Criminal Investigation

by Bennett, Wayne W.; Hess, Kären M.

• ISBN13: 9780495093404
• ISBN10: 0495093408
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-05-16
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Section One: INTRODUCTION. 1. Criminal Investigation: An Overview. Section Two: BASIC INVESTIGATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES. 2. Documenting the Crime Scene: Note Taking, Photography and Sketching. 3. Writing Reports. 4. Searches. 5. Forensics/Physical Evidence. 6. Obtaining Information. 7. Identifying and Arresting Suspects. Section Three: INVESTIGATING VIOLENT CRIMES. 8. Death Investigations. 9. Assault, Domestic Violence, Stalking and Elder Abuse. 10. Sex Offenses. 11. Crimes against Children. 12. Robbery. Section Four: INVESTIGATING CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY. 13. Burglary. 14. Larceny/Theft, Fraud, and White Collar Crime. 15. Motor Vehicle Theft. 16. Arson, Bombs, and Explosives. Section Five: OTHER CHALLENGES TO THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR. 17. Computer Crime and Its Evolution to Cybercrime. 18. A Dual Threat: Drug-Related Crime and Organized Crime.19. Criminal Activities of Gangs, Hate Groups and Cults. 20. Terrorism and Homeland Security. 21. Preparing for and Presenting Cases in Court.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION	2	(30)
Criminal Investigation: An Overview	4	(28)
Criminal Investigation Definitions	6	(2)
Other Terms Defined	7	(1)
Goals of Criminal Investigations	8	(1)
Basic Functions	8	(1)
Characteristics of an Effective Investigator	9	(3)
Intellectual Characteristics	9	(2)
Psychological Characteristics	11	(1)
Physical Characteristics	12	(1)
An Overview of the Investigative Process	12	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation: Basic Considerations	13	(5)
The Initial Response	13	(1)
The Point of Arrival	14	(1)
Setting Priorities	14	(1)
Handling Emergency Situations	14	(2)
Protecting the Crime Scene	16	(1)
Conducting the Preliminary Investigation	16	(2)
Crime Scene Investigators	18	(1)
The Follow-Up Investigation	19	(1)
Computer-Aided Investigation	19	(2)
Crime Analysis, Mapping, and Geographical Information Systems	20	(1)
Data Mining	21	(1)
Problem-Oriented Policing	21	(1)
Investigative Productivity	21	(1)
The Investigative Function: The Responsibility of All Police Personnel	22	(1)
Interrelationships with Others--Community Policing	23	(3)
Uniformed Patrol	23	(1)
Dispatchers	23	(1)
Prosecutor's Staff	23	(1)
Defense Counsel	24	(1)
Physicians, Coroners, and Medical Examiners	24	(1)
Forensic Crime Laboratories	24	(1)
Citizens	25	(1)
Witnesses	25	(1)
Victims	25	(1)
Witnesses, Victims, and the Media	26	(1)
Major-Case Task Forces	26	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement Resources	27	(1)
Avoiding Civil Liability	27	(2)
Summary	29	(1)
Checklist	29	(1)
Discussion Questions	30	(1)
Media Explorations	30	(1)
Internet	30	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	30	(1)
References	31	(1)
Cases Cited	31	(1)
SECTION 2 BASIC INVESTIGATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES	32	(196)
Documenting the Crime Scene: Note Taking, Photographing, and Sketching	34	(32)
Field Notes: The Basics	36	(3)
When to Take Notes	36	(1)
What to Record	37	(1)
Where to Record Notes	38	(1)
How to Take Notes	38	(1)
Characteristics of Effective Notes	39	(1)
Filing Notes	40	(1)
Admissibility of Notes in Court	40	(1)
Investigative Photography: An Overview	40	(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Photographs	41	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Video	41	(1)
Basic Photographic Equipment	42	(2)
