Creating Literacy Instruction for All Children

by Gunning, Thomas G.

• ISBN13: 9780205287932
• ISBN10: 020528793X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-08-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Creating Literacy Instruction for All Children is a comprehensive, practical text that provides its readers with step-by-step guidance for teaching all major aspects of reading and writing. Gunning's text helps students discover approaches and techniques that fit teachers' personal styles and situations. It aims to present as fairly, completely, and clearly as possible the major methods and strategies shown to be successful in research and practice. The text features sample lessons for virtually every major literacy skill/strategy and offers numerous reinforcement suggestions and generous listings of materials. With two updated chapters on word analysis skills/strategies, the text continues to give teachers the information and techniques they need to implement a systematic and functional program of word analysis that is integrated with students' reading and writing. The text also presents the theory behind the methods, so students will be free to choose, adapt, and/or construct their own approaches as they create literacy instruction. This edition endorses the viewpoint that a well-prepared classroom teacher is capable of effectively instructing most struggling readers and writers.

Table of Contents

1 The Nature of Literacy and Today's Children	1	(22)
Anticipation Guide	1	(1)
Using What You Know	2	(1)
The Nature of Reading	2	(6)
Importance of Language	2	(1)
Role of Cognitive Development	3	(3)
Importance of Experience	6	(1)
Importance of the Students' Culture	7	(1)
The Reader's Role in the Reading Process	8	(1)
Approaches to Reading Instruction: Whole versus Part Learning	9	(1)
Bottom-Uppers	9	(1)
Top-Downers	9	(1)
Interactionists	10	(1)
Importance of Literacy Models	10	(1)
Approach Taken by This Text	11	(1)
Stages of Reading Development	12	(4)
Stage One. Emergent Literacy (Birth to Five Years)	13	(1)
Stage Two. Early Reading (Kindergarten and First Grade)	13	(1)
Stage Three. Growing Independence (Grades Two and Three)	14	(1)
Stage Four. Reading to Learn (Grades Four through Six)	15	(1)
Stage Five. Abstract Reading (Grades Seven and Up)	16	(1)
A Reading and Writing Program for Today's Students	16	(5)
Summary	21	(1)
Classroom Applications	21	(1)
Field Applications	22	(1)
2 Fostering Emergent/Early Literacy	23	(58)
Anticipation Guide	23	(1)
Using What You Know	24	(1)
Understanding Emergent Literacy	24	(6)
Readiness versus Emergent Literacy	24	(2)
Essential Skills and Understandings for Emergent Literacy	26	(1)
Creating a Literacy-Rich Environment	27	(3)
Fostering Emergent Literacy	30	(1)
Making Reading and Writing a Part of Classroom Activities	30	(16)
Reading to Students	31	(7)
Emergent Storybook Reading	38	(1)
Using Shared Book Experiences	39	(3)
Using the Language Experience Approach	42	(1)
Shared Writing	43	(3)
A New Concept of Writing	46	(23)
Planned Instruction of Essential Understandings	56	(11)
Fostering Language Development	67	(2)
Core Activities for Building Emergent/Early Literacy	69	(2)
Reading in Preschool	69	(2)
Working with Parents	71	(1)
Family Literacy	71	(1)
Monitoring Emergent Literacy	72	(6)
Informal Assessment Measures	73	(4)
Other Measures of Emergent Literacy	77	(1)
Using the Assessment Results	77	(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers	78	(1)
