Computer Science

by FOROUZAN/GILBERG

• ISBN13: 9780534374822
• ISBN10: 0534374824
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-03-03
• Publisher: Course Technology

Summary

The Second Edition of this useful book presents both computer science theory and C-language syntax with a principle-before-implementation approach. Forouzan and Gilberg continue to present a clear organizational structure, supplemented by easy-to-follow figures, charts, and tables.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Computers	1	(23)
Computer Systems	2	(1)
Computer Hardware	2	(1)
Computer Software	3	(1)
System Software	3	(1)
Application Software	3	(1)
Computing Environments	4	(2)
Personal Computing Environment	4	(1)
Time-Sharing Environment	4	(2)
Client/Server Environment	6	(1)
Computer Languages	6	(3)
Machine Languages	6	(1)
Symbolic Languages	7	(1)
High-Level Languages	8	(1)
Natural Languages	9	(1)
Writing, Editing, Compiling, And Linking Programs	9	(2)
Step 1: Writing and Editing Programs	9	(1)
Step 2: Compiling Programs	10	(1)
Step 3: Linking Programs	10	(1)
Program Execution	11	(1)
System Development	11	(8)
System Development Life Cycle	12	(1)
Program Development	13	(6)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	19	(1)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	20	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	21	(1)
Summary	21	(1)
Practice Sets	22	(2)
Review Questions	22	(1)
Exercises	22	(1)
Problems	23	(1)
Introduction to the C Language	24	(44)
Background	25	(1)
C Programs	26	(4)
Structure of a C Program	26	(1)
A Simple Program	27	(1)
Your First Program	27	(1)
Comments	28	(2)
Identifiers	30	(1)
Types	31	(5)
Void	32	(1)
Integer	32	(1)
Character	33	(1)
Floating Point	34	(1)
Logical Data	35	(1)
Variables	36	(3)
Variable Declaration and Definition	36	(1)
Variable Initialization	37	(2)
Constants	39	(2)
Integer Constants	39	(1)
Floating-Point Constants	39	(1)
Character Constants	40	(1)
String Constants	41	(1)
Coding Constants	41	(2)
Literal Constants	41	(1)
Defined Constants	42	(1)
Memory Constants	42	(1)
Formatted Input/Output	43	(10)
Standard Files	43	(1)
Formatted Output	44	(5)
Formatted Input	49	(4)
Programming Examples	53	(5)
Print ``Nothing!''	53	(1)
Print Character Values	53	(1)
Define Constants	54	(1)
Print a Report	55	(3)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	58	(3)
Program Documentation	58	(1)
Data Names	59	(1)
Data Hiding	60	(1)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	61	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	62	(1)
Summary	63	(1)
Practice Sets	63	(5)
Review Questions	63	(1)
Exercises	64	(2)
Problems	66	(1)
Projects	66	(2)
Structure of A C Program	68	(46)
Expressions	69	(12)
Primary Expressions	70	(1)
Binary Expressions	71	(2)
Assignment Expressions	73	(3)
Postfix Expressions	76	(2)
Unary Expressions	78	(3)
Precedence and Associativity	81	(3)
Precedence	81	(1)
Associativity	82	(2)
Side Effects	84	(1)
Evaluating Expressions	85	(3)
Warning	88	(1)
Mixed Type Expressions	88	(4)
Implicit Type Conversion	89	(1)
Explicit Type Conversion (Cast)	90	(2)
Statements	92	(4)
Expression Statements	93	(2)
Compound Statements	95	(1)
Statements and Defined Constants	95	(1)
Sample Programs	96	(10)
Example: Calculate Quotient and Remainder	96	(1)
Example: Print Right Digit	97	(1)
Example: Calculate Average	97	(2)
Example: Degrees to Radians	99	(1)