Training in and Using Investigative Photography	44	(2)
Digital Cameras	44	(1)
What to Photograph or Videotape	45	(1)
Errors to Avoid	46	(1)
Types of Investigative Photography	46	(3)
Surveillance Photography	46	(1)
Aerial Photography	47	(1)
Night Photography	47	(1)
Laboratory Photography	47	(1)
Mug Shots	48	(1)
Lineup Photographs	49	(1)
Identifying, Filing, and Maintaining Security of Evidence	49	(1)
Identifying	49	(1)
Filing	49	(1)
Maintaining Security	49	(1)
Admissibility of Photographs in Court	50	(1)
Authenticating Digital Images	50	(1)
Crime Scene Sketches: An Overview	50	(1)
The Rough Sketch	51	(1)
Sketching Materials	51	(1)
Steps in Sketching the Crime Scene	51	(6)
Step One: Observe and Plan	51	(1)
Step Two: Measure and Outline the Area	52	(2)
Step Three: Plot Objects and Evidence	54	(1)
Step Four: Take Notes	55	(2)
Step Five: Identify the Scene	57	(1)
Step Six: Reassess the Sketch	57	(1)
File the Sketch	57	(1)
The Finished Scale Drawing	58	(1)
Computer-Assisted Drawing	58	(4)
Admissibility of Sketches and Drawings in Court	62	(1)
Summary	63	(1)
Checklists	63	(1)
Discussion Questions	64	(1)
Media Explorations	65	(1)
Internet	65	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	65	(1)
References	65	(1)
Writing Effective Reports	66	(22)
The Importance of Reports	68	(1)
Uses of Reports	69	(2)
The Audience	71	(1)
Common Problems with Many Police Reports	71	(1)
The Well-Written Report: From Start to Finish	71	(10)
Organizing Information	71	(1)
Structuring the Narrative	72	(1)
Characteristics of Effective Reports: Content and Form	72	(9)
Taping and Dictating Reports	81	(1)
Computerized Report Writing	82	(1)
Evaluating Your Report	82	(1)
Citizen Online Report Writing	82	(1)
The Final Report	83	(1)
A Final Note on the Importance of Well-Written Reports	83	(3)
Summary	86	(1)
Checklist	86	(1)
Discussion Questions	86	(1)
Media Explorations	86	(1)
Internet	86	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	86	(1)
References	87	(1)
Searches	88	(24)
Legal Searches and the Fourth Amendment	90	(6)
Search with a Warrant	90	(2)
Search with Consent	92	(1)
Patdown or Frisk during a ``Stop''	93	(1)
Search Following an Arrest	94	(1)
Search in an Emergency Situation	94	(1)
Warrantless Searches of Vehicles	94	(2)
Basic Limitation on Searches	96	(1)
The Exclusionary Rule	96	(2)
The Crime Scene Search	98	(1)
Organizing the Crime Scene Search	98	(1)
Physical Evidence	98	(1)
Search Patterns	99	(3)
Exterior Searches	99	(1)
Interior Searches	99	(2)
General Guidelines	101	(1)
Plain-View Evidence	101	(1)
Plain Feel/Touch	102	(1)
Other Types of Investigatory Searches	102	(4)
Building Searches	102	(1)
Trash or Garbage Can Searches	103	(1)
Vehicle Searches	103	(1)
Suspect Searches	104	(1)
Dead Body Searches	105	(1)
Underwater Searches	106	(1)
Use of Dogs in a Search	106	(2)
Summary	108	(1)
Checklist	108	(1)
Discussion Questions	108	(1)
Media Explorations	109	(1)
Internet	109	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	109	(1)
References	109	(1)
Cases Cited	110	(2)
Forensics/Physical Evidence	112	(46)
Definitions	114	(1)
Investigative Equipment	115	(3)
Selecting Equipment	116	(1)
Equipment Containers	116	(1)
Transporting Equipment	117	(1)
Training in Equipment Use	117	(1)
Crime Scene Integrity and Contamination of Evidence	118	(1)
Processing Evidence: From Discovery to Disposal	119	(7)
Discovering or Recognizing Evidence	119	(1)
Collecting, Marking, and Identifying Evidence	120	(1)
Packaging and Preserving Evidence	121	(1)
Transporting Evidence	122	(1)
Protecting and Storing Evidence	122	(3)
Exhibiting Evidence in Court	125	(1)
Final Disposition of Evidence	125	(1)
Frequently Examined Evidence	126	(26)
Fingerprints	126	(6)
Voiceprints	132	(1)
