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Edward H. Judge and John W. Langdon are professors of history at Le Moyne College, where they have team-taught for the last 20 years a two-semester world history course for first-year students as well as courses on modern global history for upper-level students. Judge earned his doctorate at the University of Michigan and spent a year in the USSR as an IREX scholar. He has taught at Le Moyne since 1978, was the college's scholar of the year in 1994 and was awarded the J. C. Georg Endowed Professorship in 1997. Langdon earned his doctorate at Syracuse University's Maxwell School of Public Affairs, where he was a national defense fellow. He has taught at Le Moyne since 1971, directed its honors program and was awarded the O'Connell Distinguished Teaching Professorship in 1996. Each has been named the college's teacher of the year and has chaired its department of history. They have written or edited eight books: three in collaboration with each other, three as individuals and two in collaboration with other scholars. They love teaching world history, especially to students of diverse backgrounds and interests, and they derive great joy from infecting their students with a passion and enthusiasm for the study of the human past.
Why We Wrote This Book
Support Materials
Acknowledgments
Chapter 19 The Global Exploration and Global empires, 1400-1700
The Iberian Impulse
Portuguese Overseas Exploration
Columbus’s Enterprise of the Indies
The Voyage of Magellan
The Portuguese Seaborne Empire
Empire in the Atlantic Ocean
Empire in the Indian and Pacific Oceans
Portugal’s Commercial Empire in 1600
The Spanish and Portuguese Empires in America
The Amerind Foundation
Slave Labor
Government and Administration
The Colonial Church
Society in the Iberian Empires
Amerinds and Europeans in North America
Coalitions and Contacts
The Coming of the Europeans
Disease and Demographic Decline
The Columbian Exchange
Chapter Review
Chapter 20 The West in an Age of Religious Conflict and GLobal Expansion, 1500-1650
The Protestant Reformation
Roots of the Reformation
The Lutheran Revolt
The Rising Tide of Rebellion
Henry VIII and the English Reformation
Calvin and the Elect
The Spread of Protestantism
The Catholic Counterreformation
The Council of Trent
The Roman and Spanish Inquisitions
New Religious Orders
Religious and Political Strife in Europe
The Spanish Catholic Crusade
The Wars of Religion in France
The Thirty Years War
The Globalization of Western Christianity and Commerce
Catholicism’s Global Expansion
Merchant Capitalism and Global Trade
Colonies, Commerce, and Religion
Western Society in an Age of Religious and Economic Change
Warfare, Disease, and Witch Hunts
Social Effects of Economic Expansion
Family, Gender, Education, and Diet
Changes in the Role of Religion
Chapter Review
Part IV: The Shift From Regional To Global Connections, 1500–1800
Chapter 21 The Search for Stability in East Asia, 1300–1800
The Search for Stability in Japan and Korea
Rebellions, Warring States, and Intruders
The Unification of Japan
Korea and the Japanese Invasion
Japan Under Tokugawa Rule
The Tokugawa Shoguns
The Evolution of Japanese Society
Urban Culture and the Roles of Women
The Search for Stability in China
The Ming Ascendancy
Sources of Ming Stagnation
Domestic and Foreign Trade
Intruders from Europe and Japan
Calamity and Rebellion
The Qing Empire
The Manchu Conquest
Kangxi and the Consolidation of Manchu Rule
The Jesuits in China: Cultural Connections and Controversy
The Height of the Qing Regime
Vietnam Under Chinese Sway: Expansion and Foreign Influence
Chinese Culture and Society in the Ming and Qing Eras
Civil Service, Scholarship, and the State
Popular Culture and Commerce
Village Farming and Population Growth
The Functions of the Chinese Family
Chapter Review
Chapter 22 Southern Asia and the Global Shift in Wealth and Power, 1500–1800
Confrontation: Europe and Islam in Southern Asia
The Indian Ocean Trade
Shifting Balances of Power and Commerce
Transformation of the Indian Subcontinent
Europeans Arrive in India
The Mughals in Decline