Essential Student Objectives	78	(1)
Assessment	79	(1)
Summary	79	(1)
Classroom Applications	80	(1)
Field Applications	80	(1)
3 Teaching Phonics, Sight Words, and Syllabic Analysis	81	(66)
Anticipation Guide	81	(1)
Using What You Know	82	(1)
Rationale and Approaches for Phonics Instruction	82	(1)
How Words Are Read	83	(1)
How Sight Words Are Learned	83	(1)
Stages in Reading Words	83	(3)
Logographic Stage	83	(1)
Early Alphabetic Stage	84	(1)
Advanced Alphabetic Stage	84	(1)
Orthographic Stage	85	(1)
Basic Principles of Phonics Instruction	86	(1)
Phonics Elements	87	(2)
Consonants	87	(1)
Vowels	87	(2)
Onsets and Rimes	89	(1)
Approaches to Teaching Phonics	89	(22)
Teaching Vowel Correspondences	103	(8)
Scope and Sequence	111	(3)
Major Word Patterns	114	(7)
Teaching Vowel Generalizations	114	(6)
Using Word Analysis References	120	(1)
Using an Integrated Approach	120	(1)
Phonics and Spelling	121	(1)
Strategy Instruction	122	(4)
Incorporating Phonics Strategies with Context	122	(1)
Building Independence	123	(3)
Sight Words	126	(9)
Sources of Sight Words	126	(2)
Teaching High-Frequency Words	128	(2)
Using Children's Books to Build Sight Vocabulary	130	(3)
Using Word Banks	133	(1)
Integration of Sight Words with Other Word Recognition Skills	134	(1)
Syllabication	135	(8)
Generalization Approach to Teaching Syllabication	135	(2)
Pattern Approach to Teaching Syllabication	137	(2)
Multisyllabic Patterns	139	(3)
Combining Generalization and Pattern Approaches	142	(1)
Using the Pronounceable Word Part and Analogy Strategies	143	(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers	143	(1)
Essential Student Objectives	144	(1)
Assessment	144	(1)
Summary	145	(1)
Classroom Applications	146	(1)
Field Applications	146	(1)
4 Building Vocabulary	147	(51)
Anticipation Guide	147	(1)
Using What You Know	148	(1)
The Need for Vocabulary Instruction	148	(1)
Stages of Word Knowledge	149	(1)
Seven Principles of Developing Vocabulary	150	(19)
Building Experiential Background	150	(1)
Relating Vocabulary to Background	151	(1)
Building Relationships	151	(1)
Developing Depth of Meaning	151	(1)
Presenting Several Exposures	152	(1)
Creating an Interest in Words	153	(1)
Teaching Students How to Learn New Words	153	(1)
Techniques for Teaching Words	153	(1)
Graphic Organizers	154	(6)
Dramatizing	160	(1)
Exploring Word Histories	160	(1)
Enjoying Words	161	(2)
Discovering Sesquipedalian Words	163	(1)
Word of the Day	163	(1)
Labeling	163	(1)
Feature Comparison	164	(1)
Using Word-Building Reference Books	164	(1)
Predicting Vocabulary Words	165	(2)
Word Sorts	167	(1)
Wide Reading	167	(1)
Reading to Students	168	(1)
A Planned Program	169	(1)
A Balanced Blend	169	(1)
Remembering Vocabulary	170	(2)
Key Word Approach	170	(2)
Teaching Special Features of Words	172	(2)
Homophones	172	(1)
Homographs	172	(1)
Figurative Language	173	(1)
Multiple Meanings	174	(1)
Connotations	174	(1)
Learning How to Learn Words	174	(18)
Morphemic Analysis	174	(8)
Contextual Analysis	182	(5)
Dictionary Usage	187	(5)
Supplying Corrective Feedback	192	(2)
Applying a Corrective Cues Hierarchy	193	(1)
Using Prompts	193	(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers	194	(1)
Essential Student Objectives	195	(1)
Assessment	196	(1)
Summary	196	(1)
Classroom Applications	197	(1)
Field Applications	197	(1)
5 Comprehension: Theory and Strategies	198	(51)
Anticipation Guide	198	(1)
Using What You Know	199	(1)
The Process of Comprehending	199	(4)