Language Analysis	132	(1)
Human DNA Profiling	133	(4)
Blood and Other Body Fluids	137	(1)
Scent	138	(2)
Hair and Fibers	140	(1)
Shoe and Tire Impressions	141	(1)
Bite Marks	142	(1)
Tools and Tool Marks	143	(1)
Firearms and Ammunition	144	(3)
Glass	147	(1)
Soils and Minerals	147	(1)
Safe Insulation	148	(1)
Ropes, Strings, and Tapes	149	(1)
Drugs	149	(1)
Bioterror Agents	149	(1)
Documents	150	(1)
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Marks	150	(1)
Paint	151	(1)
Skeletal Remains	151	(1)
Wood	151	(1)
Other Types of Evidence	151	(1)
Evidence Handling and Infectious Disease	152	(2)
Summary	154	(1)
Checklist	155	(1)
Discussion Questions	155	(1)
Media Explorations	156	(1)
Internet	156	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	156	(1)
References	156	(1)
Cases Cited	157	(1)
Obtaining Information	158	(32)
Sources of Information	160	(2)
Reports, Records, and Databases	160	(1)
The Internet	161	(1)
Complainants, Witnesses, Victims, and Informants	161	(1)
Suspects	162	(1)
Interviewing and Interrogating	162	(4)
Characteristics of an Effective Interviewer/Interrogator	162	(2)
Enhancing Communication	164	(1)
Effective Questioning Techniques	165	(1)
The Interview	166	(3)
Advance Planning	166	(1)
Selecting the Time and Place	166	(1)
Beginning the Interview	167	(1)
Establishing Rapport	167	(1)
Networking an Interview	167	(1)
Avoiding Contaminating the Interview	168	(1)
Statements	168	(1)
Closing the Interview	169	(1)
The Interrogation	169	(10)
The Miranda Warning	170	(3)
The ``Question First'' or ``Beachheading'' Technique	173	(1)
The Interplay of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments	173	(1)
Foreign Nationals, the Vienna Convention Treaty, and Diplomatic Immunity	174	(1)
Selecting the Time and Place	174	(1)
Starting the Interrogation	175	(1)
Establishing Rapport	175	(1)
Approaches to Interrogation	176	(1)
Using Persuasion during Interrogation	176	(1)
Ethics and the Use of Deception	177	(1)
Third-Degree Tactics	177	(1)
Recording Interrogations	178	(1)
Admissions and Confessions	178	(1)
Questioning Children and Juveniles	179	(2)
Evaluating and Corroborating Information	181	(2)
Breaking a ``Pat'' Story	181	(1)
Detecting Deception	181	(2)
Scientific Aids to Obtaining and Evaluating Information	183	(2)
The Polygraph and Voice Stress Tests	183	(1)
Hypnosis and Truth Serums	184	(1)
Use of Psychics and Profilers	185	(1)
Sharing Information	185	(2)
Summary	187	(1)
Checklist	187	(1)
Discussion Questions	188	(1)
Media Explorations	188	(1)
Internet	188	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	188	(1)
References	188	(1)
Cases Cited	189	(1)
Identifying and Arresting Suspects	190	(38)
Identifying Suspects at the Scene	192	(8)
Identification by Driver's License	192	(1)
Mobile Identification Technology	192	(1)
Field Identification/Show-Up Identification	192	(1)
Developing a Suspect	193	(1)
Victims and Witnesses	193	(1)
Mug Shots	194	(1)
Composite Drawings and Sketches	194	(1)
Developing a Suspect through Modus Operandi Information	195	(1)
Psychological or Criminal Profiling and Geographic Profiling	196	(1)
Racial Profiling	197	(1)
Tracking	198	(1)
Other Identification Aids	198	(1)
Information in Police Files and Files of Other Agencies	199	(1)
Informants	200	(1)
Locating Suspects	200	(1)
Identifying Suspects	201	(4)
Photographic Identification	201	(1)
Lineup Identification	202	(2)
Establishing the Reliability of an Identification	204	(1)
Biometric Identification	205	(1)
Surveillance, Undercover Assignments, and Raids: The Last Resort	205	(1)
Surveillance	205	(6)
The Surveillant	206	(1)
The Subject	206	(1)
Types of Surveillance	206	(2)
Avoiding Detection	208	(1)
Surveillance Equipment	208	(1)
