Cracking the AP Chemistry Exam, 2006-2007 Edition

by PRINCETON REVIEW

• ISBN13: 9780375765278
• ISBN10: 0375765271
• Format: Trade Paper
• Copyright: 2006-01-10
• Publisher: Princeton Review

Summary

The Princeton Review realizes that scoring high on the AP Chemistry Exam is very different from earning straight A's in school. We don't try to teach you everything there is to know about chemistryonly the strategies and information you'll need to get your highest score. In Cracking the AP Chemistry Exam, we'll teach you how to Use our preparation strategies and test-taking techniques to raise your score Focus on the topics most likely to appear on the test Test your knowledge with review questions for each chemistry topic covered This book includes 2 full-length practice AP Chemistry tests. All of our practice questions are just like those you'll see on the actual exam, and we explain how to answer every question.

Table of Contents

Introduction	xi
Orientation	1	(12)
What Is the AP Program?	1	(1)
What Is the AP Chemistry Exam?	2	(1)
Cracking the Multiple-Choice Section	2	(4)
The Basics
Pacing
Guessing
About Calculators
Cracking the Free-Response Section	6	(3)
Parts A and B---Problems
Cracking the Problems
Part C---Writing Chemical Equations
Part D---Essays
Cracking the Essays
About the Topics Covered on the Test	9	(4)
Preparing for the AP Chemistry Exam	13	(4)
The Months Before the Test	13	(2)
The Week Before the Test	15	(1)
The Day of the Test	15	(2)
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table	17	(20)
The Periodic Table	18	(1)
Electrons	19	(6)
Quantum Numbers
The Aufbau Principle
The Pauli Exclusion Principle
Quantum Numbers and the Periodic Table
Hund's Rule
Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
Electrons and Energy
Names and Theories
Periodic Trends	25	(3)
Atomic Radius
Ionization Energy
Electron Affinity
Electronegativity
Questions	28	(5)
Answers and Explanations	33	(4)
Bonding	37	(24)
Coulomb's Law	37	(1)
Bonds Within Molecules	38	(7)
Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Lewis Dot Structures
Molecular Geometry
Bonds Between Molecules---Attractive Forces in Solids and Liquids	45	(3)
Ionic Bonds
Network (Covalent) Bonds
Metallic Bonds
Van der Waals Forces
Hydrogen Bonds
Questions	48	(4)
Answers and Explanations	52	(9)
Stoichiometry and Chemical Equations	61	(20)
Some Math	61	(2)
Significant Figures
Logarithms
Moles	63	(1)
Moles and Molecules
Moles and Grams
Moles and Gases
Moles and Solutions
Chemical Equations	64	(3)
Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical Equations and Calculations
Questions	67	(4)
Answers and Explanations	71	(10)
Gases	81	(18)
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)	81	(1)
Kinetic Molecular Theory	82	(1)
The Ideal Gas Equation	82	(1)
Dalton's Law	83	(1)
Graham's Law	84	(1)
Van der Waals Equation	84	(1)
Density	85	(1)
Questions	86	(5)
Answers and Explanations	91	(8)
Phase Changes	99	(12)
The Phase Diagram	100	(1)
Phase Changes	100	(1)
Naming the Phase Changes
Heat of Fusion
Heat of Vaporization
The Phase Diagram for Water	101	(1)
The Heating Curve	102	(1)
Questions	103	(4)
Answers and Explanations	107	(4)
Thermodynamics	111	(22)
The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics	111	(1)
State Functions	112	(1)
Standard State Conditions	112	(1)
Enthalpy	112	(3)
Enthalpy Change, ΔH
Heat of Formation, ΔH°f
Bond Energy
Hess's Law
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
