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9780205356843

Creating Literacy Instruction for All Students in Grades 4 to 8

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780205356843

  • ISBN10:

    0205356842

  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2004-01-01
  • Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
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Summary

Based on its highly successful parent text, this comprehensive, practical text provides its readers with step-by-step guidance for teaching children in grades 4 to 8 all major aspects of reading and writing. In response to today's needs to tailor instruction for the middle grades (4-8), this new text features sample lessons for virtually every major literacy skill/strategy and offers numerous reinforcement suggestions and generous listings of materials appropriate for the middle grades. The text presents the theories behind the methods, so readers will be free to choose, adapt, and/or construct their own approaches as they create a balanced evidence-based program of literacy instruction. Because understanding one's own literacy processes can lead to more effective teaching, the text invites readers to examine their reading and writing processes. Because language is the basis for literacy, the text emphasizes language development at all levels. Given the current emphasis on Leaving No Child Behind, the text explores techniques and materials for helping below-level readers and writers. Included are listings of intervention programs for older struggling readers and suggestions for helping middle school students who are still having difficulty with decoding skills. With classrooms becoming increasingly diverse, the text details age-appropriate techniques for working with English language learners and at-risk students. Emphasis has also been placed on fostering comprehension and matching readers with appropriate texts. Because of the impact of the standards movement and related assessment issues, a full chapter is devoted to assessment. Lists of standards and assessment suggestions are provided at the end of each chapter on instructional techniques. Appendix B contains a series of informal measures of key skills.