The Crisis of Islamic India
British and French Rivalry in India
Muslims and Europeans in Southeast Asia
Coexistence Between Muslims and Hindus
The European Intrusion
The End of Safavid Persia
Safavid Centralization and Decline
Shi’ite Islam After the Safavids
The Ottoman Response to Europe’s Challenge
The Ottomans Lose the Initiative
Ottoman Reform and Cultural Synthesis
Wahhabism in Arabia
Chapter Review
Chapter 23 Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1400–1800
Africa’s Diverse Societies
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Africa
African Slavery
The Trans-Sahara Slave Trade
African Slaves in the Islamic World
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Africans and the Portuguese
Sugar and the Slave Trade
The Atlantic Trading System
The Capture and Transport of Slaves
African Slaves in the Americas
Riches, Race, and Racism
The Transformation of Africa
The Reorientation of West Africa
The Depopulation of Central Africa
The Contest for East Africa
South Africa and the Dutch
The Impact on Africa of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Demographic Dislocation
Disruption of Family Life
African Slaves and the Global Shift in Wealth and Power
Chapter Review
Chapter 24 Absolutism and Enligtenment in Europe, 1600–1763
The Age of Absolutism
The French Model of Absolute Government
Absolutism in Central Europe
The English Alternative to Absolutism
Europe’s Intellectual Revolution
The Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment
Absolutism and Enlightenment
Absolutism and Enlightenment in Prussia and Austria
Unenlightened Monarchy in England and France
Chapter Review
Chapter 25 Russia's Eurasian Empire: Convergence of East and West, 1300–1800
Russia’s Eastern Orientation
The Byzantine and Mongol Heritage
The Rise of Moscow
Ivan the Terrible and His Impact
The Early Romanovs and the Russian Church Schism
Muscovite Culture and Society
Russia’s Expansion Across Asia
Russia’s Western Reorientation
Peter the Great: Westernization and War
Elizabeth I: Culture, Elegance, and Conflict
Catherine the Great: Enlightenment and Expansion
Russia’s Eurasian Society
Chapter Review
Part V: Revolution, Industry, Ideology, And Empire, 1750–1914
Chapter 26 The North Atlantic Revolutions, 1750–1830
The Background of the Atlantic Revolutions
New Ideas About Government and Society
The Seven Years War
The American Revolution
Tensions Between Britain and Its Colonists
Clashes in the Colonies
The Revolutionary War
Consequences of the American Revolution
The French Revolution
The Estates General and the Onset of Revolution
The Constitutional Monarchy and Its Demise
The National Convention and the Reign of Terror
The Role of the Lower Classes
The Directory and the Rise of Napoleon
The Consulate: Consolidation of the Revolution
The Revolution and the Rights of Women
The Haitian Revolution
The Saint-Domingue Slave Colony
The Revolt of Toussaint Louverture
The Success and Impact of the Revolution
The Napoleonic Empire
The Formation and Expansion of the Empire
The Russian Campaign and the Empire’s Collapse
Restoration and Rebellion
The Congress of Vienna and the Congress System
Renewed Attempts at Revolution
Chapter Review
Chapter 27 Industry, Ideology, and their Global Impact, 1700–1914
The Industrial Revolution in Britain
Agricultural Advances and Population Growth
Cotton and Its Connections
The Steam Engine and Its Impact
Industrial Britain: Workshop of the World
Industry’s Early Spread and Social Impact
Industrialization in Europe and North America
Mechanization and Urbanization
Family and Society in the Industrial Age
New Ideas and Ideologies
Liberalism and Socialism
Nationalism and Romanticism
The European Impact of Industry and Ideology
Reform and Revolution in Europe, 1832–1849
Liberalism, Nationalism, and Industrial Growth, 1850–1914
The Global Impact of Industry and Ideology
Industry, Technology, and Global Trade
The Great Global Migrations
Industry, Technology, and Imperialism
Nationalism, Liberalism, and Racism
Responses to Western Domination
Chapter Review
Chapter 28 Nation Building in the Americas, 1789–1914
