Convergence of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender, The: Multiple Identities in Counseling

by Robinson, Tracy L.; Howard-Hamilton, Mary F.

• ISBN13: 9780024024817
• ISBN10: 0024024813
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

For courses in Multicultural Counseling or as a supplement in Intro to Counseling courses, or Multicultural Psychology courses. This cutting edge text recognizes that the identities that comprise people's lives are simultaneous and intersecting. It does not limit multicultural counseling to race, ethnicity, and culture, but examines the subject within the context of the multiple selves that exist in all people. The only book of its kind authored by African-American women, it moves beyond traditional methods of counseling to embrace feminist and diversity theories, methods, and techniques. By interjecting humor and fascinating stories, the authors have created an insightful, often provocative text that offers relevant suggestions for evolving into a competent multicultural counselor.

Table of Contents

Part One Imaging Identities
Imaging Diversity	2	(24)
Development of Multiculturalism in Counseling: An Overview	5	(2)
Diverse Identities: An Overview	7	(2)
A, B, And C Dimensions	9	(1)
Work and Family	9	(1)
Images of Diverse Identities	10	(10)
Culture	10	(2)
Race	12	(1)
Ethnicity	13	(1)
Gender	14	(1)
Sexuality	15	(1)
Disability	16	(1)
Socioeconomic Class	17	(2)
Spirituality	19	(1)
Implications for Counselors	20	(1)
Cultural Encapsulation?	20	(6)
Valued Cultures	26	(28)
Dimensions of Culture	28	(2)
Culture and Values	30	(1)
Conceptualizations of the Self	31	(15)
The Discrete Self	32	(2)
The Extended Self	34	(12)
Implications for Counselors	46	(1)
Women in Counseling	47	(7)
Statused Identities	54	(20)
Identities as Status: The Robinson Model on Discourses	56	(2)
Assumptions of Hierarchical Socialization Patterns	58	(10)
Racism	58	(4)
Patriarchy	62	(1)
Sexism	63	(1)
Homophobia	64	(1)
Able-Body-ism	65	(1)
Class Elitism	66	(1)
Ageism	66	(2)
Implications for Counselors	68	(1)
Multiple and Textured Identities	69	(5)
Part Two Converging Identities
Converging Race	74	(24)
Race and Science	76	(2)
Race as a Social Construction	78	(1)
Racial Identity Development	79	(7)
Cross's Nigresence Model	80	(1)
The Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model	81	(1)
Additional Measures of Identity	82	(1)
Biracial Identity Development	83	(1)
White Racial Identity Development	83	(2)
Optimal Theory Applied to Identity Development (OTAID)	85	(1)
A Bird-Eye's View of the Research	86	(1)
Implications for Counselors	87	(3)
Biracial, not Binary	90	(8)
Converging Gender	98	(22)
Gender and Biology	100	(1)
The Politics of Hormones	101	(1)
Gender Role Socialization	102	(1)
Sex Differences	103	(2)
Sex Role Typology	105	(1)
Orthogonal and Bipolar Models	106	(1)
Women and Sex Role Typology	107	(1)
Men and Sex Role Typology	108	(3)
Implications for Counselors	111	(2)
Redefining Womanhood	113	(7)
Converging Sexual Orientation	120	(26)
Definitions and Terminology	122	(2)
Guided Phantasy	124	(3)
Procedure	124	(3)
Developmental Processes	127	(8)
The Developmental Process of Coming Out	128	(1)
Cass's Model of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Sexual Identity Formation	128	(7)
Additional Counseling Strategies	135	(1)
Rationale for a Focus on Gay and Lesbian Issues in Counseling	135	(2)
Counseling Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals of Color	137	(2)
Slowly Coming out of the Closet	139	(7)
Converging Physical Attractiveness, Ability, and Disability	146	(22)
Physical Attractiveness as a Status Variable	148	(1)
The Convergence of Physical Attractiveness with Gender and Race	149	(4)
