflict
220(3)
Benefits of Conflict
223(1)
General Policies and Protocol for Media Relations
223(7)
Being Professional When Interviewed
224(1)
Lying to the Media
225(1)
Public Information Officers
226(2)
Policies Regarding Photographing and Videotaping
228(2)
Understanding and Improving Relations with the Media
230(2)
Strategies for Developing Partnerships with the Media
232(4)
Marketing Community Policing
236(2)
Publicity as a Means to Prevent Crime
238(1)
Summary
239(4)
SECTION III COMMUNITY POLICING IN THE FIELD: COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS
243(245)
Early Experiments in Crime Prevention and the Evolution of Community Policing Strategies
245(40)
Introduction
246(1)
Traditional Approaches to Crime Prevention
247(5)
Street Lighting Projects
248(1)
Property Identification Projects
248(1)
Crime Prevention Security Surveys
248(1)
Citizen Patrol Projects
249(1)
Citizen Crime Reporting, Neighborhood or Block Programs
249(1)
Special Crime Watch Programs
250(2)
Other Efforts to Enhance Crime Prevention
252(3)
National Night Out
252(1)
Organizations Focused on Crime Prevention
252(2)
Using Volunteers
254(1)
Traditional Programs for Youths
255(2)
The McGruff ``Take a Bite Out of Crime'' Program
255(1)
Police Athletic Leagues
255(1)
Officer Friendly
255(1)
Police Explorers
256(1)
Police-School Liaison Programs
256(1)
The DARE Program
257(1)
Empirical Studies of Community Policing
257(7)
Flint, Michigan
258(1)
Newark 1
259(1)
Newark 2
259(1)
Oakland
260(1)
San Diego
260(1)
Houston
260(1)
Boston
261(1)
Baltimore County
261(1)
Summary and Implications of the Experiments
261(2)
Fear-Reduction Strategies Experiments Compared
263(1)
Other Crime Prevention Program Studies in the 1980s
264(3)
The Seattle Program
265(1)
The Portland Program
266(1)
The Hartford Experiment
266(1)
The Portland Commercial Demonstration Project
267(3)
Community Policing and the Criminal Justice System
270(3)
Community Policing and the Courts
270(1)
Community Policing and Corrections
271(1)
Strategies Recommended by the National Crime Prevention Council
272(1)
Early Efforts Using the Media in Crime Prevention Efforts
273(2)
The ``McGruff'' National Media Campaign
273(1)
Police-Community Anticrime Newsletters
274(1)
Lessons Learned
275(1)
Qualitative Evaluations and Salient Program Features
275(3)
Impediments to Community Policing Revisited
278(1)
Cost versus Benefit
279(1)
A Final Note: The Important Distinction between Programs and Community Policing
279(1)
Summary
280(5)
Safe Neighborhoods and Communities: From Traffic Problems to Crime
285(32)
Introduction
286(2)
Traffic Enforcement and Safety
288(6)
Corridor Safety Programs
289(1)
Speeding in Residential Areas
289(1)
Street Racing
290(1)
Red Light Running
290(1)
Impaired Drivers
291(1)
Nonuse of Seat Belts
292(1)
Safe Communities
293(1)
Addressing Disorder Concerns
294(1)
Reducing the Fear of Crime
295(1)
National Emphasis on Community Policing and Crime Prevention
296(2)
The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
296(1)
The Community Policing Consortium
297(1)
The Weed and Seed Program
297(1)
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
298(1)
The Importance of Place
299(1)
The Risk Factor Prevention Paradigm
300(1)
Partnerships to Prevent or Reduce Crime and Disorder
301(1)
Business Anticrime Groups
301(1)
Local Government--Community Crime Prevention Coalitions
301(1)
Community Coalitions
302(1)
Cooperation with Grassroots Organizations
302(1)
Working with Landlords and Residents of Public Housing
302(1)
Using Advances in Technology to Fight Crime
302(1)
Preventing Burglary of Single-Family Houses
303(1)
Preventing Burglary in Public Housing
303(1)
