Computer Graphics : Version C,9780135309247

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Computer Graphics : Version C

by Hearn, Donald; Baker, M. Pauline

ISBN13:

9780135309247

ISBN10:

0135309247

Format:

Hardcover

Pub. Date:

6/1/1996

Publisher(s):

Prentice Hall

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Summary

For junior- to graduate-level courses in computer graphics. Also, widely used for professional self-study. Reflecting the rapid expansion of the use of computer graphics and of C as a programming language of choice for implementation, this new version of the best-selling Hearn and Baker text converts all programming code into the C language. Assuming the reader has no prior familiarity with computer graphics, the authors present basic principles for design, use, and understanding of computer graphics systems. The authors are widely considered authorities in computer graphics, and are known for their accessible writing style. A free Open GL supplement is available via the texts Prentice Hall Catalog page.

PREFACE

xvii

1 A Survey of Computer Graphics

(33)

1-1 Computer-Aided Design

(7)

1-2 Presentation Graphics

(2)

1-3 Computer Art

(5)

1-4 Entertainment

(3)

1-5 Education and Training

(4)

1-6 Visualization

(7)

1-7 Image Processing

(2)

1-8 Graphical User Interfaces

(1)

2 Overview of Graphics Systems

(48)

2-1 Video Display Devices

(17)

Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes

(3)

Raster-Scan Displays

(1)

Random-Scan Displays

(1)

Color CRT Monitors

(3)

Direct-View Storage Tubes

(1)

Flat-Panel Displays

(4)

Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices

(1)

Stereoscopic and Virtual-Reality Systems

(3)

2-2 Raster-Scan Systems

(3)

Video Controller

(2)

Raster-Scan Display Processor

(1)

2-3 Random-Scan Systems

(1)

2-4 Graphics Monitors and Workstations

(3)

2-5 Input Devices

(12)

Keyboards

(1)

Mouse

(2)

Trackball and Spaceball

(1)

Joysticks

(1)

Data Glove

(1)

Digitizers

(3)

Image Scanners

(1)

Touch Panels

(2)

Light Pens

(1)

Voice Systems

(2)

2-6 Hard-Copy Devices

(3)

2-7 Graphics Software

(4)

Coordinate Representations

(1)

Graphics Functions

(1)

Software Standards

(1)

PHIGS Workstations

(1)

Summary

(2)

References

(1)

Exercises

(2)

3 Output Primitives

(60)

3-1 Points and Lines

(2)

3-2 Line-Drawing Algorithms

(8)

DDA Algorithm

(1)

Bresenham's Line Algorithm

(4)

Parallel Line Algorithms

(2)

3-3 Loading the Frame Buffer

(1)

3-4 Line Function

(2)

3-5 Circle-Generating Algorithms

(5)

Properties of Circles

(1)

Midpoint Circle Algorithm

(4)

3-6 Ellipse-Generating Algorithms

102

(8)

Properties of Ellipses

102

(1)

Midpoint Ellipse Algorithm

103

(7)

3-7 Other Curves

110

(2)

Conic Sections

110

(2)

Polynomials and Spline Curves

112

(1)

3-8 Parallel Curve Algorithms

112

(1)

3-9 Curve Functions

113

(1)

3-10 Pixel Addressing and Object Geometry

114

(3)

Screen Grid Coordinates

114

(1)

Maintaining Geometric Properties of Displayed Objects

114

(3)

3-11 Filled-Area Primitives

117

(14)

Scan-Line Polygon Fill Algorithm

117

(8)

Inside-Outside Tests

125

(1)

Scan-Line Fill of Curved Boundary Areas

126

(1)

Boundary-Fill Algorithm

127

(3)

Flood-Fill Algorithm

130

(1)

3-12 Fill-Area Functions

131

(1)

3-13 Cell Array

131

(1)

3-14 Character Generation

131

(3)

Summary

134

(2)

Applications

136

(4)

References

140

(1)

Exercises

140

(3)

4 Attributes of Output Primitives

143

(40)

4-1 Line Attributes

144

(8)

Line Type

144

(2)

Line Width

146

(3)

Pen and Brush Options

149

(1)

Line Color

149

(3)

4-2 Curve Attributes

152

(2)

