Correction Techniques in Emission Tomography

by Dawood; Mohammad

• ISBN13: 9781439812983
• ISBN10: 1439812985
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-04-27
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

A range of correction techniques are needed to quantitatively use PET data. As they transition from preclinical to clinical settings, hybrid PET systems, such as PET-CT and PET-MRI, necessitate additional and more complex requirements for data correction. This book presents compensation techniques for a range of PET and hybrid PET imaging modalities, including newer hybrid systems currently in preclinical and small animal settings that are being developed for clinical applications. The authors address the problems encountered in emission tomography and their effects on the resulting images, providing compensation methods from the viewpoints of mathematics, computer science, and physics.

Table of Contents

About the Series	p. xi
Foreword	p. xv
List of Contributors	p. xix
Introduction	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Principle of emission tomography	p. 2
Electromagnetic spectrum	p. 4
Need for correction techniques	p. 4
References	p. 7
Background	p. 9
Biomedical Applications of Emission Tomography	p. 11
The role of imaging in biomedical research and applications	p. 11
Functional and molecular imaging by emission tomography enables high sensitivity and spatial resolution	p. 13
Biomedical applications of emission tomography depend on tracers	p. 14
Applications	p. 16
Preclinical applications	p. 16
Clinical applications	p. 17
Examples of biomedical applications of emission tomography	p. 18
Bioluminescence imaging of tumor growth	p. 18
Dynamic PET in pharmakodynamic studies	p. 19
From mice to men-Non-invasive translational imaging of inflammatory activity in graft-versus-host disease	p. 20
PET to quantify catecholamine recycling and receptor density in patients with arrhythmias	p. 22
Multiparametric imaging of brain tumors	p. 23
References	p. 26
PET Image Reconstruction	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
Analytical algorithms	p. 32
Mathematical basis	p. 32
Filtered backprojection	p. 35
Implementation: Resolution and complexity	p. 37
Implementation and rebinning	p. 38
2D Rebinning	p. 39
3D filtered backprojection	p. 40
Limitations	p. 40
Discrete algorithms	p. 40
ART-Algebraic reconstruction technique	p. 41
EM	p. 42
Computing the system matrix	p. 44
List mode	p. 45
Summary	p. 47
References	p. 47
Correction Techniques in PET and SPECT	p. 49
Basics of PET and SPECT Imaging	p. 51
Introduction	p. 51
Interaction of photons with matter	p. 52
Photoelectric effect	p. 52
Compton scattering	p. 52
Photon attenuation	p. 54
Scatter	p. 57
Variation in detector efficiency, normalization	p. 58
Dead time effects (loss of count rate) (PET and SPECT)	p. 59
Partial volume effects (PET and SPECT)	p. 59
Spill out	p. 60
Spill in	p. 60
Time resolution and randoms (PET only)	p. 61
Collimator effects-Distance dependent spatial resolution (SPECT only)	p. 62
Positron range and annihilation (PET only)	p. 63
References	p. 64
Corrections for Physical Factors	p. 67
Introduction	p. 67
Decay correction	p. 69
Randoms correction	p. 71
Singles-based correction	p. 72
Delayed window correction	p. 72
Attenuation correction	p. 73
Stand-alone emission tomography systems	p. 77
PET/CT and SPECT/CT systems	p. 80
Attenuation correction artifacts	p. 82
Scatter correction	p. 90
Energy windowing methods	p. 91
Analytical methods	p. 92
Direct calculation methods	p. 94
Iterative reconstruction methods	p. 95
Concluding remarks	p. 95
References	p. 95
Corrections for Scanner-Related Factors	p. 105
Positron emission tomography	p. 105
Introduction	p. 105
Data normalization	p. 107
Noise equivalent count rates	p. 108
System dead time	p. 108
Partial volume	p. 110
Single photon emission computed tomography	p. 112
Linearity, center of rotation, and whole body imaging	p. 112
Motion correction	p. 114
References	p. 115
Image Processing Techniques in Emission Tomography	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
Denoising	p. 121
Image domain	p. 122
Fourier transform domain	p. 123
Wavelet transform domain	p. 124
Interpolation	p. 126
Registration	p. 129
Categorization	p. 130
Nature of transformation	p. 132
Similarity measure	p. 133
Validation	p. 135
Software	p. 137
Partial volume correction	p. 137
The partial volume effect in PET imaging	p. 138
Correction methods	p. 140
Super-resolution	p. 144
Validation	p. 146
Intensity-based measures	p. 146
Phantoms	p. 148
Hardware	p. 148
Software	p. 149
References	p. 150
Motion Correction in Emission Tomography	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
Magnitude of motion	p. 158
Patient motion	p. 158
Respiratory motion	p. 158
Cardiac motion	p. 159
Motion correction on 3D PET data	p. 160
Overview	p. 161
Rigid motion correction	p. 162
Elastic motion correction	p. 163
Optical flow	p. 164
Image constraint equation	p. 164
Optical flow methods	p. 166
Optical flow in medical imaging	p. 167
Lucas-Kanade optical flow	p. 168
Horn-Schunck optical flow	p. 169
Bruhn optical flow	p. 170
Preserving discontinuities	p. 172
Correcting for motion	p. 173
Mass conservation-based optical flow	p. 174
Correcting for motion	p. 175
References	p. 177
Combined Correction and Reconstruction Methods	p. 185
Introduction	p. 186
Parameter identification	p. 187
Compartment modeling	p. 187
4D methods incorporating linear parameter identification	p. 189
4D methods incorporating nonlinear parameter identification	p. 190
Combined reconstruction and motion correction	p. 192
The advantages of the list mode format	p. 193
Motion correction during an iterative reconstruction algorithm	p. 194
Approaches based on a rigid or affine motion model	p. 194
Approaches based on a non-rigid motion model	p. 196
Combination of parameter identification and motion estimation	p. 198
References	p. 200
Recent Developments	p. 207
Introduction Hybrid Tomographic Imaging	p. 209
Introduction	p. 209
Combining PET and SPECT	p. 210
The combination with MR	p. 211
Combining ultrasound with PET and SPECT	p. 214
References	p. 215
MR-based Attenuation Correction for PET/MR	p. 217
Introduction	p. 218
MR-AC for brain applications	p. 220
Segmentation approaches	p. 220
Atlas approaches	p. 221
Methods for torso imaging	p. 224
Discussion	p. 229
The presence of bone	p. 230
MR imaging with ultrashort echo time (UTE)	p. 231
Required PET accuracy	p. 232
Validation of MR-AC methods	p. 232
Truncated field-of-view	p. 232
MR coils and positioning aids	p. 233
User intervention	p. 233
Potential benefits of MR-AC	p. 234
Additional potential benefits of simultaneous PET/MR acquisition	p. 234
Conclusion	p. 234
References	p. 235
Optical Imaging	p. 241
Introduction	p. 241
Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT)	p. 244
Light propagation model	p. 244
Photon interaction with biological tissue	p. 244
The diffusion approximation	p. 246
Model for a fluorescence heterogeneity	p. 248
Reconstruction of the fluorochrome distribution	p. 249
FMT and hybrid FMT systems	p. 251
Instrumentation	p. 251
Illumination	p. 251
Detection	p. 252
360° projections	p. 252
Multimodal optical imaging	p. 253
Optical tomography and MRI	p. 253
FMT-XCT	p. 254
References	p. 257
Index	p. 263
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