Example: Fahrenheit to Celsius	100	(1)
Example: Calculate Sales Total	101	(1)
Example: Calculate Student Score	102	(4)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	106	(2)
Kiss	106	(1)
Parentheses	106	(1)
User Communication	107	(1)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	108	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	109	(1)
Summary	109	(1)
Practice Sets	110	(4)
Review Questions	110	(1)
Exercises	110	(1)
Problems	111	(1)
Projects	112	(2)
Functions	114	(59)
Designing Structured Programs	115	(1)
Functions In C	116	(3)
User-Defined Functions	119	(25)
Void Functions with No Parameters	120	(1)
Void Functions with Parameters	120	(2)
Functions That Return Values	122	(3)
Function Definition	125	(2)
Prototype Declaration	127	(1)
The Function Call	128	(1)
Function Examples	129	(8)
Parameter Passing	137	(7)
Standard Library Functions	144	(6)
Standard Functions for Mathematical Manipulation	145	(1)
General Library Functions	146	(2)
Scaling Random Numbers	148	(2)
Scope	150	(2)
Global Scope	151	(1)
Local Scope	151	(1)
A Programming Example-Calculator Program	152	(2)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	154	(7)
Structure Charts	154	(1)
Structure Chart Rules and Symbols	154	(3)
Functional Cohesion	157	(2)
Top-Down Development	159	(2)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	161	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts3	162	(1)
Summary	162	(1)
Practice Sets	163	(10)
Review Questions	163	(1)
Exercises	164	(4)
Problems	168	(1)
Projects	169	(4)
Selection-Making Decisions	173	(56)
Logical Data and Operators	174	(5)
Logical Data in C	174	(1)
Logical Operators	174	(1)
Evaluating Logical Expressions	175	(2)
Relational Operators	177	(2)
Two-Way Selection	179	(15)
If...else	179	(3)
Null else Statement	182	(2)
Nested if Statements	184	(1)
Dangling else Problem	185	(1)
Simplifying if Statements	186	(1)
Conditional Expressions	187	(1)
Handling Major Errors	188	(1)
Two-Way Selection Example	188	(6)
Multiway Selection	194	(9)
The switch Statement	194	(7)
The else-if	201	(2)
More Standard Library Functions	203	(4)
Standard Characters Functions	203	(2)
A Classification Program	205	(2)
A Menu Program	207	(6)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	213	(4)
Dependent Statements	213	(1)
Negative Logic	214	(1)
Rules for Selection Statements	215	(1)
Selection in Structure Charts	215	(2)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	217	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	218	(1)
Summary	218	(1)
Practice Sets	219	(10)
Review Questions	219	(1)
Exercises	220	(2)
Problems	222	(1)
Projects	223	(6)
Repetition	229	(72)
Concept of A Loop	230	(1)
Pretest and Post-Test Loops	230	(2)
Initialization and Updating	232	(1)
Loop Initialization	232	(1)
Loop Update	233	(1)
Event-Controlled and Counter-Controlled Loops	233	(2)
Event-Controlled Loops	233	(1)
Counter-Controlled Loops	234	(1)
Loop Comparison	234	(1)
Loops in C	235	(14)
The while Loop	235	(5)
The for Loop	240	(4)
The do...while Loop	244	(3)
The Comma Expression	247	(2)
Loop Examples	249	(11)
for Loops	249	(11)
Other Statements Related to Looping	260	(3)
Looping Applications	263	(5)
Summation	263	(1)
Product	264	(1)
Smallest and Largest	265	(1)
Inquiries	266	(2)
Recursion	268	(11)
Iterative Definition	268	(1)
Recursive Definition	269	(1)
Iterative Solution	269	(1)
Recursive Solution	270	(1)
Designing Recursive Functions	270	(2)
