Crime Victims : An Introduction to Victimology

by Karmen, Andrew

Edition:

6th

ISBN13:

9780495006039

ISBN10:

0495006033

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

5/16/2006

Publisher(s):

Cengage Learning

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This is the 6th edition with a publication date of 5/16/2006.

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Summary

CRIME VICTIMS: AN INTRODUCTION TO VICTIMOLOGY is a innovative and comprehensive guide that offers balanced coverage on this controversial subject. A must-have for anyone interested in this field!

1 What Is Victimology?

(24)

The Plight of Crime Victims

(1)

Studying Victimization Scientifically

(1)

Why Objectivity is Necessary

(5)

Victims or Offenders?

(1)

Criminals as Victims

(1)

Victims Versus "Good Guys"

(2)

Victimology's Undeserved "Bad Reputation'

(2)

Sources of Bias

(2)

The Origins of Victimology

(1)

Victimology Compared to Criminology

(5)

Parallels Between Criminology and Victimology

(2)

Differences and Boundaries

(1)

The Interface with Other Disciplines

(1)

Divisions within the Discipline

(1)

Why Study Victimology?

(1)

What Victimologists Do

(4)

Step 1: Identify, Define, and Describe the Problem

(1)

Step 2: Measure the True Dimensions of the Problem

(2)

Step 3: Investigate How Victims Are Handled

(1)

Step 4: Gather Evidence to Test Hypotheses

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Questions for Discussion and Debate

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

(1)

Suggested Research Projects

(1)

2 The Rediscovery of Crime Victims

(18)

The Discovery of Crime Victims

(1)

The Decline of Crime Victims

(2)

The Rediscovery of Crime Victims

(6)

Social Movements: Taking Up the Victims' Cause

(3)

Elected Officials: Enacting Legislation Named After Victims

(1)

The News Media: Portraying the Victims' Plight

(2)

Commercial Interests: Selling Products and Services to Victims

(1)

Victimology Contributes to the Rediscovery Process

(6)

Stage 1: Calling Attention to an Overlooked Problem

(1)

Stage 2: Winning Victories, Implementing Reforms

(2)

Stage 3: Emergence of an Opposition and Development of Resistance to Further Changes

(1)

Stage 4: Research and Temporary Resolution of Disputes

(1)

Rediscovering Additional Groups of Victims

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Questions for Discussion and Debate

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

(1)

Suggested Research Projects

(1)

3 Sources of Information about Crime Victims: The UCR and the NCVS

(17)

Crime in the Streets: The Big Picture

(5)

The Use and Abuse of Statistics

(1)

Interpreting Statistics

(3)

A Closer Look at the Two Official Sources of Victimization Data

(7)

The Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

(2)

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

(3)

Comparing the UCR and the NCVS

(1)

Using Data to Bring the Big Picture into Focus

(3)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Questions for Discussion and Debate

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

(1)

Suggested Research Projects

(1)

4 Violent Crimes: Murders and Robberies

(35)

Focusing on Murders

(13)

Using the UCR to Analyze Murders

(2)

Searching for Crime Waves: Detecting Trends in Interpersonal Violence

(8)

Making International Comparisons

(3)

Assessing Comparative Risks: Putting Crime into Perspective

(1)

Focusing on Robberies

(5)

Robbers and Their Victims

(1)

Using the NCVS to Analyze Robberies

(3)

Differential Risks of Being Robbed

(1)

Projecting Cumulative Risks

(3)

The Search for Risk Factors

(10)

The Determinants of Differential Risks: Routine Activities and Lifestyles

(2)

Reducing Risks: How Safe Is Safe Enough?

(1)

Ambivalence about Risk Taking

(1)

From Crime Prevention to Victimization Prevention

(1)

Criminals as Victims

(3)

Deterrence Theory as Applied to Victims

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Questions for Discussion and Debate

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

(1)

Suggested Research Projects

(1)

5 The Victims' Contribution to the Crime Problem

(36)

The Question of Shared Responsibility

(9)

The Controversy over Shared Responsibility

(3)

Victim Facilitation, Precipitation, and Provocation

100

(3)

The Frequency of Shared Responsibility in Violent Crimes

103

(1)

Recognizing Complete Innocence and Full Responsibility

104

(1)

Victim Blaming Versus Victim Defending

105

(2)

Victim Facilitation and Auto Theft: Is It the Careless Who Wind Up Carless?

107

(9)

Stealing Cars for Fun and Profit

107

(3)

Which Motorists Should Be Most Concerned When Parking Their Cars?

110

(6)

Victim Facilitation and Identity Theft: Which Precautions Are Reasonable?