4-3 Color and Grayscale Levels

154

(4)

Color Tables

155

(2)

Grayscale

157

(1)

4-4 Area-Fill Attributes

158

(5)

Fill Styles

158

(1)

Pattern Fill

159

(3)

Soft Fill

162

(1)

4-5 Character Attributes

163

(5)

Text Attributes

163

(4)

Marker Attributes

167

(1)

4-6 Bundled Attributes

168

(2)

Bundled Line Attributes

168

(1)

Bundled Area-Fill Attributes

169

(1)

Bundled Text Attributes

169

(1)

Bundled Marker Attributes

170

(1)

4-7 Inquiry Functions

170

(1)

4-8 Antialiasing

171

(7)

Supersampling Straight Line Segments

172

(2)

Pixel-Weighting Masks

174

(1)

Area Sampling Straight Line Segments

174

(1)

Filtering Techniques

174

(1)

Pixel Phasing

175

(1)

Compensating for Line Intensity Differences

175

(1)

Antialiasing Area Boundaries

176

(2)

Summary

178

(2)

References

180

(1)

Exercises

180

(3)

5 Two-Dimensional Geometric Transformations

183

(33)

5-1 Basic Transformations

184

(4)

Translation

184

(2)

Rotation

186

(1)

Scaling

187

(1)

5-2 Matrix Representations and Homogeneous Coordinates

188

(3)

5-3 Composite Transformations

191

(10)

Translations

191

(1)

Rotations

191

(1)

Scalings

192

(1)

General Pivot-Point Rotation

192

(1)

General Fixed-Point Scaling

193

(1)

General Scaling Directions

193

(1)

Concatenation Properties

194

(1)

General Composite Transformations and Computational Efficiency

195

(6)

5-4 Other Transformations

201

(4)

Reflection

201

(2)

Shear

203

(2)

5-5 Transformations Between Coordinate Systems

205

(3)

5-6 Affine Transformations

208

(1)

5-7 Transformation Functions

208

(2)

5-8 Raster Methods for Transformations

210

(2)

Summary

212

(1)

References

213

(1)

Exercises

213

(3)

6 Two-Dimensional Viewing

216

(34)

6-1 The Viewing Pipeline

217

(2)

6-2 Viewing Coordinate Reference Frame

219

(1)

6-3 Window-to-Viewport Coordinate Transformation

220

(2)

6-4 Two-Dimensional Viewing Functions

222

(2)

6-5 Clipping Operations

224

(1)

6-6 Point Clipping

225

(1)

6-7 Line Clipping

225

(12)

Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping

226

(4)

Liang-Barsky Line Clipping

230

(3)

Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl Line Clipping

233

(2)

Line Clipping Using Nonrectangular Clip Windows

235

(1)

Splitting Concave Polygons

235

(2)

6-8 Polygon Clipping

237

(7)

Sutherland-Hodgeman Polygon Clipping

238

(4)

Weiler-Atherton Polygon Clipping

242

(1)

Other Polygon-Clipping Algorithms

243

(1)

6-9 Curve Clipping

244

(1)

6-10 Text Clipping

244

(1)

6-11 Exterior Clipping

245

(1)

Summary

245

(3)

References

248

(1)

Exercises

248

(2)

7 Structures and Hierarchical Modeling

250

(21)

7-1 Structure Concepts

250

(4)

Basic Structure Functions

250

(3)

Setting Structure Attributes

253

(1)

7-2 Editing Structures

254

(6)

Structure Lists and the Element Pointer

255

(1)

Setting the Edit Mode

256

(1)

Inserting Structure Elements

256

(1)

Replacing Structure Elements

257

(1)

Deleting Structure Elements

257

(1)

Labeling Structure Elements

258

(2)

Copying Elements from One Structure to Another

260

(1)

7-3 Basic Modeling Concepts

260

(5)

Model Representations

261

(1)

Symbol Hierarchies

262

(1)

Modeling Packages

263

(2)

7-4 Hierarchical Modeling with Structures

265

(3)

Local Coordinates and Modeling Transformations

265

(1)

Modeling Transformations

266

(1)

Structure Hierarchies

266

(2)

Summary

268

(1)

References

269

(1)

Exercises

269

(2)