Fibonacci Numbers	272	(3)
Limitations of Recursion	275	(1)
The Towers of Hanoi	275	(1)
Recursive Solution of the Towers of Hanoi	275	(4)
Programming Example-The Calculator Program	279	(3)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	282	(6)
Loops in Structure Charts	282	(1)
Determining Algorithm Efficiency	283	(1)
Linear Loops	283	(1)
Logarithmic Loops	284	(1)
Nested Loops	285	(1)
Big-O Notation	286	(1)
Standard Measures of Efficiency	287	(1)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	288	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	289	(1)
Summary	290	(1)
Practice Sets	290	(11)
Review Questions	290	(2)
Exercises	292	(2)
Problems	294	(2)
Projects	296	(5)
Text Files	301	(49)
Concept of a File	302	(1)
Files and Streams	303	(3)
File Table	303	(1)
Standard Files	304	(1)
User Files	304	(1)
File-Stream Association	305	(1)
Standard Library Input/Output Functions	306	(5)
File Open and Close	306	(5)
Formatting Input/Output Functions	311	(19)
Format Strings	311	(8)
Two Common Mistakes	319	(3)
Print Side Effect and Value	322	(1)
File Examples	323	(7)
Character Input/Output Functions	330	(2)
Character Input/Output Examples	332	(6)
Create Text File	332	(2)
Copy Text File	334	(1)
Count Characters and Lines	335	(1)
Count Words in File	336	(2)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	338	(3)
Testing Files	338	(2)
Data Terminology	340	(1)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	341	(2)
Key Terms and Concepts	343	(1)
Summary	343	(1)
Practice Sets	344	(6)
Review Questions	344	(1)
Exercises	345	(1)
Problems	346	(2)
Projects	348	(2)
Arrays	350	(75)
Concepts	351	(2)
Using Arrays in C	353	(9)
Declaration and Definition	354	(1)
Accessing Elements in Arrays	354	(1)
Storing Values in Arrays	355	(4)
Precedence of Index Operators	359	(1)
Index Range Checking	359	(3)
Arrays and Functions	362	(3)
Passing Individual Elements	362	(1)
Passing the Whole Array	363	(2)
Array Applications	365	(9)
Frequency Arrays	365	(1)
Histograms	366	(5)
Random Number Permutations	371	(3)
Sorting	374	(10)
Selection Sort	374	(1)
Selection Sort Algorithm	374	(3)
Bubble Sort	377	(1)
Bubble Sort Algorithm	378	(1)
Insertion Sort	379	(1)
Insertion Sort Algorithm	380	(2)
Insertion Sort Reprogrammed	382	(2)
Sort Conclusions	384	(1)
Searching	384	(7)
Sequential Search	385	(2)
Binary Search	387	(4)
Two-Dimensional Arrays	391	(9)
Declaring and Defining Two-Dimensional Arrays	392	(5)
Passing a Two-Dimensional Array to a Function	397	(2)
Array Example	399	(1)
Multidimensional Arrays	400	(2)
Declaring and Defining Multi-Dimensional Arrays	401	(1)
Programming Example-Calculate Averages	402	(5)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	407	(4)
Testing Sorts	407	(1)
Testing Searches	407	(1)
Analyzing Sort Algorithms	408	(1)
Analyzing Search Algorithms	409	(2)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	411	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	412	(1)
Summary	412	(1)
Practice Sets	413	(12)
Review Questions	413	(1)
Exercises	414	(2)
Problems	416	(3)
Projects	419	(6)
Pointers	425	(46)
Concepts	426	(2)
Pointer Constants	426	(1)
Pointer Values	427	(1)
Pointer Variables	428	(2)
Accessing Variables through Pointers	430	(1)
The Indirection Operator	430	(1)
Pointer Declaration and Definition	431	(2)
Example: Print with a Pointer	432	(1)
Initialization of Pointer Variables	433	(6)
