The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature; Reading, Thinking, Writing

by Michael Meyer

• ISBN13: 9780312434458
• ISBN10: 0312434456
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Trade Paper
• Copyright: 2005-05-13
• Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's

Summary

This new compact edition ofThe Bedford Introduction to Literatureoffers all the distinctive features of Michael Meyer's best-selling introduction to literature in a shorter, less expensive paperback format. A generous and vibrant selection of stories, poems, and plays are supported by editorial features proven to help students read, think, and write effectively about literature. Now featuring unique visual portfolios and a CD-ROM packed with activities and contextual material, the new edition brings literature to life for students like never before.

Table of Contents

Preface for Instructors	vii
Introduction: Reading Imaginative Literature	1	(1)
The Nature of Literature	1	(3)
Emily Dickinson, A narrow Fellow in the Grass	2	(2)
The Value of Literature	4	(2)
The Changing Literary Canon	6	(3)
FICTION	9	(2)
The Elements of Fiction	11	(290)
Reading Fiction	13	(33)
Reading Fiction Responsively	13	(10)
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour	15	(1)
Photo: Kate Chopin	15	(1)
A Sample Close Reading: An Annotated Section of ``The Story of an Hour''	16	(3)
A Sample Paper: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin's ``The Story of an Hour''	19	(4)
Explorations and Formulas	23	(6)
A Composite of a Romance Tip Sheet	25	(3)
Photo: Romance Novel Cover	28	(1)
A Comparison of Two Stories	29	(17)
Karen Van Der Zee, From A Secret Sorrow	30	(8)
Gail Godwin, A Sorrowful Woman	38	(1)
Photo: Gail Godwin	38	(5)
Perspective: Kay Mussell, Are Feminism and Romance Novels Mutually Exclusive?	43	(2)
Perspective: Thomas Jefferson, On the Dangers of Reading Fiction	45	(1)
Writing about Fiction	46	(17)
From Reading to Writing	46	(17)
Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing	47	(2)
A Sample Paper in Progress	49	(1)
First Response	50	(1)
Brainstorming	50	(1)
Revising: First and Second Drafts	51	(8)
A Sample Paper, Final Draft: Fulfillment or Failure? Marriage in A Secret Sorrow and ``A Sorrowful Woman''	59	(4)
Plot	63	(41)
Edgar Rice Burroughs, From Tarzan of the Apes	66
Photo: Edgar Rice Burroughs	65	(1)
Cover: All-Story Magazine, 1912 (Tarzan Issue)	65	(8)
Joyce Carol Oates, Three Girls	73	(1)
Photo: Joyce Carol Oates	73	(7)
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily	80	(1)
Photo: William Faulkner	80	(7)
Perspective: William Faulkner, On ``A Rose for Emily''	87	(2)
Andre Dubus, Killings	89	(1)
Photo: Andre Dubus	89	(13)
Perspective: A. L. Bader, Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories	102	(2)
Character	104	(47)
Charles Dickens, From Hard Times	105	(1)
Portrait: Charles Dickens	105	(5)
May-Lee Chai, Saving Sourdi	110	(1)
Photo: May-lee Chai	110	(14)
Herman Melville, Bartleby, the Scrivener	124
Photo: Herman Melville	123	(26)
Perspective: Nathaniel Hawthorne, On Herman Melville's Philosophic Stance	149	(2)
Setting	151	(22)
Ernest Hemingway, Soldier's Home	154
Photo: Ernest Hemingway	153	(7)
Perspective: Ernest Hemingway, On What Every Writer Needs	160	(1)
Fay Weldon, Ind AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo	161
Photo: Fay Weldon	160	(7)
Perspective: Fay Weldon, On the Importance of Place in ``IND AFF''	167	(1)
Helena Maria Viramontes, The Moths	168	(5)
Point of View	173	(38)
Third-Person Narrator (Nonparticipant)	174	(2)
First-Person Narrator (Participant)	176	(35)
Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Pet Dog	179
Photo: Anton Chekhov	178	(12)
Perspective: Anton Chekhov, On Morality in Fiction	190	(1)
Joyce Carol Oates, The Lady with the Pet Dog	191	(13)
Perspective: Matthew C. Brennan, Point of View and Plotting in Chekhov's and Oates's ``The Lady with the Pet Dog''	204	(3)
Alice Walker, Roselily	207
Photo: Alice Walker	206	(5)
Symbolism	211	(28)
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Clothes	214	(1)
Photo: Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni	214	(9)
Colette [Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette], The Hand	223	(3)
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal	226	(1)
Photo: Ralph Ellison	226	(11)
Perspective: Mordecai Marcus, What Is an Initiation Story?	237	(2)
Theme	239	(20)
Stephen Crane, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky	243	(1)
Photo: Stephen Crane	243	(9)
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill	252
Photo: Katherine Mansfield	251	(5)
Dagoberto Gilb, Love in L.A.	256
Photo: Dagoberto Gilb	255	(4)
Style, Tone, and Irony	259	(31)
Style	259	(2)
Tone	261	(1)
Irony	262	(28)
Raymond Carver, Popular Mechanics	264	(1)
Photo: Raymond Carver	264	(2)
Perspective: John Barth, On Minimalist Fiction	266	(1)
T. Coraghessan Boyle, Carnal Knowledge	267	(1)
Photo: T. Coraghessan Boyle	267	(15)
Susan Minot, Lust	282	(1)
Photo: Susan Minot	282	(8)
Combining the Elements of Fiction	290	(11)
The Elements Together	290	(1)
Mapping the Story	291	(10)
David Updike, Summer	292
Photo: David Updike	291	(6)
Questions for Writing: Developing a Topic into a Thesis	297	(4)
Approaches to Fiction	301	(192)
A Study of Nathaniel Hawthorne	303	(42)
A Brief Biography and Introduction	305	(35)
Portrait: Nathaniel Hawthorne, by Charles Osgood	304	(1)