The Trials and Triumphs of The United States
Unification and Consolidation
Expansion and Social Division
North Against South
Industry, Immigration, and Overseas Commitments
The Consolidation and Expansion of Canada
French and British Colonization of Canada
Dominion, Expansion, and Ethnic Anxieties
The Revolutions of Latin America
Preconditions for Revolution
Regional Character of the Spanish American Revolutions
Independence Movements in South America
Failure and Eventual Success in Mexico
From Colony to Empire in Brazil
Mexico from Santa Anna to Díaz
La Reforma
Social Structure and the Porfiriato
Argentina and Chile: Contrasts in The Southern Cone
Argentina from Rivadavia to Rosas
Modernization: Society, Women, and the Economy
Chilean Institutionalization
Social Stratification and Inequality
Brazil’s Experiment with Empire
The Long Reign of Pedro II
Slavery, Society, and Imperial Collapse
Chapter Review
Chapter 29 New Connections and Challenges in Easter and Souther Asia, 1800–1912
Instability and Endurance in China
China’s Internal Problems
The Opium Trade and Its Impact
The Taiping Rebellion and China’s Disintegration
The Dynasty’s Survival and Regional “Self-Strengthening”
Subordination and Resistance in India
Commercial Connections and Cultural Conflicts
The Indian Revolt of 1857
The Rise of Indian Nationalism
Restoration and Adaptation in Japan
The Tokugawa Shogunate and the Western Challenge
Civil War and Meiji Restoration
Centralization and Western Adaptations
The Impact of Imperialism in Asia
Southeast Asia and the West
Indonesia and the Dutch
Japan Versus China in Korea
The Scramble for Chinese Concessions
The Chinese and Japanese Response
The Boxer Uprising in China
The Russo-Japanese War
The End of the Chinese Empire
Chapter Review
Chapter 30 New Connections and Challenges in West Asia and Africa, 1800–1914
Changing Patterns in West Asia and North Africa
Reform and Rebellion in the Ottoman Empire
The Tanzimat and the Young Turks
The Transformation of Egypt
The Suez Canal and Its Impact
The Origins of Arab Nationalism in West Asia
The Plight of the Maghrib
Changing Patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa
The Banning of the Slave Trade
New Economic Patterns
The Rise of New Regional States
The Age of Imperialism in Africa
Factors that Facilitated Imperialism
The Colonization of the Congo Basin
Global Trade and the Occupation of Egypt
The Imperial Scramble
The Roots of African Resistance
Diamonds, Gold, and Diversity in South Africa
The Impact of Empire on Africa
Economic and Social Implications
The Impact of Western Ideals and Institutions
African Resistance to Colonial Rule
Chapter Review
Part VI: Global Upheavals and Global Integration, 1900–Present
Chapter 31 The Great War and the Russian Revolutions, 1890–1918
The Path to War and Revolution
The Diplomatic Revolution of 1890–1907
The Crises of 1908–1913
The Crisis of July 1914
Deadlock and Devastation, 1914–1916
Stalemate on the Western Front
Efforts to Break the Stalemate
The War Against Germany’s Colonies
Civilian Life During the Great War
Year of Revolution, 1917
The United States Enters the War
Mutinies in the French Army
The Russian Revolutions
Year of Decision, 1918
Russian Withdrawal from the War
The Great March Offensive and Influenza Pandemic
Decision in Southwest Asia
The Path to the Armistice
Chapter Review
Chapter 32 Anxieties and Ideologies of the Interwar Years, 1918–1939
Western Society and Culture in an Age of Anxiety
The Rise of Relativism and Relativity
Technology and Popular Culture
Changes in the Role of Women
Architecture, Art, and Literatrure
Democracy, Depression, and Dictatorship
The Versailles Settlement
Democracy and Dictatorship in Eastern Europe
Fascism in Italy
The Great Depression and Its Global Impact
The New Deal in the United States
Democracy and Socialism in Western Europe
Communism in Russia
National Socialism in Germany
New Varieties of Nationalism in Africa and Asia
Nationalism and Anticolonialism in Africa
Secular and Islamic Nationalism in the Middle East
Nationalism and Nonviolence in India
Nationalism and Communism in China