8 Graphical User Interfaces and Interactive Input Methods

271

(25)

8-1 The User Dialogue

272

(4)

Windows and Icons

273

(1)

Accommodating Multiple Skill Levels

273

(1)

Consistency

274

(1)

Minimizing Memorization

274

(1)

Backup and Error Handling

274

(1)

Feedback

275

(1)

8-2 Input of Graphical Data

276

(5)

Logical Classification of Input Devices

276

(1)

Locator Devices

277

(1)

Stroke Devices

277

(1)

String Devices

277

(1)

Valuator Devices

277

(2)

Choice Devices

279

(1)

Pick Devices

279

(2)

8-3 Input Functions

281

(6)

Input Modes

281

(1)

Request Mode

282

(1)

Locator and Stroke Input in Request Mode

282

(1)

String Input in Request Mode

283

(1)

Valuator Input in Request Mode

284

(1)

Choice Input in Request Mode

284

(1)

Pick Input in Request Mode

284

(1)

Sample Mode

285

(1)

Event Mode

285

(2)

Concurrent Use of Input Modes

287

(1)

8-4 Initial Values for Input-Device Parameters

287

(1)

8-5 Interactive Picture-Construction Techniques

288

(4)

Basic Positioning Methods

288

(1)

Constraints

288

(1)

Grids

289

(1)

Gravity Field

290

(1)

Rubber-Band Methods

290

(1)

Dragging

291

(1)

Painting and Drawing

291

(1)

8-6 Virtual-Reality Environments

292

(1)

Summary

293

(1)

References

294

(1)

Exercises

294

(2)

9 Three-Dimensional Concepts

296

(8)

9-1 Three-Dimensional Display Methods

297

(5)

Parallel Projection

298

(1)

Perspective Projection

299

(1)

Depth Cueing

299

(1)

Visible Line and Surface Identification

300

(1)

Surface Rendering

300

(1)

Exploded and Cutaway Views

300

(1)

Three-Dimensional and Stereoscopic Views

300

(2)

9-2 Three-Dimensional Graphics Packages

302

(2)

10 Three-Dimensional Object Representations

304

(103)

10-1 Polygon Surfaces

305

(5)

Polygon Tables

306

(1)

Plane Equations

307

(2)

Polygon Meshes

309

(1)

10-2 Curved Lines and Surfaces

310

(1)

10-3 Quadric Surfaces

310

(2)

Sphere

311

(1)

Ellipsoid

311

(1)

Torus

311

(1)

10-4 Superquadrics

312

(2)

Superellipse

312

(1)

Superellipsoid

313

(1)

10-5 Blobby Objects

314

(1)

10-6 Spline Representations

315

(5)

Interpolation and Approximation Splines

316

(1)

Parametric Continuity Conditions

317

(1)

Geometric Continuity Conditions

318

(1)

Spline Specifications

319

(1)

10-7 Cubic Spline Interpolation Methods

320

(7)

Natural Cubic Splines

321

(1)

Hermite Interpolation

322

(1)

Cardinal Splines

323

(2)

Kochanek-Bartels Splines

325

(2)

10-8 Bézier Curves and Surfaces

327

(7)

Bézier Curves

327

(2)

Properties of Bézier Curves

329

(1)

Design Techniques Using Bézier Curves

330

(1)

Cubic Bézier Curves

331

(2)

Bézier Surfaces

333

(1)

10-9 B-Spline Curves and Surfaces

334

(11)

B-Spline Curves

335

(1)

Uniform, Periodic B-Splines

336

(3)

Cubic, Periodic B-Splines

339

(2)

Open, Uniform B-Splines

341

(3)

Nonuniform B-Splines

344

(1)

B-Spline Surfaces

344

(1)

10-10 Beta-Splines

345

(2)

Beta-Spline Continuity Conditions

345

(1)

Cubic, Periodic Beta-Spline Matrix Representation

346

(1)

10-11 Rational Splines

347

(2)

10-12 Conversion Between Spline Representations

349

(2)

10-13 Displaying Spline Curves and Surfaces

351

(4)

Horner's Rule

351

(1)

Forward-Difference Calculations

351

(2)

Subdivision Methods

353

(2)

10-14 Sweep Representations

355

(1)