Portrait: Sophia Peabody, by Chester Harding [?]	304	(1)
Photo: The Hawthorne Children	304	(3)
Photo: Old Manse Garden	307	(1)
Photo: Nathaniel Hawthorne	308	(1)
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown	309	(7)
Image: The Witch of the Woodlands	316	(3)
Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Minister's Black Veil	319	(9)
Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark	328	(12)
Perspectives	340	(5)
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On Solitude	340	(1)
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On the Power of the Writer's Imagination	341	(2)
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On His Short Stories	343	(1)
Herman Melville, On Nathaniel Hawthorne's Tragic Vision	343	(2)
A Study of Flannery O'Connor	345	(51)
A Brief Biography and Introduction	346	(45)
Photo: Flannery O'Connor, Age 12	347	(1)
Photo: Flannery O'Connor as a Teen	347	(1)
Photo: Flannery O'Connor (with Self-Portrait)	347	(1)
Photo: Flannery O'Connor and the Corinthian Staff	348	(1)
Cartoon: ``Targets Are Where You Find 'Em,'' from The Colonnade	348	(2)
Photo: Flannery O'Connor at Andalusia	350	(1)
Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find	351	(11)
Flannery O'Connor, Good Country People	362	(14)
Flannery O'Connor, Revelation	376	(15)
Perspectives	391	(5)
Flannery O'Connor, On Faith	391	(1)
Flannery O'Connor, On the Materials of Fiction	392	(1)
Flannery O'Connor, On the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion	392	(1)
Josephine Hendin, On O'Connor's Refusal to ``Do Pretty''	393	(1)
Claire Kahane, The Function of Violence in O'Connor's Fiction	394	(1)
Edward Kessler, On O'Connor's Use of History	394	(2)
A Critical Case Study: William Faulkner's ``Barn Burning''	396	(30)
Photo: William Faulkner	397	(1)
Photo: Oxford Hardware Store	398	(1)
Photo: Oxford's General Store	398	(1)
Photo: Rowan Oak, William Faulkner's Home	399	(1)
Photo: Faulkner at His Writing Desk	399	(1)
William Faulkner, Barn Burning	400	(13)
Perspectives	413	(1)
Jane Hiles, Blood Ties in ``Barn Burning''	413	(1)
Benjamin DeMott, Abner Snopes as a Victim of Class	414	(2)
Gayle Edward Wilson, Conflict in ``Barn Burning''	416	(3)
James Ferguson, Narrative Strategy in ``Barn Burning''	419	(1)
Questions for Writing: Incorporating the Critics	420	(2)
A Sample Paper (Excerpt): The Fires of Class Conflict in ``Barn Burning''	422	(4)
A Cultural Case Study: James Joyce's ``Eveline''	426	(18)
A Brief Biography and Introduction	427	(17)
Image: ``Eveline'' in The Irish Homestead	430	(1)
Photo: James Joyce	430	(1)
Drawing: Desmond Harmsworth, ``Joyce at Midnight''	431	(1)
Photo: James Joyce, Nora Barnacle, and Friends	431	(1)
Photo: James Joyce in Paris	431	(1)
James Joyce, Eveline	432	(4)
Documents	436	(1)
Photo: Poole Street, Dublin	436	(1)
Resources of Ireland (from The Alliance Temperance Almanack for 1910)	437	(3)
A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant in Australia	440	(1)
A Plot Synopsis of The Bohemian Girl	441	(1)
Poster: The Bohemian Girl	442	(2)
A Thematic Case Study: The Literature of the South	444	(18)
Map: The South, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census	445	(1)
John Shelton Reed and Dale Volberg Reed, Definitions of the South	446	(1)
W.J. Cash, The Old and the New South	447	(1)
Movie Still: Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind	448	(1)
Lithograph: Currier and Ives, The Old Plantation Home	449	(1)
Irving Howe, The Southern Myth	449	(2)
Painting: John Richards, The Battle of Gettysburg	451	(1)
Flannery O'Connor, The Regional Writer	452	(1)
Painting: Clyde Broadway, Trinity--Elvis, Jesus, and Robert E. Lee	453	(1)
Margaret Walker, The Southern Writer and Race	453	(1)
Photo: Ernest C. Withers, ``Bus Station, Colored Waiting Room, Memphis, Tennessee''	454	(1)
Photo: Elizabeth Eckford at Little Rock Central High School	455	(1)
Photo: Ernest C. Withers, ``Sanitation Workers' Strike, Memphis, Tennessee''	455	(1)
Richard Wright, The Ethics of Living Jim Crow	456	(1)
Collage: Romare Bearden, Watching the Good Trains Go By	457	(1)
Donald R. Noble, The Future of Southern Writing	458	(2)
Lee Smith, On Southern Change and Permanence	460	(2)
A Thematic Case Study: The Nature of Storytelling	462	(31)
Metafiction	463	(20)
Margaret Atwood, There Was Once	464
Photo: Margaret Atwood	462	(5)
Lorrie Moore, How to Become a Writer	467
Photo: Lorrie Moore	466	(7)
Tim O'Brien, How to Tell a True War Story	473
Photo: Tim O'Brien	472	(11)
Encountering Fiction: Comics and Graphic Stories	483	(10)
Comic Strip: Matt Groening, Life in Hell	484	(1)
Comic Strip: Lynda Barry, Spelling	485	(1)
Graphic Story: Edward Gorey, from The Hapless Child	486	(3)
Graphic Story: Marjane Satrapi, ``The Trip,'' from Persepolis	489	(4)
A Collection of Stories	493	(66)
An Album of Contemporary Stories	495	(21)
Amy Bloom, By-and-by	496
Photo: Amy Bloom	495	(7)
A. S. Byatt, Baglady	502
Photo: A. S. Byatt	501	(4)
Richard Russo, The Whore's Child	505	(1)
Photo: Richard Russo	505	(11)
Stories for Further Reading	516	(43)
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl	517
Photo: Jamaica Kincaid	516	(3)
D. H. Lawrence, The Horse Dealer's Daughter	519
Photo: D. H. Lawrence	518	(13)
Alice Munro, An Ounce of Cure	531
Photo: Alice Munro	530	(9)
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado	539
Photo: Edgar Allan Poe	538	(6)
E. Annie Proulx, 55 Miles to the Gas Pump	544	(1)