Preventing Burglary of Retail Establishments
304(1)
Preventing Shoplifting
304(1)
Preventing Robberies at Automated Teller Machines
305(1)
Preventing Assaults in and around Bars
305(1)
Preventing Street Prostitution
306(1)
Preventing Theft of and from Vehicles
307(1)
Partnerships in Action Against Crime and Disorder
308(2)
Gastonia (North Carolina) Police Department Award Winner
310(2)
The Problem
310(1)
The Solution
310(1)
Evaluation
311(1)
Summary
312(5)
Community Policing and Drugs
317(33)
Introduction
318(1)
The ``War on Drugs''
319(1)
The National Drug Control Strategy
320(1)
Stopping Drug Use before It Starts
321(2)
The DARE Program
321(1)
A Reality-Based Approach to Drug Education
322(1)
Strategies for Dealing with the Drug Problem
323(5)
Available Grants to Assist in Implementing Selected Strategies
328(1)
Weed and Seed Funding
328(1)
Drug-Free Community Funding
328(1)
Addressing Drug Dealing in Privately Owned Apartment Complexes
329(2)
Conditions Making Apartment Complexes Susceptible to Drug Dealing
330(1)
Enlisting Property Owners' Help in Closing a Drug Market
330(1)
Collaborative Efforts to Combat the Drug Problem
331(2)
Comprehensive, Coordinated Community Approaches
333(4)
A Drug Problem in New York City
334(3)
Getting Impaired Drivers Off the Street
337(1)
Underage Alcohol Use
337(7)
Hearings before the U.S. Senate on Governmental Affairs
338(3)
Strategies to Combat Underage Drinking
341(1)
Educating Students about the Effects of Alcohol
342(1)
Rave Parties
343(1)
Crime, Drugs and the American Dream
344(1)
A Problem-Solving Partnership in Action---New Rochelle (New York) Police Department
345(2)
The Problem
345(1)
The Solution
345(2)
Evaluation
347(1)
Summary
347(3)
Bringing Youths into Community Policing
350(36)
Introduction
351(1)
Youths and Community Policing
352(1)
Building Personal Relationships
353(4)
Connecting Youths and the Community
353(1)
The Youth Development Approach
354(1)
The Developmental Asset Approach
354(1)
Recognizing Risk Factors
355(1)
Youth-Focused Community Policing
355(1)
The Five Promises
356(1)
A Partnership to Prevent Juvenile Delinquency
356(1)
Involving Youths in Violence Prevention
357(1)
The Importance of Parental Involvement
357(1)
The Importance of Schools
357(3)
School Teams
358(1)
The School Safety Pyramid
359(1)
Crime in Our Schools
360(1)
Bullying in Schools
361(4)
Adult Responsibility
361(1)
Strategies to Mediate Bullying
362(1)
A Case Study
363(2)
School Violence
365(5)
Early Warning Signs of Impending Violent Behavior
366(1)
School Shooters
366(4)
After School Programs
370(1)
Creating Safe Schools
370(6)
School/Law Enforcement/Community Partnerships
371(5)
Crisis Planning
376(2)
Lockdowns
377(1)
School Mock Disaster Exercises
377(1)
Early Intervention
378(2)
The 8% Problem/Solution
379(1)
Problem-Solving Partnership in Action: School Impact Project---Dorchester High School by the Boston Police Department
380(1)
Scanning
380(1)
Analysis
380(1)
Response
380(1)
Assessment
381(1)
Summary
381(5)
The Challenge of Gangs: Controlling Their Destructive Force
386(36)
Introduction
387(1)
Understanding Gangs and Gang Members
388(6)
Gangs Defined
389(1)
Types of Gangs
390(2)
Demographics---Profile of Gang Members
392(1)
The Gang Subculture
393(1)
Gang Activities
394(1)
Why Youths Join Gangs
395(1)
Preventing Gang Membership
396(3)
Early Precursors of Gang Membership
396(1)
Implications for Prevention
397(1)
The GREAT Program
398(1)
The GRIP Program
399(1)
Recognizing the Presence of Gangs (or a Gang Problem)
399(1)
Identifying Gang Members
400(2)
The Police Response
402(2)
Intelligence Gathering
402(2)
Evolution of Strategies for Dealing with the Gang Problem