116

(8)

The Nature of the Problem

116

(2)

Differential Risks of Becoming a Victim of Identity Theft

118

(1)

Losses and Suffering

119

(1)

Laws and Law Enforcement

120

(1)

Blaming Victims for Ignoring Risk-Reduction Strategies

121

(3)

Victim Defending: Facilitation Is Not the Heart of the Problem

124

(1)

Transcending Victim Blaming and Victim Defending

124

(2)

The Legal Importance of Determining Responsibility

126

(3)

Chapter Summary

129

(1)

Key Terms

129

(1)

Questions for Discussion and Debate

130

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

130

(1)

Suggested Research Topics

130

(1)

6 Victims and the Criminal Justice System: Cooperation and Conflict; Part One: The Police

131

(23)

Victims Versus the Criminal Justice System

132

(1)

What Do Victims Want: Punishment? Treatment? or Restitution?

132

(3)

Victims and the Police

135

(17)

Reporting Incidents

136

(3)

Responding Quickly

139

(1)

Handling Victims with Care

140

(1)

Challenging the Victim's Version of Events

141

(3)

Investigating Complaints and Solving Crimes

144

(4)

Arresting Suspects and Seizing Evidence

148

(1)

Recovering Stolen Property

149

(2)

Measuring Progress toward a Victim-Oriented Police Department

151

(1)

Chapter Summary

152

(1)

Key Terms

152

(1)

Questions for Discussion and Debate

152

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

153

(1)

Suggested Research Projects

153

(1)

7 Victims and the Criminal Justice System: Cooperation and Conflict; Part Two: Prosecutors, Defense Attorneys Judges, and Corrections Officials

154

(25)

Victims and Prosecutors

155

(8)

Assisting Victims and Other Witnesses for the State

156

(1)

Protecting Victims Who Serve as Witnesses for the Prosecution

157

(3)

Dismissing Charges and Rejecting Cases

160

(1)

Negotiating Pleas

161

(2)

Victims and Defense Attorneys

163

(3)

Postponing Hearings

163

(1)

Cross-Examining Witnesses during Trials

164

(2)

Victims and Judges

166

(6)

Granting Bail

166

(1)

Sentencing Offenders

166

(3)

Appealing to the Supreme Court

169

(3)

Victims and Corrections Officials

172

(2)

Keeping Track of Offenders and Receiving Reimbursement from Them

172

(1)

Influencing Parole Board Decisions

172

(2)

And Justice for All?

174

(2)

Recognizing "Second-Class" Treatment

174

(2)

Chapter Summary

176

(1)

Key Terms

177

(1)

Questions for Discussion and Debate

177

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

177

(1)

Suggested Research Projects

178

(1)

8 Children as Victims

179

(33)

The Ongoing Debate Between Maximalists and Minimalists

180

(1)

Missing Children

180

(10)

The Absence of Data Heightens Fears about the Problem

181

(3)

Estimates of the Incidence and Seriousness of the Problem

184

(1)

Hunting for Children Who Have Vanished

185

(3)

The Possibility of the Stockholm Syndrome

188

(1)

Protecting Children

189

(1)

Physically and Sexually Abused Children

190

(12)

The Rediscovery of Child Abuse

190

(1)

How Children Suffer

191

(2)

Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Child Abuse

193

(3)

More Controversies Surrounding Childhood Sexual Abuse

196

(6)

Abused Children and Legal Proceedings

202

(5)

Taking the Best Interests of the Child into Account

203

(1)

The Credibility of Children as Witnesses

204

(1)

Devising Child-Friendly Practices

205

(2)

Proactive Versus Reactive Strategies

207

(1)

Additional Forms of Exploitation and Mistreatment of Young People

208

(1)

Sibling Abuse

208

(1)

Abuse of Adolescents by Parents

208

(1)

Statutory Rape of Minors

209

(1)

Chapter Summary

209

(1)

Key Terms

210

(1)

Questions for Discussion and Debate

210

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

210

(1)

Suggested Research Projects

211

(1)

9 Victims of Violence by Lovers and Family Members

212

(29)

Violence Between Intimates

212

(1)

The Rediscovery of Wife Beating

213

(13)

Blaming Her for His Violent Outbursts

214

(2)

Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Spouse Abuse

216

(4)

Aiding Victims Who Feel Trapped

220

(2)

Battered Women and the Criminal Justice System: Violence Is Violence, or Is It?

222

(4)

The Rediscovery of Battered Husbands

226

(1)

Victim Provocation and Murder: When is the Slaying of a Wife Beater Justified?

227

(6)

The Extent of Intimate Partner Homicides

228

(2)

Arguments Stressing That the Brutal Man Did Not Deserve to Die

230

(1)

Arguments Emphasizing That the Brutal Man Provoked the Lethal Response

231

(2)

The Rediscovery of Other Victims of Beatings

233

(4)

Young Women Battered during Courtship

234

(1)

Abuse of Parents by Adolescents

235

(1)

Elder Abuse

235

(1)

Battering within Same-Sex Relationships

236

(1)

Preventing Battering

237

(1)

Chapter Summary

238

(1)

Key Terms

239

(1)

Questions for Discussion and Debate

239

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

239

(1)

Suggested Research Projects

240

(1)

10 Victims of Rapes and Other Sexual Assaults

241

(34)

The Rediscovery of the Plight of Rape Victims

242

(1)

"Real Rapes" Compared with "Date Rapes"

243

(2)

Victim Precipitation and Rape: Did She Somehow Single Herself Out for Trouble?