Example: Change Variables-Fun with Pointers	434	(2)
Example: Add Two Numbers	436	(1)
Example: Pointer Flexibility	437	(1)
Example: Multiple Pointers for One Variable	438	(1)
Pointers and Functions	439	(3)
Pointers as Formal Parameters	439	(2)
Functions Returning Pointers	441	(1)
Pointers to Pointers	442	(2)
Pointer-to-Pointer Example	443	(1)
Compatibility	444	(3)
Compatibility and the Void Pointer	445	(1)
Casting Pointers	446	(1)
Lvalue and Rvalue	447	(2)
Pointer Applications	449	(8)
Convert Seconds to Hours	449	(1)
Quadratic Equations	450	(7)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	457	(4)
Quality Defined	457	(1)
Quality Factors	458	(2)
The Quality Circle	460	(1)
Conclusion	461	(1)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	461	(2)
Key Terms and Concepts	463	(1)
Summary	463	(1)
Practice Sets	463	(8)
Review Questions	463	(2)
Exercises	465	(3)
Problems	468	(1)
Projects	469	(2)
Pointer Applications	471	(47)
Arrays and Pointers	472	(2)
Pointer Arithmetic and Arrays	474	(7)
Pointers and One-Dimensional Arrays	474	(2)
Pointers and Other Operators	476	(1)
Using Pointer Arithmetic	477	(3)
Pointers and Two-Dimensional Arrays	480	(1)
Passing an Array to a Function	481	(3)
Understanding Complex Declarations	484	(3)
Memory Allocation Functions	487	(5)
Memory Usage	487	(1)
Memory Allocation (malloc)	488	(1)
Contiguous Memory Allocation (calloc)	489	(1)
Reallocation of Memory (realloc)	490	(1)
Releasing Memory (free)	490	(2)
Array of Pointers	492	(1)
Programming Applications	493	(10)
Selection Sort Revisited	493	(3)
Dynamic Array	496	(7)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	503	(2)
Pointers and Function Calls	503	(1)
Pointers and Arrays	503	(1)
Array Index Commutativity	503	(1)
Dynamic Memory: Theory Versus Practice	504	(1)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	505	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	506	(1)
Summary	506	(1)
Practice Sets	507	(11)
Review Questions	507	(1)
Exercises	508	(5)
Problems	513	(1)
Projects	514	(4)
Strings	518	(69)
String Concepts	519	(1)
Fixed-Length Strings	519	(1)
Variable-Length Strings	519	(1)
C Strings	520	(5)
Storing Strings	520	(1)
The String Delimiter	521	(1)
String Literals	522	(1)
Strings and Characters	522	(1)
Strings as Variables	523	(2)
Strings and Pointers	525	(1)
String Input/Output Functions	525	(11)
Formatted String Input/Output	525	(6)
String Input/Output	531	(3)
Examples	534	(2)
Arrays of Strings	536	(2)
String Manipulation Functions	538	(19)
String Length (strlen)	538	(1)
String Copy	539	(5)
String Compare	544	(3)
String Concatenate	547	(1)
Character in String	547	(1)
String in String	548	(1)
String Span	549	(2)
String to Number	551	(2)
String Examples	553	(4)
Memory Formatting	557	(9)
Scan Memory String (sscanf)	557	(5)
Format Memory String (sprintf)	562	(4)
A Programming Example-Morse Code	566	(9)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	575	(4)
Program Design Concepts	575	(1)
Information Hiding	575	(1)
Cohesion	575	(3)
Summary	578	(1)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	579	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	580	(1)
Summary	580	(1)
Practice Sets	581	(6)
Review Questions	581	(1)
Exercises	582	(2)
Problems	584	(1)
Projects	585	(2)
Derived Types---Enumerated, Structure, and Union	587	(67)
The Type Definition (typedef)	588	(1)
Enumerated Types	588	(4)
Enumerated Type Definition	591	(1)