John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums	545
Photo: John Steinbeck	544	(9)
John Updike, A & P	553
Photo: John Updike	552	(7)
POETRY	559	(2)
The Elements of Poetry	561	(240)
Reading Poetry	563	(42)
Reading Poetry Responsively	563	(3)
Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant	564	(1)
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays	565	(1)
John Updike, Dog's Death	566	(1)
The Pleasure of Words	566	(16)
William Hathaway, Oh, Oh	568	(1)
Photo: William Hathaway	568	(1)
A Sample Close Reading: An Annotated Version of ``Oh, Oh''	568	(2)
Robert Francis, Catch	570	(1)
A Sample Student Analysis: Tossing Metaphors Together in ``Catch''	571	(3)
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish	574	(1)
Photo: Elizabeth Bishop	574	(2)
Philip Larkin, A Study of Reading Habits	576	(2)
Robert Morgan, Mountain Graveyard	578	(1)
E. E. Cummings, l(a	579	(1)
Photo: E. E. Cummings	579	(1)
Anonymous, Western Wind	580	(1)
Regina Barreca, Nighttime Fires	581	(1)
Suggestions for Approaching Poetry	582	(3)
Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry	584	(1)
Encountering Poetry: Images of Poetry in Popular Culture	585	(8)
Poster: Dorothy Parker, ``Unfortunate Coincidence''	586	(1)
Photo: Carl Sandburg, ``Window''	587	(1)
Photo: Philip Levine and Terry Allen, ``Corporate Head''	588	(1)
Cartoon: Roz Chast, ``The Love Song of J. Alfred Crew''	589	(1)
Photo: Tim Taylor, ``I shake the delicate apparatus''	590	(1)
Poster and Photos: Eric Dunn, Mike Wigton, and David Huang, National Poetry Slam	591	(1)
Web Site: Poetry-portal.com	592	(1)
Poetry in Popular Forms	593	(6)
Helen Farries, Magic of Love	594	(1)
John Frederick Nims, Love Poem	594	(2)
Bruce Springsteen, You're Missing	596	(1)
Saundra Sharp, It's the Law: A Rap Poem	597	(1)
Perspective: Robert Francis, On ``Hard'' Poetry	598	(1)
Poems for Further Study	599	(6)
Rudyard Kipling, If---	599	(1)
Alberto Rios, Seniors	600	(1)
Photo: Alberto Rios	600	(2)
Li Ho, A Beautiful Girl Combs Her Hair	602	(1)
Luisa Lopez, Junior Year Abroad	603	(2)
Writing about Poetry	605	(7)
From Reading to Writing	605	(7)
Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing	606	(1)
Elizabeth Bishop, Manners	607	(1)
A Sample Student Analysis: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop's ``Manners''	608	(4)
Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone	612	(32)
Word Choice	612	(6)
Diction	612	(2)
Denotations and Connotations	614	(1)
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner	615	(2)
E. E. Cummings, she being Brand	617	(1)
Word Order	618	(1)
Tone	619	(3)
Ted Kooser, Year's End	619	(1)
Katharyn Howd Machan, Hazel Tells LaVerne	620	(1)
Martin Espada, Latin Night at the Pawnshop	621	(1)
Pat Mora, Veiled	621	(1)
Diction and Tone in Four Love Poems	622	(9)
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time	622	(1)
Portrait: Robert Herrick	622	(2)
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress	624	(1)
Portrait: Andrew Marvell	624	(1)
Perspective: Bernard Duyfhuizen, ``To His Coy Mistress'': On How a Female Might Respond	625	(2)
Richard Wilbur, A Late Aubade	627	(1)
Diane Ackerman, A Fine, a Private Place	628	(3)
Poems for Further Study	631	(8)
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain	631	(1)
David R. Slavitt, Titanic	632	(1)
Sharon Olds, Sex without Love	633	(1)
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn	634	(2)
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool	636	(1)
Eric Ormsby, Nose	637	(1)
Alice Jones, The Larynx	637	(1)
Louis Simpson, In the Suburbs	638	(1)
A Note on Reading Translations	639	(5)
Four Translations of a Poem by Sappho	640	(1)
Portrait: Sappho	640	(1)
Sappho, Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne	640	(1)
Henry T. Wharton
Sappho, Beautiful-throned, immortal Aphrodite	641	(1)
T. W. Higginson
Sappho, Prayer to my lady of Paphos	642	(1)
Mary Barnard
Sappho, Artfully adorned Aphrodite, deathless	642	(2)
Jim Powell
Images	644	(21)
Poetry's Appeal to the Senses	644	(8)
William Carlos Williams, Poem	645	(1)
Photo: William Carlos Williams	645	(1)
Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford	646	(1)
David Solway, Windsurfing	646	(2)
Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar	648	(1)
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach	649	(1)
Jimmy Santiago Baca, Green Chile	650	(2)
Poems for Further Study	652	(13)
Mary Robinson, London's Summer Morning	652	(1)
William Blake, London	653	(1)
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est	654	(1)
Patricia Smith, What It's Like to Be a Black Girl (for Those of You Who Aren't)	655	(1)
Photo: Patricia Smith	655	(1)
Rainer Maria Rilke, The Panther	656	(1)
Jane Kenyon, The Blue Bowl	656	(1)
Sally Croft, Home-Baked Bread	657	(1)
Mark Jarman, Ground Swell	658	(2)
John Keats, To Autumn	660	(1)
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro	661	(1)
Photo: Ezra Pound	661	(1)
Cathy Song, The White Porch	661	(2)
Perspective: T. E. Hulme, On the Differences between Poetry and Prose	663	(2)
Figures of Speech	665	(18)
William Shakespeare, From Macbeth (Act V, scene v)	666	(1)
Simile and Metaphor	667	(3)
Margaret Atwood, you fit into me	667	(1)
Photo: Margaret Atwood	667	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Presentiment--is that long Shadow -- on the lawn---	668	(1)
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book	669	(1)
Other Figures	670	(4)