Nationalism and Militarism in Japan
Chapter Review
Chapter 33 World War II and the Holocaust, 1933–1945
The Road to War
Germany Prepares, 1933–1936
Civil War in Spain, 1936–1939
Germany’s Eastward Expansion
Hitler’s War, 1939–1941
From Poland to France
The Battle of Britain
The German Invasion of Russia
East Asia and the Pacific, 1937–1942
The New Order in East Asia
Japan Strikes in the Pacific
End of the Japanese Advance
North Africa and Europe, 1942–1943
The Battle for North Africa
Stalingrad and Kursk
Civilian Life in World War II
Resistance to Nazi Rule
Nazi Mass Murder
Extermination Camps
The Implementation of Mass Murder
The Question of Responsibility
The Defeat of Germany, 1944–1945
Squeezing Germany Between West and East
Allied Victory in Europe
The Defeat of Japan
The American Strategy
The Japanese Empire Contracts
Atomic Weapons
The Legacy of World War II
Chapter Review
Chapter 34 East Versus West: Cold War and its Global Impact, 1945-Present
Origins of the Cold War
The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences
Divided Europe: The “Iron Curtain”
The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
The Berlin Blockade and NATO
The Global Confrontation
New Realities and New Leaders
Decolonization and Global Cold War
Peaceful Coexistence and Its Problems
Berlin, Cuba, Vietnam, and MAD
The West in the Cold War Era
The Revival of Western Europe
Affluence and Anxieties in America
The Soviet Bloc
Life Under Communist Rule
Challenges to Soviet Authority
The End of the Cold War Era
Détente and Its Demise
The Gorbachev Revolution
Collapse of the Communist Bloc
Disintegration of the USSR
The World Transformed
Chapter Review
Chapter 35 The Upheavals of Asia, 1945-Present
Independence and Conflict in India and Pakistan
Independence and Partition
India: Democracy, Progress, and Problems
Pakistan: Dictatorship and Division
Revival and Resurgence of Japan
Japan’s Economic Miracle
Problems Amid Prosperity
Conflict and Division in China and Korea
Civil War in China: Communists Versus Nationalists
Divided China: Taiwan and the People’s Republic
Occupation, Partition, and Conflict in Korea
Divided Korea: Communist North, Capitalist South
Radicalism and Pragmatism in Communist China
Early Radical Reforms
The Great Leap Forward and Its Failure
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
China’s Opening to the West
China After Mao: Economic Freedom, Political Repression
The Agonies of Southeast Asia and Indonesia
Vietminh, France, and the First Indochina War
Vietnam, America, and the Second Indochina War
The Cambodian Catastrophe
Indonesia Between East and West
Changes in Asian Societies
Industry, Technology, Population, and Urbanization
Changing Family and Gender Roles
Chapter Review
Chapter 36 Reform and Revolution in Latin America, 1914-Present
Latin America and the World Since 1914
Connections: Latin America in the Global Economy
Conflict: Latin America and Global War
Connections and Conflict: Latin America and the United States
Democracy and Dictatorship in Latin America
Argentina: The Failure of Political Leadership
Brazil: Development and Inequality
Chile: Socialism, Militarism, and Democracy
Mexico: The Legacy of the Revolution
Six Regional Transitions
Gender Roles
Inequality
Debt
Population
Poverty
Religion
Chapter Review
Chapter 37 Post-Colonial Challenges in Africa and the Middle East, 1939-Present
The Context of African Decolonization
The Impact of World War II
European Preparations for Colonial Autonomy
The Transformation of Africa After 1945
African Nationalism and the Cold War
North Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
From Apartheid to Freedom in South Africa
Challenges Facing Independent Africa
Politics: Democracy or Dictatorship?
Economic Underdevelopment
Social Challenges: Poverty, Ignorance, Disease
The Transformation of The Middle East
The State of Israel and the Palestinian Conflict
Arab Nationalism and the Arab-Israeli Wars
The Development of Islamist Fundamentalism
Persian Gulf Wars and Global Terrorism
Chapter Review
Glossary
Photo Credits
Index
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