Table of Contents

Preface xii
1 The Nature of Literacy and Today's Students 2(18)
Anticipation Guide
3(1)
Using What You Know
3(1)
The Nature of Reading
4(3)
Importance of Language
4(1)
Role of Cognitive Development
5(1)
Importance of Experience
6(1)
Importance of the Students' Culture
6(1)
The Reader's Role in the Reading Process
6(1)
Approaches to Reading Instruction: Whole versus Part Learning
7(2)
Bottom-Uppers
7(1)
Top-Downers
8(1)
Interactionists
8(1)
Importance of Literacy Models
9(1)
Approach Taken by This Text
9(1)
Scientifically Based Literacy Instruction
10(1)
Standards Movement
10(1)
A Reading and Writing Program for Today's Students
11(5)
Highly Effective Teachers
16(2)
Caring and High Expectations
16(1)
Balanced Instruction
16(1)
Extensive Instruction
17(1)
Scaffolding
17(1)
Classroom Management
17(1)
High Quality Materials
17(1)
Matching of Materials and Tasks to Student Competence
18(1)
Action Plan
18(1)
Summary
18(1)
Extending and Applying
19(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio
19(1)
Developing a Resource File
19(1)
2 Evaluation 20(54)
Anticipation Guide
21(1)
Using What You Know
21(1)
The Nature of Evaluation
22(4)
The Starting Point
22(1)
The Standards Movement
22(1)
High-Stakes Testing
23(1)
Three Perspectives of Evaluation
23(1)
Authentic Assessment
24(1)
Product versus Process Measures
25(1)
Questions to Be Asked
25(1)
Placement Information
26(13)
Informal Reading Inventory
26(10)
Running Records
36(2)
Group Inventories
38(1)
Norm-Referenced versus Criterion-Referenced Tests
39(2)
Norm-Referenced Tests
39(1)
Criterion-Referenced Tests
40(1)
Judging Assessment Measures
41(1)
Reliability
41(1)
Validity
41(1)
Reporting Performance
42(4)
Norm-Referenced Reporting
42(1)
Criterion-Referenced Reporting
43(3)
Functional Level Assessment
46(1)
Other Methods of Assessment
47(7)
Retelling
47(2)
Think-Aloud Protocols
49(2)
Observation
51(1)
Anecdotal Records
51(1)
Ratings
52(1)
Questionnaires
52(1)
Interviews
53(1)
Self-Evaluation
54(2)
Logs and Journals
55(1)
Conferences
56(1)
Evaluating Writing
56(2)
Holistic Scoring
56(1)
Analytic Scoring
57(1)
Using a Combination of Techniques
58(1)
Portfolios
58(4)
Types of Portfolios
58(1)
Writing Samples
59(1)
Reading Samples
59(1)
Reviewing Portfolios
59(3)
Basal Reader Assessment
62(1)
Assessing English Language Learners
63(1)
Assessing Materials
63(8)
ATOS (Advantage-TASA Open Standard)
64(1)
Lexile Scale
64(1)
Degrees of Reading Power
64(1)
Other Readability Formulas
64(2)
Leveling Systems
66(5)
Action Plan
71(1)
Verifying Readability Levels
72(1)
Summary
72(1)
Extending and Applying
73(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio
73(1)
Developing a Resource File
73(1)
3 Teaching Phonics, High-Frequency Words, and Syllabic Analysis 74(44)
Anticipation Guide
75(1)
Using What You Know
75(1)
Phonics Elements
76(5)
Consonants
77(2)
Vowels
79(1)
Onsets and Rimes
80(1)
Teaching Phonics to Older Students
81(9)
Major Word Patterns
84(1)
Teaching Vowel Generalizations
84(6)
Introducing Syllabic Analysis Early
90(1)
Using Word Analysis References
90(1)
Using an Integrated Approach
90(1)
Teaching Phonics to English Language Learners
91(1)
Strategy Instruction
92(1)
Building Independence
93(1)
High-Frequency Words
93(5)
Teaching High-Frequency Words
96(2)
Building Fluency
98(6)
Phrasing of Text
98(2)
Repeated Readings
100(3)
Repeated Reading versus Wide Reading
103(1)
Reading to Others
103(1)
Modelled Techniques for Building Fluency
103(1)
Syllabic Analysis
104(10)
Generalization Approach to Teaching Syllabic Analysis
105(1)
Pattern Approach to Teaching Syllabic Analysis
106(3)
Multisyllabic Patterns
109(1)
Combining the Generalization and Pattern Approaches
109(4)
Using the Pronounceable Word Part and Analogy Strategies
113(1)
Keeping Instruction Functional
114(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers
114(1)
Essential Standards
115(1)
Assessment
115(1)
Action Plan
115(1)
Summary
116(1)
Extending and Applying
116(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio
117(1)
Developing a Resource File
117(1)
4 Building Vocabulary 118(58)
Anticipation Guide
119(1)
Using What You Know
119(1)
The Need for Vocabulary Instruction
120(1)
Stages of Word Knowledge
120(1)
Seven Principles of Developing Vocabulary
121(5)
Building Experiential Background
121(1)
Relating Vocabulary to Background
122(1)
Building Relationships
123(1)
Developing Depth of Meaning
123(1)
Presenting Several Exposures
124(1)
Creating an Interest in Words
125(1)
Teaching Students How to Learn New Words
125(1)
Techniques for Teaching Words
126(20)
Graphic Organizers
127(5)
Dramatizing
132(1)
Exploring Word Histories
133(1)
Enjoying Words
134(1)
Discovering Sesquipedalian Words
135(1)
Word of the Day
135(1)
Labeling
136(1)
Feature Comparison
137(1)
Using Word-Building Reference Books
137(1)
Predicting Vocabulary Words
137(2)
Word Sorts
139(1)
Vocabulary Self Collection Strategy (VSS)
139(1)
Wide Reading
140(1)
Reading to Students
141(1)
Speaking and Writing
142(1)
Using a Thesaurus
142(1)
Introducing New Words
143(1)
Adapting Basal Reader and Anthology Instruction
143(1)