Structure	592	(5)
Structure Declaration and Definition	593	(3)
Initialization	596	(1)
Accessing Structures	597	(9)
Referencing Individual Fields	598	(1)
Precedence of Member Operator	599	(1)
Structure Operations	600	(2)
Pointer to Structures	602	(1)
Selection Operator	603	(3)
Complex Structures	606	(4)
Nested Structures	606	(2)
Structures Containing Arrays	608	(1)
Structure Containing Pointers	609	(1)
Array of Structures	610	(4)
Insertion Sort Revisited	611	(3)
Structures and Functions	614	(7)
Sending Individual Members	615	(1)
Sending the Whole Structure	615	(3)
Passing Structures through Pointers	618	(3)
Unions	621	(6)
Referencing Unions	622	(1)
Unions in Structures	623	(2)
Initializers	625	(1)
Internet Addresses	626	(1)
Programming Application	627	(11)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	638	(4)
Coupling	638	(3)
Data Hiding	641	(1)
Summary	641	(1)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	642	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	643	(1)
Summary	644	(1)
Practice Sets	644	(10)
Review Questions	644	(1)
Exercises	645	(3)
Problems	648	(2)
Projects	650	(4)
Binary Files	654	(53)
Classification of Files	655	(3)
Text Files	656	(1)
Binary Files	656	(2)
Using Binary Files	658	(4)
State of a File	658	(1)
Opening Binary Files	658	(2)
Update Mode	660	(2)
Closing Binary Files	662	(1)
Standard Library Functions for Files	662	(12)
Block Input/Output Functions	662	(5)
File Status Functions	667	(1)
Positioning Functions	668	(3)
Block Input/Output Example: Append Files	671	(2)
System File Operations	673	(1)
Converting File Type	674	(8)
Creating a Binary File from a Text File	674	(4)
Creating a Text File from a Binary File	678	(4)
File Program Examples	682	(7)
Random File Accessing	682	(4)
Merge Files	686	(3)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	689	(5)
Update Files	689	(1)
Sequential File Update	689	(1)
The Update Program Design	690	(2)
Update Errors	692	(1)
Update Structure Chart	692	(1)
Update Logic	693	(1)
Summary	694	(1)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	694	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	695	(1)
Summary	696	(1)
Practice Sets	696	(11)
Review Questions	696	(1)
Exercises	697	(5)
Problems	702	(1)
Projects	703	(4)
Linked Lists	707	(44)
Linked List Structure	708	(2)
Nodes	708	(1)
Type Definition for a Linked List	709	(1)
Pointers to Linked Lists	709	(1)
Link List Order	710	(1)
Primitive Linked List Functions	710	(12)
Functional Design Approach	710	(1)
Insert a Node	710	(5)
Delete a Node	715	(2)
Locating Data in Linked Lists	717	(5)
Traversing Linked Lists	722	(3)
Print Linked List	723	(1)
Linked List Average	724	(1)
Building A Linked List	725	(7)
Build Chronological List	725	(1)
Build Key-Sequenced List	726	(1)
Remove a Node	727	(2)
Linked List Test Driver	729	(3)
Programming Examples	732	(6)
Append Lists	732	(3)
Array of Linked Lists	735	(3)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	738	(4)
Atomic and Composite Data	738	(1)
Data Structure	738	(1)
Abstract Data Type	739	(1)
A Model for an Abstract Data Type	740	(1)
ADT Data Structure	741	(1)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	742	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	743	(1)
Summary	743	(1)
Practice Sets	743	(8)
Review Questions	743	(1)
Exercises	744	(2)
Problems	746	(2)
Projects	748	(3)
Bitwise Operators	751	(30)
Logical Bitwise Operators	752	(5)