Aerial Surveillance	209	(1)
Visual/Video Surveillance	209	(1)
Audio or Electronic Surveillance	210	(1)
Surveillance and the Constitution	211	(1)
Undercover Assignments	211	(1)
Raids	212	(2)
Planning a Raid	213	(1)
Executing a Raid	213	(1)
SWAT Teams	214	(1)
Legal Arrests	214	(3)
Off-Duty Arrests	217	(1)
Avoiding Civil Liability When Making Arrests	217	(6)
False Arrest	217	(1)
Use of Force	217	(2)
Less-Lethal Weapons	219	(1)
Use of Deadly Force	220	(2)
Use of Force Reports	222	(1)
Summary	223	(1)
Checklists	223	(1)
Discussion Questions	224	(1)
Media Explorations	225	(1)
Internet	225	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	225	(1)
References	225	(2)
Cases Cited	227	(1)
SECTION 3 INVESTIGATING VIOLENT CRIMES	228	(144)
Death Investigations	232	(36)
Classification of Deaths	234	(2)
Natural Causes	234	(1)
Accidental Deaths	234	(1)
Suicide	235	(1)
Homicide	235	(1)
Elements of the Crime	236	(1)
Challenges in Investigation	237	(1)
Equivocal Death	238	(1)
Suicide	239	(1)
Suicide by Police	239	(1)
Suicide of Police Officers	240	(1)
Preliminary Investigation of Homicide	240	(2)
Determining That Death Has Occurred	241	(1)
The Focus of the Homicide Investigation	241	(1)
Discovering and Identifying the Victim	242	(1)
Estimating the Time of Death	243	(4)
Recent Death	244	(1)
Death That Occurred One Half Hour to Four Days Prior	244	(2)
Many Days after Death	246	(1)
Effects of Water	247	(1)
Factors Suggesting a Change in the Victim's Routine	247	(1)
The Medical Examination	247	(2)
Exhuming a Body for Medical Examination	248	(1)
Unnatural Causes of Death and Method Used	249	(6)
Gunshot Wounds	249	(1)
Stabbing and Cutting Wounds	250	(1)
Blows from Blunt Objects	251	(1)
Asphyxia	251	(1)
Other Types of Autoerotic Death	252	(1)
Poisoning	253	(1)
Burning	253	(1)
Explosions, Electrocution, and Lightning	253	(1)
Drug-Related Deaths	254	(1)
Vehicular Deaths	255	(1)
The Homicide Victim	255	(1)
Domestic-Violence Homicide	256	(1)
Law Enforcement Officers Killed	256	(1)
Witnesses	256	(1)
Suspects	256	(4)
Mass Murderers	257	(1)
Serial Killers	257	(3)
Lust Murderers	260	(1)
Lethal Predators	260	(1)
Cold Cases	260	(1)
Death Notification	261	(1)
Strategies for Reducing Homicide	262	(2)
Summary	264	(1)
Checklist	265	(1)
Application	265	(1)
Discussion Questions	265	(1)
Media Explorations	266	(1)
Internet	266	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	266	(1)
References	266	(1)
Case Cited	267	(1)
Assault, Domestic Violence, Stalking, and Elder Abuse	268	(26)
Assault: An Overview	270	(1)
Classification	270	(1)
Legal Force	270	(1)
Elements of the Crime	271	(1)
Simple Assault	271	(1)
Aggravated Assault	271	(1)
Attempted Assault	271	(1)
Special Challenges in Investigation	272	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	272	(2)
Proving the Elements of Assault	273	(1)
Evidence in Assault Investigations	273	(1)
Investigating Domestic Violence	274	(9)
History of Domestic Violence: From Male Privilege to Criminal Act	274	(1)
The Cycle of Violence	274	(1)
Prevalence of Domestic Violence and Its Victims	275	(2)
Predictors and Precipitators of Domestic Violence	277	(1)
The Police Response	278	(3)
Effectiveness of Various Interventions	281	(1)
Restraining Orders	282	(1)
Legislation	282	(1)
Avoiding Lawsuits	283	(1)
Investigating Stalking	283	(3)
Types of Stalking	283	(1)
Legislation and Department Policies	284	(1)
The Police Response	284	(2)
Investigating Elder Abuse	286	(4)
Prevalence and Nature of Elder Abuse	286	(2)
Indicators of Elder Abuse	288	(1)
The Police Response	288	(1)
Reducing Elder Abuse	289	(1)
Summary	290	(1)
Checklist	290	(1)
Application	290	(1)
Discussion Questions	291	(1)
Media Explorations	291	(1)