Schema Theory	199	(2)
Situation Models	201	(1)
Remembering and Learning	202	(1)
Comprehension Strategies	203	(35)
Preparational Strategies	204	(1)
Organizational Strategies	205	(17)
Elaboration Strategies	222	(10)
Monitoring	232	(5)
Special Comprehension Strategies for Bilingual Readers	237	(1)
Social-Constructivist Nature of Comprehension	238	(6)
Reciprocal Teaching	238	(3)
Questioning the Author	241	(3)
Learning Environment	244	(2)
Integration of Strategies	244	(1)
Importance of Affective Factors	245	(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers	246	(1)
Essential Student Objectives	246	(1)
Assessment	247	(1)
Summary	247	(1)
Classroom Applications	248	(1)
Field Applications	248	(1)
6 Comprehension: Text Structures and Teaching Procedures	249	(40)
Anticipation Guide	249	(1)
Using What You Know	250	(1)
Nature of the Text	250	(10)
Narrative Text and Story Schema	250	(5)
Expository Text	255	(4)
Using Narrative and Expository Text for Mutual Support	259	(1)
The Role of Questions in Comprehension	260	(5)
Planning Questions	260	(1)
Placement of Questions	260	(1)
Types of Questions	260	(1)
Using Wait Time	261	(1)
Classroom Atmosphere	262	(1)
Techniques for Asking Questions	262	(3)
Frameworks for Fostering Comprehension	265	(11)
Guided Reading	265	(2)
Directed Reading Activity	267	(7)
Directed Reading-Thinking Activity	274	(2)
The Cloze Procedure	276	(3)
Classic Cloze	276	(1)
Scoring Close	277	(1)
Discussion for Comprehension	277	(1)
Constructing Cloze Exercises	278	(1)
Variations on Cloze	278	(1)
Critical Reading	279	(7)
Scope and Sequence of Critical Reading Skills	280	(6)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers	286	(1)
Essential Student Objectives	287	(1)
Assessment	287	(1)
Summary	288	(1)
Classroom Applications	288	(1)
Field Applications	288	(1)
7 Reading and Writing in the Content Areas and Study Skills	289	(57)
Anticipation Guide	289	(1)
Using What You Know	290	(1)
Overall Goals of Literacy Instruction in the Content Areas	290	(1)
The Teacher's Role	290	(1)
Higher-Order Thinking Skills	291	(1)
Using Content Area Textbooks	291	(7)
Nature of Content Area Textbooks	292	(1)
Choosing Textbooks	293	(5)
Children's Books and Periodicals in the Content Areas	298	(2)
Talking CD-ROM Books	299	(1)
Using Trade Books to Provide Better Coverage	299	(1)
Adding a Multicultural Perspective	299	(1)
Using Children's Periodicals	300	(1)
Group Inventory Placement	300	(19)
Instructional Techniques	301	(1)
Before Reading	302	(5)
During Reading	307	(6)
After Reading	313	(5)
KWL Plus: A Technique for Before, During, and After Reading	318	(1)
Teaching Content Area Knowledge	319	(3)
Reading for Conceptual Change	321	(1)
Writing to Learn	322	(3)
Learning Logs	324	(1)
Sheltered English	325	(1)
Reading to Remember	326	(1)
Fostering Retention	326	(5)
Principles for Improving Memory	327	(1)
Memory Devices	328	(3)
Metacognitive Awareness	331	(1)
Distributed versus Massed Practice	331	(1)
SQ3R: A Theory-Based Study Strategy	331	(2)
Principles of SQ3R	332	(1)
Teaching SQ3R	333	(1)
Test-Taking Strategies	333	(2)
Test-Taking Tips	334	(1)
Study Habits	335	(1)
Introducing Study Strategies/Habits	336	(1)
Expressive Study Skills	336	(5)
Taking Notes	336	(2)
Outlining	338	(1)
I-Charts	339	(2)
Metacognitive Study Strategies	341	(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers	342	(1)
Essential Student Objectives	343	(1)
Assessment	343	(1)
Summary	344	(1)
Classroom Applications	344	(1)