Shift Operators	757	(3)
Bitwise Use	760	(7)
Creating Masks	760	(1)
Using Masks	761	(5)
Rotating Bits	766	(1)
Bitwise Applications	767	(4)
Print Binary Revisited	767	(2)
Bit Rotation	769	(2)
Software Engineering and Programming Style	771	(6)
Payroll Case Study	771	(1)
Program Design Steps	772	(1)
Structure Chart Design	772	(5)
Tips and Common Programming Errors	777	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	777	(1)
Summary	778	(1)
Practice Sets	778	(3)
Review Questions	778	(1)
Exercises	778	(1)
Problems	779	(1)
Projects	780	(1)
APPENDIX A ASCII TABLES	781	(5)
A-1 ASCII Codes (Long Form)	782	(3)
A-2 ASCII Table (Short Form)	785	(1)
APPENDIX B RESERVED WORDS	786	(1)
APPENDIX C FLOWCHARTING	787	(11)
C-1 Auxiliary Symbols	788	(1)
Flow Lines	788	(1)
Connectors	788	(1)
C-2 Primary Symbols	789	(9)
Sequence	789	(2)
Selection Statements	791	(3)
Looping Statements	794	(4)
APPENDIX D NUMBERING SYSTEMS	798	(12)
D-1 Computer Numbering Systems	799	(1)
Decimal Numbers	799	(1)
Binary Numbers	799	(1)
Octal Numbers	800	(1)
Hexadecimal Numbers	800	(1)
D-2 Integer Transformations	800	(2)
Binary to Decimal	801	(1)
Decimal to Binary	801	(1)
Binary to Octal or Hexadecimal	802	(1)
D-3 Storing Integers	802	(7)
Unsigned Integers	803	(1)
Signed Integers	804	(5)
D-4 Storing Floats	809	(1)
APPENDIX E STANDARD LIBRARIES	810	(2)
E-1 limits.h	810	(1)
E-2 float.h	811	(1)
APPENDIX F FUNCTION PROTOTYPES	812	(6)
F-1 Function Index	812	(2)
F-2 Character Library	814	(1)
F-3 Math Library	814	(1)
F-4 Standard I/O Library	815	(1)
General I/O	815	(1)
Formatted I/O	815	(1)
Character I/O	815	(1)
File I/O	815	(1)
String I/O	815	(1)
System File Control	815	(1)
F-5 Standard Library	816	(1)
Math Functions	816	(1)
Memory Functions	816	(1)
Program Control	816	(1)
System Communication	816	(1)
Conversion Functions	816	(1)
F-6 String Library	816	(1)
Copying Data	816	(1)
Comparing Data	817	(1)
String Lengths	817	(1)
F-7 Time	817	(1)
APPENDIX G PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES	818	(12)
G-1 File Inclusion	819	(1)
G-2 Macro Definition	820	(6)
Simple Commands	820	(1)
Parameterized Macro	821	(2)
Nested Macros	823	(1)
Macro Statement Continuation	824	(1)
String Command (#)	824	(1)
Merge Command (##)	825	(1)
Undefine Command	825	(1)
G-3 Conditional Compilation	826	(4)
if...else Commands	826	(1)
Conditional Multiway Selection	827	(1)
Excluding Code	828	(1)
If Defined (ifdef/ifndef)	828	(2)
APPENDIX H PROGRAM STANDARDS AND STYLES	830	(5)
H-1 Global Area	831	(1)
H-2 Program Main Line	832	(1)
H-3 General Coding Standards	832	(1)
H-4 Variables and Structures	833	(1)
H-5 Function Definition	833	(2)
APPENDIX I COMMAND-LINE ARGUMENTS	835	(4)
I-1 Defining Command-Line Arguments	836	(1)
I-2 Using Command-Line Arguments	837	(2)
APPENDIX J POINTERS TO FUNCTIONS	839	(4)
J-1 Defining Pointers to Functions	840	(1)
J-2 Using Pointers to Functions	840	(3)
APPENDIX K STORAGE CLASSES AND TYPE QUALIFIERS	843	(10)
K-1 Storage Classes	844	(6)
auto	844	(2)
static	846	(1)
extern	847	(1)
Extending Visibility	847	(1)
Extending Visibility to Other Files	848	(2)
register	850	(1)
Summary	850	(1)
K-2 Type Qualifiers	850	(3)
const	851	(1)
Pointers and Constants	851	(1)
volatile	852	(1)
APPENDIX L SEPARATE COMPILATION	853	(8)
L-1 Writing Separate Compilation Units	854	(4)
L-2 Procedures for Separate Compilation	858	(3)
Solutions	861	(18)
Glossary	879	(12)
Index	891