Internet	291	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	291	(1)
References	291	(2)
Cases Cited	293	(1)
Sex Offenses	294	(22)
Investigating Obscene Telephone Calls	296	(1)
Investigating Human Trafficking	296	(1)
Classification of Sex Offenses	297	(1)
Other Sex Offense Terminology	298	(1)
Rape/Sexual Assault	298	(2)
Elements of the Crime of Rape	299	(1)
Sex Offenders	300	(1)
Information to Obtain	300	(1)
Challenges to Investigation	300	(2)
Blind Reporting	301	(1)
The Police Response	302	(3)
Physical Evidence	303	(1)
Anchorage's Antirape Unit	304	(1)
Investigating Date Rape	304	(1)
The Victim's Medical Examination	305	(1)
Interviewing the Victim	306	(2)
Establishing the Behavioral Profile in Sex Offense Cases	307	(1)
Ending the Victim Interview	308	(1)
Follow-Up Investigation	308	(1)
Interviewing Witnesses	308	(1)
Taking a Suspect into Custody and Interrogation	308	(1)
Coordination with Other Agencies	309	(1)
Prosecution of Rape and Statutory Charges	309	(1)
False Reports	310	(1)
Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders after Sentences Served	310	(1)
Sex Offender Registry and Notification	310	(3)
Summary	313	(1)
Checklist	313	(1)
Application	313	(1)
Discussion Questions	314	(1)
Media Explorations	314	(1)
Internet	314	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	314	(1)
References	314	(1)
Cases Cited	315	(1)
Crimes against Children and Youths	316	(36)
Classification	318	(1)
Other Terminology	319	(1)
The Extent of the Problem	320	(1)
The Effects of Child Abuse	321	(1)
The Cycle of Abuse	321	(1)
Challenges to Investigation	321	(2)
Protecting the Child	322	(1)
Difficulty in Interviewing Children	322	(1)
Credibility Concerns	322	(1)
The Need to Involve Other Agencies: The Multidisciplinary Team Approach	323	(1)
The Initial Report	323	(1)
The Police Response	324	(1)
Interviewing Abused Children	324	(2)
Sample Protocol	326	(1)
Evidence	327	(1)
Indicators of Child Neglect and Abuse	327	(1)
The Suspect	328	(3)
The Parent as Suspect	328	(3)
Sex Crimes by Other Children	331	(1)
The Nonparent Suspect	331	(1)
The Pedophile	331	(2)
Child Sexual Abuse Rings	332	(1)
Cults	332	(1)
Victimology	332	(1)
Offender Reactions	332	(1)
Child Pornography and Sexual Exploitation	333	(2)
Models to Combat Child Sexual Exploitation	334	(1)
Federal Agencies Working against Child Pornography	334	(1)
International Initiatives	335	(1)
Internet Sex Crimes against Children	335	(3)
Investigating Cybersex Offenders	336	(2)
Prostitution of Juveniles	338	(1)
Missing Children: Runaway or Abducted?	339	(5)
Runaway Children	340	(1)
Abducted Children	340	(1)
Investigating a Missing Child Report	341	(1)
Additional Resources Available	342	(1)
Child Abduction Homicides	343	(1)
Mass Murders in Our Schools	344	(2)
Children as Witnesses in Court	346	(1)
Preventing Crimes against Children	346	(2)
Summary	348	(1)
Checklist	348	(1)
Application	348	(1)
Discussion Questions	349	(1)
Media Explorations	350	(1)
Internet	350	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	350	(1)
References	350	(1)
Cases Cited	351	(1)
Robbery	352	(20)
Robbery: An Overview	354	(2)
Classification	356	(3)
Residential Robberies	356	(1)
Commercial Robberies	356	(1)
Street Robberies	357	(1)
Vehicle-Driver Robberies	358	(1)
Carjacking	358	(1)
Elements of the Crime: Robbery	359	(1)
Wrongful Taking of Personal Property	359	(1)
From the Person or in the Presence of the Person	359	(1)
Against the Person's Will by Use of Force or Threat of Force	360	(1)
Special Challenges in Investigation	360	(3)
Hostage Situations	361	(2)
The Preliminary Investigation	363	(1)
Proving the Elements of the Offense	363	(1)
The Elements of Robbery	363	(1)