Field Applications	345	(1)
8 Reading Literature	346	(39)
Anticipation Guide	346	(1)
Using What You Know	347	(1)
Experiencing Literature	347	(11)
Reader Respohse Theory	348	(6)
Using Literature Discussion Groups to Elicit Responses	354	(1)
Book Club	355	(3)
Developing Aesthetic Judgment	358	(4)
Types of Literature	362	(14)
Folklore	362	(1)
Poetry	362	(4)
Chapter Books and Novels	366	(6)
Drama	372	(2)
Nonfiction	374	(2)
Voluntary Reading	376	(6)
Determining Interests and Attitudes	376	(1)
The Classroom Library	377	(1)
Setting Aside Time for Voluntary Reading	378	(1)
Modeling the Process of Selecting and Discussing Books	378	(1)
The Importance of Sharing and Instruction in Developing Avid Readers	379	(1)
Activities for Motivating Voluntary Reading	380	(2)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers	382	(1)
Essential Student Objectives	383	(1)
Assessment	383	(1)
Summary	384	(1)
Classroom Applications	384	(1)
Field Applications	384	(1)
9 Approaches to Teaching Reading	385	(31)
Anticipation Guide	385	(1)
Using What You Know	386	(1)
Changing Approaches to Teaching Reading	386	(1)
Basal Approach	387	(5)
Advantages of Basals	388	(1)
Disadvantages of Basals	388	(1)
Adapting Basals	389	(2)
Phonic/Linguistic Basals	391	(1)
Selecting a Basal	391	(1)
Minibook Series	391	(1)
Literature-Based Approach	392	(7)
Core Literature	392	(1)
Text Sets	393	(1)
Literature Discussion Groups	394	(1)
Thematic Units	395	(2)
Self-Selection	397	(1)
Choosing Materials	397	(1)
Creating Literature Guides	398	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Literature-Based Approach	399	(1)
Adapting a Literature-Based Approach	399	(1)
Individualized Reading/Reading Workshop	399	(8)
Preparation Time	400	(1)
Self-Selected Reading and Responding	400	(1)
Conferences	400	(5)
Using Dialogue Journals	405	(1)
Student Sharing	405	(1)
Organizing the Program	406	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Reading Workshop	406	(1)
Adapting Reading Workshop	407	(1)
Language-Experience Approach	407	(5)
Personalizing Group Stories	409	(1)
An Individual Approach	410	(1)
The Language-Experience Approach and ESL Students	410	(1)
Variant Dialects	411	(1)
The Language-Experience Approach in the Content Areas	411	(1)
Other Uses for the Language-Experience Approach	412	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Language-Experience Approach	412	(1)
Adapting the Language-Experience Approach	412	(1)
Whole Language	412	(1)
An Integrated Approach	413	(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers	414	(1)
Summary	415	(1)
Classroom Applications	415	(1)
Field Applications	415	(1)
10 Writing and Reading	416	(36)
Anticipation Guide	416	(1)
Using What You Know	417	(1)
The Roots of Writing	417	(2)
The Process Approach to Writing	419	(15)
Prewriting	419	(3)
Composing	422	(3)
Revising	425	(3)
Editing	428	(2)
Publishing	430	(1)
Conferences	430	(4)
Writing Workshop	434	(3)
Minilesson	434	(1)
Writing Time	434	(1)
Group Sharing	435	(1)
Management of the Writing Workshop	435	(2)
Interpersonal Writing	437	(1)
Teaching Writer's Craft	438	(6)
Writer's Craft: Basic Techniques	439	(1)
Improving Expository Writing	440	(3)
Skills Lessons	443	(1)
Keeping Track	444	(1)
Technology and Writing	444	(2)
Desktop Publishing	445	(1)
Reading Helps Writing	446	(1)
A Full Menu	447	(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers	448	(1)
Essential Student Objectives	449	(1)
Assessment	450	(1)
Summary	451	(1)