404(2)
Suppression---The Traditional Response
404(1)
Gang Units
405(1)
A Collaborative Gang Initiative
406(1)
Community Policing and Gangs: Assistance from the OJJDP
406(1)
Community Policing and Gangs: Assistance from the National Youth Gang Center
407(1)
Strategies to Address a Gang Problem and Gang Violence
408(4)
Graffiti Removal Programs
409(1)
Pulling Levers in Boston
410(1)
Other Strategies Recommended by the National Crime Prevention Council
411(1)
Task Forces
411(1)
The Gang's Place within the Community
411(1)
A Community Approach to a Gang Problem
412(1)
Providing Alternatives to Gangs
413(2)
Austin, Texas, Youth Options
413(1)
Austin, Texas, Roving Leader Program
413(1)
Dallas, Texas, Nuestro Centro, ``Our Center''
414(1)
Pierce County, Washington, Safe Streets Campaign
414(1)
A Five-Pronged Approach to Gang Reduction
415(1)
Problem-Solving Partnership to Address a Gang Problem in Action
416(2)
Summary
418(4)
Understanding and Preventing Violence and Terrorism
422(41)
Introduction
423(1)
Causes of Violence
424(2)
Those at Risk for Violence
426(1)
Preventing Violence
426(2)
Bias or Hate Crimes
428(5)
Skinhead Groups
431(1)
Addressing and Preventing Hate Crimes
432(1)
Gun Violence
433(3)
Strategies to Interrupt Sources of Illegal Guns
434(1)
Strategies to Deter Illegal Gun Possession and Carrying
435(1)
Strategies to Respond to Illegal Gun Use
436(1)
Comprehensive Gun Violence Reduction Strategies
436(3)
Reducing Access to Firearms
437(1)
Teaching Gun-Safe Behavior
438(1)
Right-to-Carry Laws
438(1)
Domestic Violence
439(1)
Partner Abuse and Stalking
439(5)
Important Research Finding
439(1)
Legislation to Prevent Stalking and Domestic Violence
440(1)
Problem Solving and Domestic Violence: A Case Study
440(2)
Corporate Partnership to Combat Domestic Violence
442(1)
A Domestic Violence Reduction Unit
442(1)
S*T*O*P Violence against Women
443(1)
Domestic Violence Courts
443(1)
Barriers to Multiagency Collaborations
444(1)
Child Abuse
444(4)
Children Exposed to Violence
445(1)
Training Professionals to Recognize Child Victims
445(1)
The Child Development--Community Policing (CD-CP) Model
446(1)
Forming a Multidisciplinary Team to Investigate Child Abuse
447(1)
Promising Service Developments for Children
447(1)
Workplace Violence
448(2)
Workplace Violence and Domestic Violence
449(1)
Workplace Violence and Hospital Emergency Rooms
449(1)
Preventing Workplace Violence
450(1)
Terrorism: An Overview
450(6)
Definitions of Terrorism
451(1)
International Terrorism
452(1)
Domestic Terrorism
452(1)
The Police Response/Responsibility
453(2)
Partnerships to Prevent Terrorism
455(1)
A Problem-Solving Partnership in Action
456(1)
The Problem
456(1)
Analysis
456(1)
Response
457(1)
Assessment
457(1)
Summary
457(6)
What Research Tells Us and a Look to the Future
463(25)
Introduction
464(1)
The Importance of Research
465(5)
Experimental Design
465(3)
Surveys
468(1)
Case Studies
469(1)
Research Findings on Community Policing Departments
470(3)
The Structure of Successful Community Policing Departments
470(1)
Community Policing Activities Engaged in
471(1)
Patterns of Community Policing in the United States
471(2)
Citizen Complaints
473(1)
Community Policing, Evaluation and Crime Statistics
473(3)
Community Policing and Strong Communities
476(1)
Evaluation of the COPS Office
477(1)
What Works, What Doesn't and What's Promising
477(3)
What Works
478(1)
What Doesn't Work
478(1)
What's Promising
479(1)
A Look toward the Future
480(4)
Community Policing: Still a Philosophy or a Reality?
483(1)
Summary
484(4)
Epilogue 488(5)
Glossary 493(10)
Author Index 503(4)
Subject Index 507

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