Entropy	115	(1)
Entropy Change, ΔS°
Gibbs Free Energy	116	(2)
Free Energy Change, ΔG
ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS
ΔG and ΔG°
Standard Free Energy Change and the Equilibrium Constant
Energy Diagrams	118	(3)
Catalysts and Energy Diagrams
Questions	121	(6)
Answers and Explanations	127	(6)
Solutions	133	(20)
Concentration Measurements	133	(1)
Molarity
Molality
Mole Fraction
Solutes and Solvents	134	(1)
Colligative Properties	135	(1)
Boiling Point Elevation
Freezing Point Depression
Vapor Pressure Lowering (Raoult's Law)
Osmotic Pressure
Density	136	(1)
Solubility	136	(4)
Solubility Product (Ksp)
The Common Ion Effect
Solubility Rules
Solubility of Gases
Questions	140	(5)
Answers and Explanations	145	(8)
Equilibrium	153	(16)
The Equilibrium Constant, Keq	153	(2)
Keq and Gases	155	(1)
The Reaction Quotient, Q	156	(1)
Keq and Multistep Processes	156	(1)
Le Chatelier's Law	156	(2)
Concentration
Volume
Temperature
Questions	158	(5)
Answers and Explanations	163	(6)
Acids and Bases	169	(26)
Definitions	169	(2)
Arrhenius
Bronsted-Lowry
Lewis
pH	171	(1)
Weak Acids	171	(2)
Weak Acids and Calculations
Strong Acids	173	(1)
Strong Acids and Calculations
Kw	173	(1)
Acid and Base Salts	174	(1)
Acid-Base Salts and Calculations
Buffers	175	(2)
Polyprotic Acids and Amphoteric Substances	177	(1)
Anhydrides	177	(1)
Titration	178	(2)
Questions	180	(5)
Answers and Explanations	185	(10)
Kinetics	195	(26)
The Rate Law Using Initial Concentrations	195	(2)
The Rate Law Using Concentration and Time	197	(4)
First-Order Rate Laws
Second-Order Rate Laws
Zero-Order Rate Laws
Collision Theory	201	(2)
The Rate Constant and Temperature
Reaction Mechanisms	203	(1)
Catalysts	204	(1)
Kinetics and Equilibrium	205	(1)
Questions	206	(9)
Answers and Explanations	215	(6)
Oxidation-Reduction and Electrochemistry	221	(22)
Oxidation States	222	(1)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	223	(1)
Reduction Potentials	224	(2)
Voltage and Spontaneity	226	(1)
Voltage and Equilibrium	226	(1)
Galvanic Cells	227	(1)
Electrolytic Cells	228	(3)
Questions	231	(5)
Answers and Explanations	236	(7)
Nuclear Decay	243	(12)
Types of Nuclear Decay	243	(2)
Alpha Emission (4/2α)
Beta Emission (0/-1 β)
Positron Emission (0/+1 β)
Electron Capture (0/-1 e)
Gamma Rays (0/0 γ)
Nuclear Stability	245	(1)
Half-Life
Mass Defect and Binding Energy	246	(1)
Questions	247	(3)
Answers and Explanations	250	(5)
Laboratory	255	(14)
Recommended Experiments	256	(1)
Safety	257	(1)
Accuracy	257	(1)
Lab Procedures	257	(2)
Methods of Separation
Measuring Concentration
Identifying Chemicals in Solution	259	(1)
Precipitation
Conduction
Flame Tests
Acid-Base Reaction
Colored Solutions
Laboratory Equipment	260	(1)
Questions	261	(4)
Answers and Explanations	265	(4)
Organic Chemistry	269	(16)
Hydrocarbons	270	(1)
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Hydrocarbon Rings
Some Functional Groups	271	(3)
Alcohols
Organic Acids
Halides
Amines
Aldehydes
Ketones
Ethers
Esters
Isomers	274	(2)
Organic Reactions	276	(2)
Questions	278	(4)
Answers and Explanations	282	(3)
Descriptive Chemistry	285	(8)
Net Ionic Equations	285	(1)
Scoring	286	(1)
Cracking the Descriptive Chemistry Section	287	(6)
The Princeton Review AP Chemistry Practice Exam 1	293	(28)
Answers and Explanations for Practice Exam 1	321	(44)
The Princeton Review AP Chemistry Practice Exam 2	365	(28)
Answers and Explanations for Practice Exam 2	393	(44)
Index	437	(6)
About the Author	443