The Complete Investigation	364	(3)
Identifying the Suspect	365	(1)
Establishing the Modus Operandi	366	(1)
Physical Evidence	367	(1)
Mapping Robbery	367	(1)
False Robbery Reports	367	(1)
Summary	368	(1)
Checklist	368	(1)
Application	368	(2)
Discussion Questions	370	(1)
Media Explorations	370	(1)
Internet	370	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	370	(1)
References	371	(1)
SECTION 4 INVESTIGATING CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY	372	(102)
Burglary	374	(18)
Burglary versus Robbery	376	(1)
Classification	376	(2)
Residential Burglaries	377	(1)
Commercial Burglaries	378	(1)
Elements of the Crime: Burglary	378	(1)
Entering a Structure	378	(1)
Without the Consent of the Person in Possession	378	(1)
With Intent to Commit a Crime	379	(1)
Additional Elements	379	(1)
Establishing the Severity of the Burglary	379	(1)
Elements of the Crime: Possession of Burglary Tools	379	(1)
The Burglar	380	(1)
Responding to a Burglary Call	380	(1)
False Burglar Alarms	380	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	381	(1)
Preliminary Investigation of Residential Burglaries	381	(1)
Preliminary Investigation of Commercial Burglaries	382	(1)
Fake Burglaries	382	(1)
Determining Entry into Structures	382	(1)
Determining Entry into Safes and Vaults	383	(1)
Obtaining Physical Evidence	384	(2)
Modus Operandi Factors	386	(1)
Effective Case Management	386	(1)
Recovering Stolen Property	387	(1)
The Offense of Receiving Stolen Goods	387	(1)
Sting Operations	388	(1)
Preventing Burglary	388	(1)
Summary	389	(1)
Checklist	389	(1)
Application	389	(1)
Discussion Questions	390	(1)
Media Explorations	390	(1)
Internet	390	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	390	(1)
References	390	(2)
Larceny/Theft, Fraud, and White-Collar Crime	392	(34)
Larceny/Theft: An Overview	394	(1)
Elements of the Crime	394	(1)
Classification of Larceny/Theft	395	(1)
Found Property	396	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	396	(1)
Types of Larceny/Theft	396	(9)
Pickpockets and Purse Snatchers	396	(1)
Retail Shrinkage: Employee Theft, Shoplifting, and Vendor Theft/Fraud	397	(3)
Bicycle Theft	400	(1)
Mail Theft	401	(1)
Jewelry Theft	401	(1)
Art Theft	402	(1)
Numismatic Theft: Coins, Metals, and Paper Money	402	(1)
Agricultural Theft	402	(2)
Fish and Wildlife Theft	404	(1)
Cargo Theft	404	(1)
Proving the Elements of the Crime	405	(1)
Fraud	406	(10)
Confidence Games	406	(1)
Real Estate and Mortgage Fraud	407	(1)
Insurance Fraud	407	(1)
Health Care Fraud	408	(1)
Telephone Fraud	408	(1)
Mail Fraud	409	(1)
Counterfeiting	409	(1)
Check Fraud	410	(1)
Debit and Credit Card Fraud	411	(1)
Identify Fraud/Theft	412	(4)
White-Collar Crime	416	(6)
Corporate Fraud	417	(1)
Money Laundering	418	(1)
Embezzlement	419	(1)
Environmental Crime	420	(2)
Summary	422	(1)
Checklist	422	(1)
Application	423	(1)
Discussion Questions	423	(1)
Media Explorations	423	(1)
Internet	423	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	424	(1)
References	424	(2)
Motor Vehicle Theft	426	(24)
Motor Vehicle Identification	428	(1)
Classification of Motor Vehicle Theft	429	(2)
Joyriding	429	(1)
Transportation	429	(1)
Commission of Another Crime	430	(1)
Stripping for Parts and Accessories	430	(1)
Reselling	431	(1)
Elements of the Crime	431	(1)
Unauthorized Use of a Motor Vehicle	431	(1)
Motor Vehicle Embezzlement	432	(1)
Interstate Transportation	432	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	433	(1)
Common Tools and Methods	434	(1)
Insurance Fraud	434	(1)
Vehicle Cloning	434	(1)
Cooperating Agencies in Motor Vehicle Theft	434	(1)
The FBI	435	(1)
The National Insurance Crime Bureau	435	(1)
Recognizing a Stolen Motor Vehicle or an Unauthorized Driver	435	(1)