Edmund Conti, Pragmatist	670	(1)
Dylan Thomas, The Hand That Signed the Paper	671	(1)
Photo: Dylan Thomas	671	(1)
Janice Townley Moore, To a Wasp	672	(2)
J. Patrick Lewis, The Unkindest Cut	674	(1)
Poems for Further Study	674	(9)
Margaret Atwood, February	674	(1)
Ernest Slyman, Lightning Bugs	675	(1)
Sylvia Plath, Mirror	676	(1)
Photo: Sylvia Plath	676	(1)
William Wordsworth, London, 1802	676	(1)
Jim Stevens, Schizophrenia	677	(1)
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning	678	(1)
Linda Pastan, Marks	679	(1)
Ronald Wallace, Building an Outhouse	680	(1)
Ruth Fainlight, The Clarinettist	680	(1)
Perspective: John R. Searle, Figuring Out Metaphors	681	(2)
Symbol, Allegory, and Irony	683	(22)
Symbol	683	(3)
Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night	684	(2)
Allegory	686	(2)
Edgar Allan Poe, The Haunted Palace	686	(2)
Irony	688	(3)
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory	688	(1)
Kenneth Fearing, AD	689	(1)
E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america I	690	(1)
Stephen Crane, A Man Said to the Universe	691	(1)
Poems for Further Study	691	(14)
Jane Kenyon, Surprise	691	(1)
Photo: Jane Kenyon	691	(1)
Martin Espada, Bully	692	(1)
Carl Sandburg, Buttons	693	(1)
William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark	694	(1)
Alden Nowlan, The Bull Moose	695	(1)
Julio Marzan, Ethnic Poetry	696	(1)
James Merrill, Casual Wear	697	(1)
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts	698	(1)
John Ciardi, Suburban	699	(1)
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess	700	(1)
Portrait: Robert Browning	700	(1)
William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper	701	(1)
Lorna Dee Cervantes, To We Who Were Saved by the Stars	702	(1)
Bob Hicok, Spam leaves an aftertaste	703	(1)
Perspective: Ezra Pound, On Symbols	704	(1)
Sounds	705	(25)
Listening to Poetry	705	(7)
Anonymous, Scarborough Fair	706	(1)
John Updike, Player Piano	707	(1)
May Swenson, A Nosty Fright	708	(1)
Emily Dickinson, A Bird came down the Walk---	709	(2)
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating	711	(1)
Photo: Galway Kinnell	711	(1)
Rhyme	712	(4)
Richard Armour, Going to Extremes	712	(1)
Robert Southey, From ``The Cataract of Lodore''	713	(2)
Perspective: David Lenson, On the Contemporary Use of Rhyme	715	(1)
Sound and Meaning	716	(2)
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur	716	(2)
Poems for Further Study	718	(12)
Amy Lowell, Summer Rain	718	(1)
Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), Jabberwocky	718	(1)
Sylvia Plath, Mushrooms	719	(1)
William Heyen, The Trains	720	(1)
John Donne, Song	721	(1)
Rachel Hadas, Thick and Thin	722	(1)
Alexander Pope, From An Essay on Criticism	723	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks, Sadie and Maud	724	(1)
Maxine Hong Kingston, Restaurant	725	(1)
Photo: Maxine Hong Kingston	725	(1)
Paul Humphrey, Blow	726	(1)
Robert Francis, The Pitcher	726	(1)
Helen Chasin, The Word Plum	727	(1)
Perspective: Dylan Thomas, On the Words in Poetry	728	(2)
Patterns of Rhythm	730	(19)
Some Principles of Meter	731	(4)
Walt Whitman, From ``Song of the Open Road''	731	(3)
William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up	734	(1)
Suggestions for Scanning a Poem	735	(2)
Timothy Steele, Waiting for the Storm	736	(1)
William Butler Yeats, That the Night Come	736	(1)
Poems for Further Study	737	(12)
Alice Jones, The Foot	737	(1)
A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty	738	(1)
Virginia Hamilton Adair, Pro Snake	739	(1)
Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder	739	(1)
Ben Jonson, Still to Be Neat	740	(1)
Diane Burns, Sure You Can Ask Me a Personal Question	741	(1)
William Blake, The Lamb	742	(1)
Portrait: William Blake	742	(1)
William Blake, The Tyger	743	(1)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade	744	(1)
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz	745	(1)
Norman Stock, What I Said	746	(1)
Edward Hirsch, Fast Break	747	(1)
Perspective: Louise Bogan, On Formal Poetry	748	(1)
Poetic Forms	749	(25)
Some Common Poetic Forms	750	(22)
A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now	750	(1)
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes	751	(1)
Sonnet	752	(1)
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer	753	(1)
Portrait: John Keats	753	(1)
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us	754	(1)
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?	755	(1)
William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun	755	(1)
Edna St. Vincent Millay, I will put Chaos into fourteen lines	756	(1)
Molly Peacock, Desire	757	(1)
Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet	757	(1)
Villanelle	758	(1)
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night	758	(1)
Sestina	759	(1)
Algernon Charles Swinburne, Sestina	759	(2)
Florence Cassen Mayers, All-American Sestina	761	(1)
Epigram	762	(1)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram?	762	(1)
A. R. Ammons, Coward	762	(1)
David McCord, Epitaph on a Waiter	762	(1)
Paul Laurence Dunbar, Theology	763	(1)
Photo: Paul Laurence Dunbar	763	(1)
Limerick	763	(1)
Anonymous, There was a young lady named Bright	763	(1)
Laurence Perrine, The limerick's never averse	764	(1)
Keith Casto, She Don't Bop	764	(1)
Haiku	764	(1)
Matsuo Basho, Under cherry trees	765	(1)
Carolyn Kizer, After Basho	765	(1)
Sonia Sanchez, c'mon man hold me	765	(1)
Elegy	765	(1)