Teaching Vocabulary to English Language Learners
144(1)
Using Cognates
145(1)
A Planned Program
146(1)
A Balanced Blend
147(1)
Remembering Vocabulary
147(2)
Key Word Approach
147(2)
Teaching Special Features of Words
149(3)
Homophones
149(1)
Homographs
149(1)
Figurative Language
150(1)
Multiple Meanings
151(1)
Connotations
151(1)
Learning How to Learn Words
152(18)
Morphemic Analysis
152(7)
Contextual Analysis
159(5)
Dictionary Usage
164(6)
Supplying Corrective Feedback
170(2)
Applying a Corrective Cues Hierarchy
171(1)
Using Prompts
171(1)
Using Think-Alouds
172(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers
172(1)
Essential Standards
173(1)
Assessment
173(1)
Action Plan
174(1)
Summary
174(1)
Extending and Applying
175(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio
175(1)
Developing a Resource File
175(1)
5 Comprehension: Theory and Strategies 176(56)
Anticipation Guide
177(1)
Using What You Know
177(1)
The Process of Comprehending
178(3)
Schema Theory
178(1)
Situation Models
179(1)
Remembering and Learning
180(1)
Role of Reasoning
180(1)
Role of Attention
181(1)
Role of Interest
181(1)
Comprehension Strategies
181(39)
Scaffolds for Comprehension
183(1)
Preparational Strategies
183(2)
Organizational Strategies
185(18)
Elaboration Strategies
203(10)
Monitoring
213(6)
Special Comprehension Strategies for Bilingual Readers
219(1)
Social-Constructivist Nature of Comprehension
220(6)
Reciprocal Teaching
220(3)
Questioning the Author
223(3)
Integration of Strategies
226(1)
Making Strategy Instruction Work
227(1)
Importance of Affective Factors
227(1)
Explicit versus Nonexplicit Instruction of Strategies
228(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers
228(1)
Essential Standards
229(1)
Assessment
229(1)
Action Plan
230(1)
Summary
230(1)
Extending and Applying
231(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio
231(1)
Developing a Resource File
231(1)
6 Comprehension: Text Structures and Teaching Procedures 232(38)
Anticipation Guide
233(1)
Using What You Know
233(1)
Nature of the Text
234(9)
Narrative Text and Story Schema
234(4)
Expository Text
238(4)
Using Narrative and Expository Text for Mutual Support
242(1)
The Role of Questions in Comprehension
243(5)
Planning Questions
243(1)
Placement of Questions
243(1)
"Types of Questions
243(1)
Using Wait Time
244(1)
Classroom Atmosphere
245(1)
Techniques for Asking Questions
245(3)
Frameworks for Fostering Comprehension
248(11)
Guided Reading
248(1)
Directed Reading Activity
249(7)
Directed Reading-Thinking Activity
256(3)
The Cloze Procedure
259(2)
Classic Cloze
259(1)
Scoring Cloze
259(1)
Discussion for Comprehension
260(1)
Constructing Cloze Exercises
260(1)
Modified Cloze
261(1)
Critical Reading
261(5)
Uses of Language
262(1)
Understanding Factual Statements and Opinions
263(1)
Recognizing the Author's Purpose
264(1)
Drawing Logical Conclusions
264(1)
Judging Sources
265(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers
266(1)
Essential Standards
267(1)
Action Plan
267(1)
Assessment
268(1)
Summary
268(1)
Extending and Applying
268(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio
269(1)
Developing a Resource File
269(1)
7 Reading and Writing in the Content Areas and Study Skills 270(54)
Anticipation Guide
271(1)
Using What You Know
271(1)
Overall Goals of Literacy Instruction in the
Content Areas
272(1)
Using Content-Area Textbooks
272(4)
Choosing Materials
273(3)
Trade Books in the Content Areas
276(4)
Talking CD-ROM Books
277(1)
Using Trade Books to Provide Better Coverage
277(1)
Adding a Multicultural Perspective
278(1)
Using Periodicals
279(1)
Group Inventory Placement
280(1)
Instructional Techniques
280(18)
Before Reading
281(4)
During Reading
285(6)
After Reading
291(5)
KWL Plus: A Technique for Before, During, and After Reading
296(2)
Writing to learn
298(2)
Learning Logs
299(1)
Sheltered English for English learners
300(2)
Reading to Remember
302(1)
Fostering Retention
303(4)
Principles for Improving Memory
304(1)
Memory Devices
305(2)
Metacognitive Awareness
307(1)
Distributed versus Massed Practice
307(1)
SQ3R: A Theory-Based Study Strategy
307(3)
Principles of SQ3R
308(1)
Teaching SQ3R
309(1)
Test-Taking Strategies
310(2)
Test-Taking Tips
310(1)
Preparation for High-Stales Tests
311(1)
Study Habits
312(1)
Introducing Study Strategies and Habits
313(1)
Expressive Study Skills
313(7)
Taking Notes
313(3)
Outlining
316(1)
Using the Internet to Obtain Information
316(3)
Metacognitive Study Strategies
319(1)
Setting Help for Struggling Readers and Writers
320(1)
Essential Standards
321(1)
Assessment
321(1)
Action Plan
322(1)
Summary
322(1)
Extending and Applying
323(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio
323(1)
Developing a Resource File
323(1)
8 Reading Literature 324(38)
Anticipation Guide
325(1)
Using What You Know
325(1)
Experiencing Literature
326(12)
Reader Response Theory
327(5)
Using Literature Discussion Groups to Elicit Responses
332(6)
Developing Aesthetic judgment
338(1)
Types of Literature
338(13)
Folklore
338(1)
Poetry
339(3)
Novels
342(4)
Drama
346(3)
Nonfiction
349(2)
Reading Aloud to Students
351(1)
Voluntary Reading
352(6)