10-15 Constructive Solid-Geometry Methods

356

(3)

10-16 Octrees

359

(3)

10-17 BSP Trees

362

(1)

10-18 Fractal-Geometry Methods

362

(25)

Fractal-Generation Procedures

363

(1)

Classification of Fractals

364

(1)

Fractal Dimension

364

(3)

Geometric Construction of Deterministic Self-Similar Fractals

367

(2)

Geometric Construction of Statistically Self-Similar Fractals

369

(3)

Affine Fractal-Construction Methods

372

(1)

Random Midpoint-Displacement Methods

373

(3)

Controlling Terrain Topography

376

(2)

Self-Squaring Fractals

378

(7)

Self-Inverse Fractals

385

(2)

10-19 Shape Grammars and Other Procedural Methods

387

(3)

10-20 Particle Systems

390

(3)

10-21 Physically Based Modeling

393

(2)

10-22 Visualization of Data Sets

395

(9)

Visual Representations for Scalar Fields

395

(5)

Visual Representations for Vector Fields

400

(1)

Visual Representations for Tensor Fields

401

(1)

Visual Representations for Multivariate Data Fields

402

(2)

Summary

404

(1)

References

404

(1)

Exercises

404

(3)

11 Three-Dimensional Geometric and Modeling Transformations

407

(24)

11-1 Translation

408

(1)

11-2 Rotation

409

(11)

Coordinate-Axes Rotations

409

(4)

General Three-Dimensional Rotations

413

(6)

Rotations with Quaternions

419

(1)

11-3 Scaling

420

(2)

11-4 Other Transformations

422

(1)

Reflections

422

(1)

Shears

423

(1)

11-5 Composite Transformations

423

(2)

11-6 Three-Dimensional Transformation Functions

425

(1)

11-7 Modeling and Coordinate Transformations

426

(3)

Summary

429

(1)

References

429

(1)

Exercises

430

(1)

12 Three-Dimensional Viewing

431

(38)

12-1 Viewing Pipeline

432

(1)

12-2 Viewing Coordinates

433

(5)

Specifying the View Plane

433

(4)

Transformation from World to Viewing Coordinates

437

(1)

12-3 Projections

438

(9)

Parallel Projections

439

(4)

Perspective Projections

443

(4)

12-4 View Volumes and General Projection Transformations

447

(9)

General Parallel-Projection Transformations

452

(2)

General Perspective-Projection Transformations

454

(2)

12-5 Clipping

456

(7)

Normalized View Volumes

458

(2)

Viewport Clipping

460

(1)

Clipping in Homogeneous Coordinates

461

(2)

12-6 Hardware Implementations

463

(1)

12-7 Three-Dimensional Viewing Functions

464

(3)

Summary

467

(1)

References

468

(1)

Exercises

468

(1)

13 Visible-Surface Detection Methods

469

(25)

13-1 Classification of Visible-Surface Detection Algorithms

470

(1)

13-2 Back-Face Detection

471

(1)

13-3 Depth-Buffer Method

472

(3)

13-4 A-Buffer Method

475

(1)

13-5 Scan-Line Method

476

(2)

13-6 Depth-Sorting Method

478

(3)

13-7 BSP-Tree Method

481

(1)

13-8 Area-Subdivision Method

482

(3)

13-9 Octree Methods

485

(2)

13-10 Ray-Casting Method

487

(1)

13-11 Curved Surfaces

488

(2)

Curved-Surface Representations

488

(1)

Surface Contour Plots

489

(1)

13-12 Wireframe Methods

490

(1)

13-13 Visibility-Detection Functions

490

(1)

Summary

491

(1)

References

492

(1)

Exercises

492

(2)

14 Illumination Models and Surface-Rendering Methods

494

(70)

14-1 Light Sources

496

(1)

14-2 Basic Illumination Models

497

(14)

Ambient Light

497

(1)

Diffuse Reflection

497

(3)

Specular Reflection and the Phong Model

500

(4)

Combined Diffuse and Specular Reflections with Multiple Light Sources

504

(1)

Warn Model

504

(1)

Intensity Attenuation

505

(2)

Color Considerations

507

(1)

Transparency

508

(3)

Shadows

511

(1)

14-3 Displaying Light Intensities

511

(5)