245

(4)

Victim-Blaming Views

246

(2)

Victim-Defending Perspectives

248

(1)

The Consequences of Being Sexually Assaulted

249

(1)

Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Rape

250

(3)

Differential Risks of Being Sexually Assaulted and Raped

253

(2)

How the Criminal Justice System Handles Rape Victims

255

(13)

The Controversy over Unfounded Accusations

255

(7)

The Accuser versus the Accused

262

(1)

Unwanted Publicity and Negative Media Portrayals

263

(1)

Rape Shield Laws

264

(1)

Force and Resistance

265

(1)

Corroboration

266

(1)

Arrest, Prosecution, and Adjudication

267

(1)

Crisis Centers: Providing Emergency Assistance

268

(1)

The Rediscovery of More Rape Victims

269

(2)

Wives Raped by their Husbands

269

(1)

Sexually Assaulted Males

270

(1)

Preventing Rape

271

(2)

Chapter Summary

273

(1)

Key Terms

273

(1)

Questions for Discussion and Debate

273

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

274

(1)

Suggested Research Projects

274

(1)

11 Additional Groups of Victims with Special Problems

275

(33)

Victims of Crimes Committed at School

276

(9)

Threats Facing College Students

276

(7)

Threats Facing Middle School and High School Students

283

(2)

Victims of Workplace Violence

285

(3)

Slayings at Work

286

(2)

Individuals Menaced by Stalkers

288

(3)

Stalking: A New Word for an Old Problem

288

(2)

Cyberstalking: A New Word for a New Problem

290

(1)

Law Enforcement Officers Injured and Killed in the Line of Duty

291

(4)

Who, Where, When, and Why

292

(2)

Showing Solidarity

294

(1)

Targets of Hate Crimes

295

(5)

Rediscovering a Very Old Problem

295

(1)

Measuring the Scope of the Problem

296

(3)

Criminal Justice System Reforms

299

(1)

Casualties of Terrorism

300

(6)

Monitoring the Scope of the Problem

301

(2)

Assistance and Recovery

303

(3)

Chapter Summary

306

(1)

Key Terms

306

(1)

Questions for Discussion and Debate

306

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

306

(1)

Suggested Research Projects

307

(1)

12 Repaying Victims

308

(32)

The Costs of Crime

308

(1)

Gaining Restitution from Offenders

309

(10)

Back to Basics

309

(1)

The Rise, Fall, and Rediscovery of Restitution

310

(2)

Divergent Goals, Clashing Philosophies

312

(2)

Opportunities to Make Restitution

314

(2)

Obstacles Undermining Restitution

316

(1)

Evaluating Restitution Programs

317

(2)

Winning Judgments in Civil Court

319

(7)

The Revival of Interest in Civil Lawsuits

319

(1)

The Litigation Process

319

(1)

Possibilities and Pitfalls

320

(2)

Collecting Damages from Third Parties

322

(4)

Collecting Insurance Reimbursements

326

(2)

Private Crime Insurance

326

(1)

Patterns of Loss, Recovery, and Reimbursement

326

(1)

Federal Crime Insurance

327

(1)

Recovering Losses through Victim Compensation Programs

328

(7)

The History of Victim Compensation by Governments

328

(1)

The Debate over Compensation in the United States

329

(2)

How Programs Operate: Similarities and Differences

331

(2)

Monitoring and Evaluating Compensation Programs

333

(2)

Confiscating Profits from Notorious Criminals

335

(2)

Writing and Rewriting the Law

336

(1)

Chapter Summary

337

(1)

Key Terms

338

(1)

Questions for Discussion and Debate

338

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

338

(1)

Suggested Research Projects

339

(1)

13 Victims in the Twenty-First Century: Alternative Directions

340

(35)

Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights within the Criminal Justice System

341

(11)

Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders

343

(3)

Rights Gained at the Expense of the System

346

(1)

Rights Gained at the Expense of Either Offenders, the System, or Both

346

(6)

Toward Retaliatory Justice

352

(10)

Vigilantism's Frontier Origins

352

(2)

Vigilantism versus Legitimate Use of Force in Self-Defense

354

(1)

Would Victims Be Better Off if They Were Armed?

355

(4)

The Dangers of a Drift Back toward Retaliatory Violence

359

(3)

Toward Restorative Justice

362

(10)

The Peacemaking Process

363

(1)

A Brief History of Restorative Justice

364

(2)

How Reconciliation Programs Work

366

(3)

Evaluating Efforts at Reconciliation

369

(1)

Pros and Cons from the Victim's Point of View

370

(1)

The Future of Restorative Justice

371

(1)

Chapter Summary

372

(1)

Key Terms

373

(1)

Questions for Discussion and Debate

373

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

373

(1)

Suggested Research Projects

374

(1)

GLOSSARY

375

(10)

REFERENCES

385

(46)

NAME INDEX

431

(9)

SUBJECT INDEX

440

Crime Victims : An Introduction to Victimology

9780495006039

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