Classroom Applications	451	(1)
Field Applications	451	(1)
11 Diversity in the Classroom	452	(33)
Anticipation Guide	452	(1)
Using What You Know	453	(1)
Teaching All Students	453	(1)
Students at Risk	453	(11)
Economically Disadvantaged Students	454	(2)
Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Students	456	(3)
Bilingual Learners	459	(5)
Students with Disabilities	464	(11)
Students with Learning Disabilities	464	(2)
Students with Attention Deficit Disorder	466	(3)
Students with Mental Retardation	469	(1)
Slow Learners	469	(1)
Students with Physical Disabilities	470	(5)
Gifted and Talented	475	(6)
Features of Gifted Programs	476	(1)
Inclusion	477	(1)
Individualized Education Plan	478	(1)
Title 1 and Remedial Programs	479	(1)
Intervention Programs	479	(1)
Reading Recovery	479	(1)
Other Intervention Programs	480	(1)
Lessons from Early Intervention Programs	481	(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers	481	(1)
Building Literacy: A Classroom Intervention Program	482	(1)
Summary	483	(1)
Classroom Applications	484	(1)
Field Applications	484	(1)
12 Evaluation	485	(36)
Anticipation Guide	485	(1)
Using What You Know	486	(1)
The Nature of Evaluation	486	(3)
The Starting Point	486	(1)
Three Perspectives of Evaluation	487	(1)
Authentic Assessment	487	(1)
Product versus Process Measures	488	(1)
Questions to Be Asked	489	(1)
Placement Information	489	(11)
Informal Reading Inventory	490	(8)
Running Records	498	(2)
Norm-Referenced versus Criterion-Referenced Tests	500	(1)
Norm-Referenced Tests	500	(1)
Criterion-Referenced Tests	501	(1)
Judging Assessment Measures	501	(1)
Reliability	501	(1)
Validity	502	(1)
Reporting Performance	502	(3)
Norm-Referenced Reporting	502	(1)
Criterion-Referenced Reporting	503	(2)
Functional Level Assessment	505	(1)
Other Methods of Assessment	505	(6)
Retelling	505	(1)
Think-Aloud Protocols	506	(2)
Observation	508	(1)
Ratings	509	(1)
Questionnaires	510	(1)
Interviews	511	(1)
Self-Evaluation	511	(2)
Logs and Journals	513	(1)
Evaluating Writing	513	(2)
Holistic Scoring	513	(1)
Analytic Scoring	513	(1)
Using a Combination of Techniques	514	(1)
Portfolios	515	(4)
Types of Portfolios	515	(1)
Writing Samples	515	(1)
Reading Samples	516	(1)
Reviewing Portfolios	516	(3)
Summary	519	(1)
Classroom Applications	520	(1)
Field Applications	520	(1)
13 Constructing and Managing a Literacy Program	521	(24)
Anticipation Guide	521	(1)
Using What You Know	522	(1)
Constructing a Literacy Program	522	(5)
Setting Goals	523	(1)
Choosing Materials	523	(1)
Selecting Techniques and Strategies	523	(3)
Building a Sense of Community	526	(1)
Managing a Literacy Program	527	(6)
Using Time Efficently	527	(1)
Providing for Individual Differences	528	(4)
Continuous Monitoring of Progress	532	(1)
Involving Parents	532	(1)
Working with Other Professionals	533	(1)
Literacy and Technology	534	(4)
Computers	534	(2)
The Internet	536	(1)
Selecting Software	537	(1)
Getting the Most Out of Computers	537	(1)
Other Technologies	538	(1)
Literacy in Today's and Tomorrow's World	538	(1)
Professional Development	539	(3)
Essential Student Objectives	542	(1)
Summary	543	(1)
Classroom Applications	543	(1)
Field Applications	544	(1)
Appendix A: Graded Listing of 500 Children's Books	545	(8)
Appendix B: Informal Assessment of Key Word Analysis Skills and Strategies	553	(24)
Word Pattern Survey	553	(1)
Syllable Survey	554	(1)
References	555	(1)
Professional	555	(20)
Children's Books and Periodicals	575	(2)
Index	577