Assigning Intensity Levels

512

(1)

Gamma Correction and Video Lookup Tables

513

(2)

Displaying Continuous-Tone Images

515

(1)

14-4 Halftone Patterns and Dithering Techniques

516

(6)

Halftone Approximations

516

(3)

Dithering Techniques

519

(3)

14-5 Polygon-Rendering Methods

522

(5)

Constant-Intensity Shading

522

(1)

Gouraud Shading

523

(2)

Phong Shading

525

(1)

Fast Phong Shading

526

(1)

14-6 Ray-Tracing Methods

527

(17)

Basic Ray-Tracing Algorithm

528

(3)

Ray-Surface Intersection Calculations

531

(4)

Reducing Object-Intersection Calculations

535

(1)

Space-Subdivision Methods

535

(3)

Antialiased Ray Tracing

538

(2)

Distributed Ray Tracing

540

(4)

14-7 Radiosity Lighting Model

544

(8)

Basic Radiosity Model

544

(5)

Progressive Refinement Radiosity Method

549

(3)

14-8 Environment Mapping

552

(1)

14-9 Adding Surface Detail

553

(7)

Modeling Surface Detail with Polygons

553

(1)

Texture Mapping

554

(2)

Procedural Texturing Methods

556

(2)

Bump Mapping

558

(1)

Frame Mapping

559

(1)

Summary

560

(1)

References

561

(1)

Exercises

562

(2)

15 Color Models and Color Applications

564

(19)

15-1 Properties of Light

565

(3)

15-2 Standard Primaries and the Chromaticity Diagram

568

(3)

XYZ Color Model

569

(1)

CIE Chromaticity Diagram

569

(2)

15-3 Intuitive Color Concepts

571

(1)

15-4 RGB Color Model

572

(2)

15-5 YIQ Color Model

574

(1)

15-6 CMY Color Model

574

(1)

15-7 HSV Color Model

575

(3)

15-8 Conversion Between HSV and RGB Models

578

(1)

15-9 HLS Color Model

579

(1)

15-10 Color Selection and Applications

580

(1)

Summary

581

(1)

References

581

(1)

Exercises

582

(1)

16 Computer Animation

583

(16)

16-1 Design of Animation Sequences

584

(2)

16-2 General Computer-Animation Functions

586

(1)

16-3 Raster Animations

586

(1)

16-4 Computer-Animation Languages

587

(1)

16-5 Key-Frame Systems

588

(6)

Morphing

588

(3)

Simulating Accelerations

591

(3)

16-6 Motion Specifications

594

(2)

Direct Motion Specification

594

(1)

Goal-Directed Systems

595

(1)

Kinematics and Dynamics

595

(1)

Summary

596

(1)

References

597

(1)

Exercises

597

(2)

A Mathematics for Computer Graphics

599

(27)

A-1 Coordinate-Reference Frames

600

(5)

Two-Dimensional Cartesian Reference Frames

600

(1)

Polar Coordinates in the xy Plane

601

(1)

Three-Dimensional Cartesian Reference Frames

602

(1)

Three-Dimensional Curvilinear Coordinate Systems

602

(2)

Solid Angle

604

(1)

A-2 Points and Vectors

605

(4)

Vector Addition and Scalar Multiplication

607

(1)

Scalar Product of Two Vectors

607

(1)

Vector Product of Two Vectors

608

(1)

A-3 Basis Vectors and the Metric Tensor

609

(2)

Orthonormal Basis

609

(1)

Metric Tensor

610

(1)

A-4 Matrices

611

(4)

Scalar Multiplication and Matrix Addition

612

(1)

Matrix Multiplication

612

(1)

Matrix Transpose

613

(1)

Determinant of a Matrix

613

(1)

Matrix Inverse

614

(1)

A-5 Complex Numbers

615

(2)

A-6 Quaternions

617

(1)

A-7 Nonparametric Representations

618

(1)

A-8 Parametric Representations

619

(1)

A-9 Numerical Methods

620

(6)

Solving Sets of Linear Equations

620

(1)

Finding Roots of Nonlinear Equations

621

(1)

Evaluating Integrals

622

(3)

Fitting Curves to Data Sets

625

(1)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

626

(13)

INDEX

639

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