Seamus Heaney, Mid-term Break	766	(1)
Ode	767	(1)
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind	767	(2)
Joy Harjo, Perhaps the World Ends Here	769	(1)
Photo: Joy Harjo	769	(1)
Picture Poem	770	(1)
Michael McFee, In Medias Res	770	(1)
Parody	771	(1)
X. J. Kennedy, A Visit from St. Sigmund	771	(1)
Perspectives	772	(2)
Robert Morgan, On the Shape of a Poem	772	(1)
Elaine Mitchell, Form	773	(1)
Open Form	774	(17)
E. E. Cummings, in Just	774	(1)
Walt Whitman, From ``I Sing the Body Electric''	775	(1)
Portrait: Walt Whitman	776	(1)
Perspective: Walt Whitman, On Rhyme and Meter	777	(1)
Galway Kinnell, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps	778	(1)
Kelly Cherry, Alzheimer's	779	(1)
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow	780	(1)
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Latin Women Pray	780	(1)
Photo: Judith Ortiz Cofer	780	(1)
Gary Gildner, First Practice	781	(1)
Marilyn Nelson Waniek, Emily Dickinson's Defunct	781	(1)
Robert Hass, A Story about the Body	782	(1)
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage	783	(1)
Julio Marzan, The Translator at the Reception for Latin American Writers	784	(1)
Aurora Levins Morales, Child of the Americas	785	(1)
Photo: Aurora Levins Morales	785	(1)
Tato Laviera, American	786	(2)
Peter Meinke, The ABC of Aerobics	788	(1)
Gary Soto, Mexicans Begin Jogging	789	(1)
Photo: Gary Soto	789	(1)
Found Poem	790	(1)
Donald Justice, Order in the Streets	790	(1)
Combining the Elements of Poetry	791	(10)
The Elements Together	791	(1)
Mapping the Poem	792	(1)
John Donne, Death Be Not Proud	793	(1)
Portrait: John Donne	793	(1)
Asking Questions about the Elements	793	(2)
A Sample First Response	794	(1)
Organizing Your Thoughts	795	(1)
A Sample Informal Outline	795	(1)
The Elements and Theme	796	(5)
A Sample Explication: The Use of Conventional Metaphors for Death in John Donne's ``Death Be Not Proud''	796	(5)
Approaches to Poetry	801	(144)
A Study of Emily Dickinson	803	(41)
A Brief Biography	804	(5)
Portrait: Silhouette of Emily Dickinson	805	(1)
Photo: Emily Dickinson	805	(1)
Photo: Emily Dickinson (Not Authenticated)	805	(1)
Photo: Edward Dickinson	806	(1)
Image: Illustrated Letter to William Cowper Dickinson	806	(1)
Photo: Dickinson Homestead	806	(1)
Photo: The Evergreens (Home of Austin and Susan Dickinson)	807	(1)
Photo: Susan Dickinson	807	(1)
Image: Cartoon in Letter to Susan Dickinson	807	(2)
An Introduction to Her Work	809	(20)
Facsimile: Manuscript Page, ``What Soft---Cherubic Creatures---''	809	(1)
Emily Dickinson, If I can stop one Heart from breaking	810	(1)
Emily Dickinson, If I shouldn't be alive	811	(1)
Emily Dickinson, The Thought beneath so slight a film	812	(1)
Emily Dickinson, To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee	813	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Success is counted sweetest	813	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Water, is taught by thirst	814	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers---(1859 version)	814	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers---(1861 version)	815	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Papa above!	815	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Portraits are to daily faces	816	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Some keep the Sabbath going to Church	817	(1)
Emily Dickinson, ``Heaven''---is what I cannot reach!	817	(1)
Emily Dickinson, I like a look of Agony	818	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Wild Nights---Wild Nights!	819	(1)
Emily Dickinson, I'm ceded---I've stopped being Theirs	819	(1)
Emily Dickinson, What Soft---Cherubic Creatures	820	(1)
Emily Dickinson, The Soul selects her own Society	821	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Much Madness is divinest Sense	821	(1)
Emily Dickinson, I dwell in Possibility	822	(1)
Emily Dickinson, After great pain, a formal feeling comes	823	(1)
Emily Dickinson, I heard a Fly buzz---when I died	823	(1)
Emily Dickinson, The Props assist the House	824	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death	824	(1)
Emily Dickinson, I felt a Cleaving in my Mind	825	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Volcanoes be in Sicily	826	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Oh Sumptuous moment	826	(1)
Emily Dickinson, The Bustle in a House	827	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Tell all the Truth but tell it slant	827	(1)
Emily Dickinson, A Route of Evanescence	828	(1)
Perspectives	829	(15)
Emily Dickinson, A Description of Herself	829	(1)
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, On Meeting Dickinson for the First Time	830	(1)
Mabel Loomis Todd, The Character of Amherst	831	(1)
Richard Wilbur, On Dickinson's Sense of Privation	831	(1)
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, On Dickinson's White Dress	832	(1)
Photo: Emily Dickinson's White Dress	833	(1)
Cynthia Griffin Wolff, On the Many Voices in Dickinson's Poetry	834	(1)
Paula Bennett, On ``I heard a Fly buzz---when I died---''	835	(1)
Martha Nell Smith, On ``Because I could not stop for Death---''	836	(1)
Ronald Wallace, Miss Goff	837	(1)
Questions for Writing about an Author in Depth	838	(1)
A Sample In-Depth Study	839	(1)
Emily Dickinson, ``Faith'' is a fine invention	839	(1)
Emily Dickinson, I know that He exists	840	(1)