Determining Interests and Attitudes
353(1)
The Classroom Library
353(2)
Setting Aside Time for Voluntary Reading
355(1)
Modeling the Process of Selecting and Discussing Books
356(1)
Activities for Motivating Voluntary Reading
356(2)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers
358(1)
Essential Standards
359(1)
Assessment
359(1)
Action Plan
360(1)
Summary
360(1)
Extending and Applying
360(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio
361(1)
Developing a Resource File
361(1)
9 Approaches to Teaching Reading 362(30)
Anticipation Guide
363(1)
Using What You Know
363(1)
Changing Approaches to Teaching Reading
364(1)
Basal Approach
364(5)
Advantages of Basals
365(1)
Disadvantages of Basals
366(1)
Adapting Basals
367(1)
Selecting a Basal
368(1)
Literature Anthologies
368(1)
Literature-Based Book Approach
369(5)
Core Literature
369(1)
Text Sets
370(1)
Literature Discussion Groups
370(1)
Thematic Units
370(3)
Self-Selection
373(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Literature-Based Approach
373(1)
Adapting a Literature-Based Approach
374(1)
Individualized Reading-Reading Workshop
374(9)
Preparation Time
374(1)
Self-Selected Reading and Responding
375(1)
Conferences
376(4)
Using Dialogue Journals
380(1)
Student Sharing
381(1)
Organizing the Program
381(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Reading Workshop
382(1)
Adapting Reading Workshop
382(1)
Language-Experience Approach
383(5)
An Individual Approach
385(1)
The Language-Experience Approach and ELL Students
386(1)
Variant Dialects
386(1)
Language-Experience Approach in the Content Areas
387(1)
Other Uses for the Language-Experience Approach
387(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Language-Experience Approach
387(1)
Adapting the Language-Experience Approach
387(1)
Whole Language
388(1)
Guided Reading
388(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Guided Reading
389(1)
An Integrated Approach
389(1)
Action Plan
390(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers
390(1)
Summary
391(1)
Extending and Applying
391(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio
391(1)
Developing a Resource File
391(1)
10 Writing and Reading 392(42)
Anticipation Guide
393(1)
Using What You Know
393(1)
The Roots of Writing
394(1)
Guided Writing
395(1)
The Process Approach to Writing
396(15)
Prewriting
396(4)
Composing
400(2)
Revising
402(3)
Editing
405(2)
Publishing
407(1)
Conferences
408(3)
Writing Workshop
411(6)
Minnesson
411(1)
Guided Writing/Strategic Writing
411(2)
Writing Strategies
413(1)
Writing Time
414(1)
Management of the Writing Workshop
415(2)
Thinking and Reading Like a Writer
417(1)
Improving Expository Writing
417(4)
Guiding the Writing of Reports
421(2)
Assessing and Improving Writing: The Key Traits Approach
423(3)
Technology and Writing
426(2)
Desktop Publishing
427
E-Mail
421(7)
Reading Helps Writing
428(1)
A Full Menu
429(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers
430(1)
Essential Standards
431(1)
Assessment
431(1)
Action Plan
432(1)
Summary
432(1)
Extending and Applying
433(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio
433(1)
Developing a Resource File
433(1)
11 Diversity in the Classroom 434(20)
Anticipation Guide
435(1)
Using What You Know
435(1)
Teaching All Students
436(1)
Students at Risk
436(10)
Economically Disadvantaged Students
437(2)
Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Students
439(1)
Bilingual Learners
440(6)
Using Technology
446(1)
Students with Learning Disabilities
446(4)
Impact of No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
448(1)
Title 1 and Remedial Programs
448(1)
Intervention Programs
449(1)
Help for Struggling Readers and Writers
450(2)
Action Plan
452(1)
Summary
453(1)
Extending and Applying
453(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio
453(1)
Developing a Resource File
453(1)
12 Creating and Managing a Literacy Program 454(26)
Anticipation Guide
455(1)
Using What You Know
455(1)
Constructing a Literacy Program
456(5)
Setting Goals
456(1)
Choosing Materials
457(1)
Selecting Techniques and Strategies
458(1)
Building Motivation
458(2)
Building a Sense of Community
460(1)
Managing a Literacy Program
461(5)
Using Time Efficiently
461(1)
Providing for Individual Differences
461(4)
Continuous Monitoring of Progress
465(1)
Involving Parents
465(1)
Working with Other Professionals
466(1)
Literacy and Technology
466(7)
Using the Internet
467(3)
Other Uses of Computers
470(1)
Selecting Software
471(1)
Getting the Most Out of Computers
472(1)
Other Technologies
473(1)
Literacy in Today's and Tomorrow's World
473(1)
Professional Development
474(3)
Essential Standards
477(1)
Action Plan
477(1)
Summary
478(1)
Extending and Applying
478(1)
Developing a Professional Portfolio
479(1)
Developing a Resource File
479(1)
Appendix A: Graded Listing of 800+ Children's Books 480(10)
Appendix B: Informal Assessment of Key Skills and Strategies 490(2)
Word Pattern Survey
490(1)
Syllable Survey
491(1)
References 492(20)
Professional
492(18)
Children's Books and Periodicals
510(2)
Index 512(14)
Photo Credits 526

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