Sex Role Typology, Body Image, and Satisfaction	153	(3)
Men and Body Image	156	(1)
Disability and Experiences in and of the Body	157	(3)
Implications for Counselors	160	(1)
Redefining Manhood	161	(7)
Converging Socioeconomic Class	168	(20)
Class: An Identity Construct	170	(1)
The Neglect of Class as a Status Variable	171	(1)
Middle-Class Bias and Counselor Training	172	(5)
Cultural Links and Class Effects	177	(2)
Race, Gender, and Class	179	(2)
Implications for Counselors	181	(1)
Poor, not Impoverished	182	(6)
Part Three Images of Diversity in Society
Images of Diversity in Schools	188	(20)
Diversity and Integration	190	(1)
Tracking	190	(3)
Gender, Race, Class, and Education	193	(3)
Multicultural Education	196	(2)
The Cross-Cultural Awareness Continuum Model	197	(1)
Implications for Counselors	198	(2)
Children, Divorce, and Counseling in Schools	200	(8)
Images of Diversity in Family Relationships	208	(22)
Families in The New Millennium	210	(1)
Overview of Family Systems	211	(4)
Counseling Theories for Family Practice	215	(4)
Structure	216	(1)
Subsystems	216	(1)
Boundaries	217	(1)
Goals	218	(1)
Multicultural Theoretical Perspectives in Family Therapy	219	(1)
Implications for Counselors	220	(10)
African Americans	220	(1)
Asian Americans	221	(2)
Latinos	223	(1)
Native American Indians	224	(6)
Images of Diversity in Career Counseling	230	(18)
Civilian Labor Force Outlook	232	(3)
Sources of Difference and Occupational Choice	235	(2)
Identity and Vocational Development	237	(1)
Achieved Identity	237	(1)
Foreclosed Identity	237	(1)
Moratorium Identity	237	(1)
Diffused Identity	237	(1)
Gender and Career Decision Making	238	(1)
Career Counseling	239	(1)
Identity Constructs and Career Counseling	240	(1)
Implications for Counselors	241	(1)
A Career Issue is a Personal Issue	242	(6)
Images of Cultural Violence and Empowerment	248	(22)
Statistics on Violence	250	(1)
Biology, Gender, and Aggression	251	(2)
Gender Roles, Power, and Aggression	253	(1)
Youths and Violence	254	(1)
Domestic Violence	254	(3)
Social and Cultural Notions of Sexual Violence	257	(5)
Childhood Sexual Assault	260	(1)
Reactions to Being Violated	261	(1)
Male Survivors of Sexual Violence	262	(1)
Empowering Survivors of Violence	262	(1)
Implications for Counselors	263	(1)
Acts of Faith	264	(6)
Part Four Reimaging Counseling
Multicultural Competencies and Skills	270	(18)
Overview of Multicultural Competencies	272	(4)
Counselor Awareness of Own Cultural Values and Biases	272	(1)
Counselor Awareness of Client's Worldview	273	(1)
Culturally Appropriate Intervention Strategies	274	(2)
Overview of Counselor Education Diversity Training	276	(2)
A Model for Multicultural Counselor Training Programs	278	(2)
Assessment and Diversity	280	(2)
Implications for Counselors	282	(1)
Across the Pacific, Home	282	(6)
Empowering Clients	288	(18)
Dubious Notions of Power and Powerlessness	290	(1)
Power and the Therapeutic Process	291	(2)
Counselors, Worldview, and Client Empowerment	293	(1)
Gender, Empowerment, and Therapy	294	(2)
Feminist Therapy for Women and Men	296	(2)
Implications for Counselors	298	(2)
A Man Lost and in Need	300	(6)
Different Counseling Approaches to Understanding Diversity	306	(16)
Healthy Psychological Resistance	308	(3)
Umoja	310	(1)
Umoja	311	(1)
Kujichagalia	311	(1)
Kujichagalia	312	(1)
Ujima	312	(1)
Ujima	312	(1)
Ujaama	313	(1)
Ujaama	313	(1)
Nia	313	(1)
Nia	313	(1)
Kuumba	314	(1)
Kuumba	314	(1)
Imani	315	(1)
Imani	315	(1)
Narrative Therapy	315	(1)
Alternative Healing Strategies	316	(2)
Effective Lay-Led Healing	316	(1)
Creative Arts	317	(1)
Wellness	318	(1)
Implications for Counselors	318	(4)
Epilogue	322	(3)
Name Index	325	(4)
Subject Index	329