Emily Dickinson, I never saw a Moor	840	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Apparently with no surprise	840	(1)
A Sample Paper: Religious Faith in Four Poems by Emily Dickinson	841	(3)
A Study of Robert Frost	844	(32)
A Brief Biography	845	(3)
Photo: Robert Frost, Age 18	845	(1)
Photo: Robert Frost in Franconia	846	(1)
Photo: Robert Frost in Shaftsbury	847	(1)
An Introduction to His Work	848	(19)
Facsimile: Manuscript Page, ``Neither Out Far nor In Deep''	849	(2)
Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken	851	(1)
Robert Frost, The Pasture	852	(1)
Robert Frost, Mowing	853	(1)
Robert Frost, Mending Wall	853	(2)
Robert Frost, Home Burial	855	(3)
Robert Frost, After Apple-Picking	858	(1)
Robert Frost, Birches	859	(2)
Robert Frost, ``Out, Out---''	861	(1)
Robert Frost, Gathering Leaves	862	(1)
Robert Frost, Fire and Ice	863	(1)
Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening	863	(1)
Robert Frost, Design	864	(1)
Robert Frost, Neither Out Far nor In Deep	865	(1)
Robert Frost, The Silken Tent	865	(1)
Robert Frost, Never Again Would Birds' Song Be the Same	866	(1)
Robert Frost, The Gift Outright	866	(1)
Perspectives	867	(9)
Robert Frost, ``In White'': An Early Version of ``Design''	867	(1)
Robert Frost, On the Living Part of a Poem	868	(1)
Amy Lowell, On Frost's Realistic Technique	868	(1)
Robert Frost, On the Figure a Poem Makes	869	(2)
Robert Frost, On the Way to Read a Poem	871	(1)
Herbert R. Coursen Jr., A Parodic Interpretation of ``Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening''	872	(1)
Blanche Farley, The Lover Not Taken	873	(1)
Peter D. Poland, On ``Neither Out Far nor In Deep''	874	(2)
A Study of Langston Hughes	876	(31)
A Brief Biography	877	(2)
Photo: Langston Hughes	877	(1)
Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers	878	(1)
An Introduction to His Work	879	(22)
Portrait: Winold Reiss, Langston Hughes	880	(1)
Facsimile: Manuscript Page, ``Old Walt''	881	(1)
Photo: James VanDerZee, Harlem Couple	882	(1)
Photo: Langston Hughes at McCarthy Hearings	883	(1)
Langston Hughes, I, Too	884	(1)
Langston Hughes, Negro	885	(1)
Langston Hughes, Danse Africaine	886	(1)
Langston Hughes, Mother to Son	886	(1)
Langston Hughes, Justice	887	(1)
Langston Hughes, Dream Variations	887	(1)
Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues	888	(1)
Langston Hughes, Formula	889	(1)
Langston Hughes, Lenox Avenue: Midnight	890	(1)
Langston Hughes, Song for a Dark Girl	891	(1)
Langston Hughes, Red Silk Stockings	891	(1)
Langston Hughes, Rent-Party Shout: For a Lady Dancer	892	(1)
Langston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord	893	(1)
Langston Hughes, Ku Klux	894	(1)
Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie	894	(1)
Langston Hughes, Harlem	895	(1)
Langston Hughes, Un-American Investigators	896	(1)
Langston Hughes, Poet to Bigot	897	(1)
Langston Hughes, Old Walt	897	(1)
Langston Hughes, Dinner Guest: Me	898	(1)
Langston Hughes, Frederick Douglass: 1817--1895	899	(1)
Langston Hughes, The Backlash Blues	900	(1)
Perspectives	901	(6)
Langston Hughes, On Racial Shame and Pride	901	(1)
Langston Hughes, On Harlem Rent Parties	902	(1)
Donald B. Gibson, The Essential Optimism of Hughes and Whitman	903	(1)
James A. Emanuel, Hughes's Attitudes toward Religion	904	(1)
David Chinitz, The Romanticization of African in the 1920s	904	(3)
A Critical Case Study: T. S. Eliot's ``The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock''	907	(19)
Photo: T. S. Eliot, 1906	908	(1)
Photo: T. S. Eliot, 1910	908	(1)
Photo: T. S. Eliot, 1959	909	(2)
Portrait: Wyndham Lewis, T. S. Eliot	911
T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock	910	(4)
Perspectives	914	(12)
Elisabeth Schneider, Hints of Eliot in Prufrock	914	(1)
Barbara Everett, The Problem of Tone in Prufrock	915	(1)
Michael L. Baumann, The ``Overwhelming Question'' for Prufrock	916	(2)
Frederik L. Rusch, Society and Character in ``The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock''	918	(3)
Robert Sward, A Personal Analysis of ``The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock''	921	(5)
Two Thematic Case Studies: The Love Poem and Teaching and Learning	926	(19)
Poems about Love	927	(7)
Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love	927	(1)
William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments	928	(1)
Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband	929	(1)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways	930	(1)
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo	931	(1)
Photo: Edna St. Vincent Millay	931	(1)
E. E. Cummings, since feeling is first	932	(1)
Jane Kenyon, The Shirt	933	(1)
Gail Mazur, Desire	933	(1)
Poems about Teaching and Learning	934	(11)
Langston Hughes, Theme for English B	935	(1)
Linda Pastan, Pass/Fail	936	(1)
Paul Zimmer, Zimmer's Head Thudding against the Blackboard	937	(1)
Mark Halliday, Graded Paper	938	(1)
Judy Page Heitzman, The Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill	939	(1)
Jeffrey Harrison, Fork	940	(2)
Perspective: Jeffrey Harrison, On ``Fork'' as a Work of Fiction	942	(3)
A Thematic Case Study: Border Crossings Between
Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America
Diagram: 18th-Century Slaveship
Painting: Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship
Advertisement: 1784 Slave Auction
Wole Soyinka, Telephone Conversation
Poster: Columbia Pictures, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner?
