Informal Logic | |
Basic Concepts | |
Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions | |
Recognizing Arguments | |
Deduction and Induction | |
Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency | |
Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity | |
Extended Arguments | |
Summary | |
Eminent Logicians: Aristotle | |
Eminent Logicians: Chrysippus | |
Language: Meaning and Definition | |
Varieties of Meaning | |
The Intension and Extension of Terms | |
Definitions and Their Purposes | |
Definitional Techniques | |
Criteria for Lexical Definitions | |
Summary | |
Eminent Logicians: Abelard | |
Informal Fallacies | |
Fallacies in General | |
Fallacies of Relevance | |
Fallacies of Weak Induction | |
Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Grammatical Analogy | |
Fallacies in Ordinary Language | |
Summary | |
Eminent Logicians: Ockham | |
Formal Logic | |
Categorical Propositions | |
The Components of Categorical Propositions | |
Quality, Quantity, and Distribution | |
Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition | |
Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition | |
The Traditional Square of Opposition | |
Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint | |
Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form | |
Summary | |
Eminent Logicians: Boole | |
Categorical Syllogisms | |
Standard Form, Mood, and Figure | |
Venn Diagrams | |
Rules and Fallacies | |
Reducing the Number of Terms | |
Ordinary Language Arguments | |
Enthymemes | |
Sorites | |
Summary | |
Eminent Logicians: Venn | |
Propositional Logic | |
Symbols and Translation | |
Truth Functions | |
Truth Tables for Propositions | |
Truth Tables for Arguments | |
Indirect Truth Tables | |
Argument Forms and Fallacies | |
Summary | |
Eminent Logicians: Leibniz | |
Eminent Logicians: De Morgan | |
Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic | |
Rules of Implication I | |
Rules of Implication II | |
Rules of Replacement I | |
Rules of Replacement II | |
Conditional Proof | |
Indirect Proof | |
Proving Logical Truths | |
Summary | |
Eminent Logicians: Frege | |
Predicate Logic | |
Symbols and Translation | |
Using the Rules of Inference | |
Change of Quantifier Rule | |
Conditional and Indirect Proof | |
Proving Invalidity | |
Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers | |
Identity | |
Summary | |
Eminent Logicians: Whitehead / Russell | |
Eminent Logicians: G÷del | |
Inductive Logic | |
Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning | |
Analogical Reasoning | |
Legal Reasoning | |
Moral Reasoning | |
Summary | |
Causality and Mill's Methods | |
"Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions | |
Mill's Five Methods | |
Mill's Methods and Science | |
Summary | |
Eminent Logicians: Mill | |
Probability | |
Theories of Probability | |
The Probability Calculus | |
Summary | |
Statistical Reasoning | |
Evaluating Statistics | |
Samples | |
The Meaning of "Average" | |
Dispersion | |
Graphs and Pictograms | |
Percentages | |
Summary | |
Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning | |
The Hypothetical Method | |
Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science | |
The Proof of Hypotheses | |
The Tentative Acceptance of Hypotheses | |
Summary | |
Eminent Logicians: Peirce | |
Science and Superstition | |
Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition | |
Evidentiary Support | |
Objectivity | |
Integrity | |
Concluding Remarks | |
Summary | |
Appendix: Logic and Graduate-Level Admissions Tests | |
Answers to Selected Exercises | |
Glossary/Index | |
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