Pat Mora, Legal Alien
Image: Jacalyn Lopez Garcia, ``I Just Wanted to Be Me''
Sandra M. Gilbert, Mafioso
Photo: ``Baggage Examined Here''
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Indian Movie, New Jersey
Soundtrack Cover: Rawal Films, Ladki Pasand Hai (I Like This Girl)
Janice Mirikitani, Recipe
Photo: Chiaki Tsukumo, ``Girl with Licca Doll''
Thomas Lynch, Liberty
Photo: Alex MacLean, ``Somerville, Massachusetts''
An Anthology of Poems	945	(48)
An Album of Contemporary Poems	947	(13)
Michelle Boisseau, Self-Pity's Closet	947	(1)
Billy Collins, Marginalia	948	(3)
Stephen Dobyns, Do They Have a Reason?	951	(1)
Jane Hirshfield, The Lives of the Heart	952	(1)
Joan Murray, Play-by-Play	953	(2)
Alberto Rios, The Gathering Evening	955	(1)
Cathy Song, A Poet in the House	956	(1)
Photo: Cathy Song	956	(1)
William Trowbridge, Poets' Corner	957	(2)
Ronald Wallace, Dogs	959	(1)
A Collection of Poems	960	(33)
Maya Angelou, Africa	960	(1)
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan	961	(1)
William Blake, The Garden of Love	962	(1)
William Blake, Infant Sorrow	962	(1)
Anne Bradstreet, Before the Birth of One of Her Children	963	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks, a song in the front yard	963	(1)
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty	964	(1)
Lucille Clifton, this morning (for the girls of eastern high school)	965	(1)
Photo: Lucille Clifton	965	(1)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream	965	(2)
E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill's	967	(1)
John Donne, The Flea	967	(1)
Louise Erdrich, Dear John Wayne	968	(1)
Photo: Louise Erdrich	968	(1)
Thomas Hardy, Hap	969	(1)
Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch	969	(1)
Felicia Hemans, Woman and Fame	970	(1)
George Herbert, The Collar	971	(1)
M. Carl Holman, Mr. Z	972	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty	973	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover	973	(1)
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young	974	(1)
Colette Inez, It Didn't Serve Us Right	974	(1)
Ben Jonson, To Celia	975	(1)
John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be	975	(1)
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci	976	(1)
Yusef Komunyakaa, Slam, Dunk, & Hook	977	(1)
Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus	978	(1)
Li-Young Lee, Eating Together	978	(1)
Photo: Li-Young Lee	978	(1)
W. S. Merwin, The Dry Stone Mason	979	(1)
Photo: W. S. Merwin	979	(1)
John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent	979	(1)
Howard Nemerov, Walking the Dog	980	(1)
Naomi Shihab Nye, Where Children Live	980	(1)
Christina Georgina Rossetti, In Progress	981	(1)
Portrait: Christina Georgina Rossetti	981	(1)
Christina Georgina Rossetti, Promises Like Pie-Crust	981	(1)
William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold	982	(1)
William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes	982	(1)
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias	983	(1)
Virgil Suarez, The Stayer	983	(1)
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream	984	(1)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses	985	(2)
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer	987	(1)
Miller Williams, Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS	987	(1)
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All	988	(1)
William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say	988	(1)
William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud	989	(1)
Portrait: William Wordsworth	989	(1)
William Wordsworth, It Is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free	989	(1)
William Wordsworth, Mutability	990	(1)
William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop	990	(1)
Portrait: William Butler Yeats	990	(1)
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan	991	(1)
William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming	991	(2)
DRAMA	993	(2)
The Study of Drama	995	(328)
Reading Drama	997	(39)
Reading Drama Responsively	997	(18)
Susan Glaspell, Trifles	1000
Photo: Susan Glaspell	999	(11)
A Sample Close Reading: An Annotated Section of Trifles	1010	(2)
Perspective: Susan Glaspell, From the Short Story Version of Trifles	1012	(3)
Elements of Drama	1015	(3)
Drama in Popular Forms	1018	(18)
Larry David, From ``The Pitch,'' a Seinfeld Episode	1021	(1)
Photo: Larry David	1021	(10)
Kari Lizer, From ``Dolls and Dolls,'' a Will & Grace Episode	1031	(5)
Writing about Drama	1036	(6)
From Reading to Writing	1036	(6)
Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing	1037	(2)
A Sample Paper: The Feminist Evidence in Trifles	1039	(3)
A Study of Sophocles	1042	(58)
Portrait: Sophocles	1042	(1)
Theatrical Conventions of Greek Drama	1043	(3)
Drawing: A Classical Greek Theater	1045	(1)
Tragedy	1046	(54)
Sophocles, Oedipus the King	1049	(43)
Robert Fagles
Perspectives	1092	(1)
Aristotle, On Tragic Character	1092	(2)
Sigmund Freud, On the Oedipus Complex	1094	(1)
Sophocles, Another Translation of a Scene from Oedipus the King	1095	(3)
Muriel Rukeyser, On Oedipus the King	1098	(1)
David Wiles, On Oedipus the King as a Political Play	1098	(2)
A Study of William Shakespeare	1100	(100)
Portrait: William Shakespeare, from the First Folio	1101	(1)
Portrait: William Shakespeare, the ``Chandos Portrait''	1101	(2)
Shakespeare's Theater	1103	(3)
Drawing: C. Walter Hodges, the Globe Theatre	1105	(1)
The Range of Shakespeare's Drama: History, Comedy, and Tragedy	1106	(3)
A Note on Reading Shakespeare	1109	(91)
William Shakespeare, Othello the Moor of Venice	1112
Facsimile: Othello Title Page	1111	(83)
Perspectives	1194	(1)
Objections to the Elizabethan Theater by the Mayor of London	1194	(1)
Lisa Jardine, On Boy Actors in Female Roles	1195	(1)
Samuel Johnson, On Shakespeare's Characters	1195	(1)
Jane Adamson, On Desdemona's Role in Othello	1196	(1)
David Bevington, On Othello's Heroic Struggle	1197	(1)
James Kincaid, On the Value of Comedy in the Face of Tragedy	1198	(2)
Plays in Performance
Photo: Oedipus the King
Photos: Othello
Photo: A Doll House
Photo: The Glass Menagerie
Photo: Death of a Salesman
Photo: Krapp's Last Tape
Photo: A Raisin in the Sun
Photo: M. Butterfly
Photo: Mambo Mouth
Photo: Will & Grace
Modern Drama	1200	(56)
Realism	1200	(2)
Naturalism	1202	(1)
Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama	1203	(53)
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House	1205
Rolf Fjelde
Photo: Henrik Ibsen	1204	(50)
Perspective: Henrik Ibsen, Notes for A Doll House	1254	(2)
A Critical Case Study: Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House	1256	(12)
Perspectives	1257	(11)
A Nineteenth-Century Husband's Letter to His Wife	1257	(2)
Barry Witham and John Lutterbie, A Marxist Approach to A Doll House	1259	(2)
Carol Strongin Tufts, A Psychoanalytic Reading of Nora	1261	(3)
Joan Templeton, Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?	1264	(2)
Questions for Writing: Applying a Critical Strategy	1266	(2)
A Cultural Case Study: David Henry Hwang's M. Butterfly	1268	(55)
David Henry Hwang, M. Butterfly	1271
Photo: David Henry Hwang	1268	(49)
Documents	1317	(1)
Harold Rosenthal and John Warrack, A Plot Synopsis of Madame Butterfly	1317	(1)
Richard Bernstein, The News Source for M. Butterfly	1318	(2)
Photo: Shi Pei Pu in The Story of the Butterfly	1320	(1)
David Savran, An Interview with David Henry Hwang	1321	(2)
A Collection of Plays	1323	(208)
Plays for Further Reading	1325	(206)
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie	1326	(1)
Photo: Tennessee Williams	1326	(45)
Perspective: Tennesee Williams, Production Notes to The Glass Menagerie	1371	(2)
Perspective: Tennesee Williams, On Theme	1373	(1)
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman	1374
Photo: Arthur Miller	1373	(66)
Perspective: Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man	1439	(3)
Perspective: Arthur Miller, On Biff and Willy Loman	1442	(2)
Samuel Beckett, Krapp's Last Tape	1444
Photo: Samuel Beckett	1443	(7)
Perspective: Martin Esslin, On the Theater of the Absurd	1450	(3)
Lorraine Hansberry, A Raisin in the Sun	1453
Photo: Lorraine Hansberry	1452	(63)
Perspective: Thomas P. Adler, The Political Basis of Lorraine Hansberry's Art	1515	(2)
John Leguizamo, From Mambo Mouth	1517	(1)
Photo: John Leguizamo	1517	(3)
Tony Kushner, Reverse Transcription	1520
Photo: Tony Kushner	1519	(10)
Jane Anderson, The Reprimand	1529
Photo: Jane Anderson	1528	(3)
Critical Thinking and Writing	1531	(84)
Critical Strategies for Reading	1533	(24)
Critical Thinking	1533	(3)
The Literary Canon: Diversity and Controversy	1536	(2)
Formalist Strategies	1538	(2)
Biographical Strategies	1540	(2)
Psychological Strategies	1542	(2)
Historical Strategies	1544	(4)
Literary History Criticism	1544	(1)
Marxist Criticism	1545	(1)
New Historicist Criticism	1546	(1)
Cultural Criticism	1547	(1)
Gender Strategies	1548	(2)
Feminist Criticism	1548	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Criticism	1549	(1)
Mythological Strategies	1550	(2)
Reader-Response Strategies	1552	(2)
Deconstructionist Strategies	1554	(3)
Reading and Writing	1557	(33)
The Purpose and Value of Writing about Literature	1557	(1)
Reading the Work Closely	1558	(1)
Annotating the Text and Journal Note Taking	1559	(2)
Choosing a Topic	1561	(1)
Developing a Thesis	1562	(3)
Arguing about Literature	1565	(3)
Organizing a Paper	1568	(1)
Writing a Draft	1569	(4)
Writing the Introduction and Conclusion	1570	(1)
Using Quotations	1571	(2)
Revising and Editing	1573	(1)
Revision Checklist	1573	(1)
Manuscript Form	1574	(1)
Types of Writing Assignments	1575	(15)
Explication	1575	(1)
Emily Dickinson, There's a certain Slant of light	1576	(1)
A Sample Explication: A Reading of Dickinson's ``There's a certain Slant of light''	1576	(4)
Analysis	1580	(1)
A Sample Analysis: The A&P as a State of Mind	1580	(4)
Comparison and Contrast	1584	(2)
A Sample Comparison: The Struggle for Women's Self-Definition in A Doll House and M. Butterfly	1586	(4)
The Literary Research Paper	1590	(19)
Choosing a Topic	1591	(1)
Finding Sources	1592	(2)
Annotated List of References	1592	(2)
Electronic Sources	1594	(1)
Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes	1594	(1)
Developing a Thesis and Organizing the Paper	1595	(1)
Revising	1596	(1)
Documenting Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism	1597	(12)
The List of Works Cited	1599	(4)
Parenthetical References	1603	(1)
A Sample Research Paper: How the Narrator Cultivates a Rose for Emily	1604	(5)
Taking Essay Examinations	1609	(6)
Preparing for an Essay Exam	1609	(2)
Keep Up with the Reading	1609	(1)
Take Notes and Annotate the Text	1609	(1)
Anticipate Questions	1610	(1)
Types of Exams	1611	(1)
Closed-Book versus Open-Book Exams	1611	(1)
Essay Questions	1611	(1)
Strategies for Writing Essay Exams	1612	(3)
Glossary of Literary Terms	1615	(36)
Index of First Lines	1651	(6)
Index of Authors and Titles	1657