Recovering an Abandoned or Stolen Motor Vehicle	436	(1)
Combating Motor Vehicle Theft	437	(3)
Routine Activities and Motor Vehicle Theft	438	(1)
Border-Area Auto Theft	439	(1)
Theft of Patrol Cars	439	(1)
Preventing Auto Theft	440	(1)
Thefts of Trucks, Construction Vehicles, Aircraft, and Other Motorized Vehicles	440	(7)
Trucks and Trailers	440	(1)
Construction Vehicles and Equipment	441	(1)
Recreational Vehicles	442	(1)
Motorized Boats and Jet Skis	442	(3)
Snowmobiles	445	(1)
Motorcycles, Motor Scooters, and Mopeds	445	(1)
Aircraft	445	(2)
Summary	447	(1)
Checklist	447	(1)
Application	448	(1)
Discussion Questions	448	(1)
Media Explorations	448	(1)
Internet	448	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	448	(1)
References	449	(1)
Arson, Bombs, and Explosives	450	(24)
Classification of Fires	452	(1)
Elements of the Crime	452	(1)
Willful, Malicious Burning of a Building or Property	453	(1)
Of Another or of One's Own to Defraud	453	(1)
Causing to be Burned, or Aiding, Counseling, or Procuring the Burning	453	(1)
Classification of Arson	453	(1)
Aggravated and Simple Arson	453	(1)
Attempted Arson	453	(1)
Setting Negligent Fires	454	(1)
The Model Arson Law	454	(1)
The Arsonist	454	(1)
Juvenile Firesetting	454	(1)
Motivation	454	(1)
Police and Fire Department Cooperation	455	(1)
Fire Department Expertise	456	(1)
Police Department Expertise	456	(1)
Coordinating Efforts	456	(1)
Other Sources of Assistance in Investigating Arson	456	(2)
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives	457	(1)
News Media	457	(1)
Insurance Companies	457	(1)
Arson Task Forces	457	(1)
Special Challenges in Investigation	458	(1)
Responding to the Scene	458	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	458	(5)
The Fire Triangle	459	(1)
Arson Indicators	459	(2)
Summary of Arson Indicators	461	(1)
Photographing and Videotaping an Arson Fire	462	(1)
Physical Evidence	462	(1)
Using K-9s in Arson Investigations	463	(1)
Evidence on a Suspect, at a Residence, or in a Vehicle	463	(1)
Observing Unusual Circumstances	463	(1)
Interviewing the Victim, Witnesses, and Firefighters	463	(1)
Search Warrants and Fire Investigations	463	(1)
Investigating Vehicle Arson	464	(1)
Prosecuting Arsonists	464	(1)
Preventing Arson	465	(1)
Investigating Bombings and Explosions	465	(1)
Responding to a Bomb Threat	466	(2)
Using Technology in Detecting Explosives	467	(1)
Using K-9s in Detecting Explosives	467	(1)
Using Robots	467	(1)
Investigating Bomb Explosions	468	(2)
Raising Awareness	468	(1)
Importance of the Team Approach	468	(2)
Summary	470	(1)
Checklist	470	(1)
Application	471	(1)
Discussion Questions	472	(1)
Media Explorations	472	(1)
Internet	472	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	472	(1)
References	472	(1)
Cases Cited	473	(1)
SECTION 5 OTHER CHALLENGES TO THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR	474	(171)
Computer Crime and Its Evolution Into Cybercrime	476	(36)
The Scope and Cost of the Problem	479	(2)
Terminology and Definitions	481	(2)
The Net versus the Web	482	(1)
Live Chat and Internet Messaging	483	(1)
Classification and Types of Computer Crimes	483	(4)
The Computer as Target	484	(1)
The Computer as Tool	485	(2)
Special Challenges in Investigation	487	(1)
Search Warrents	488	(1)
Investigative Tools and Equipment	488	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	488	(10)
Securing and Evaluating the Scene	489	(1)
Recognizing Evidence--Traditional and Digital	490	(2)
Documenting Digital Evidence	492	(2)
Collecting Physical and Digital Evidence	494	(3)
Packaging, Transporting, and Storing Digital and Other Computer Crime Evidence	497	(1)
Forensic Examination of Computer Evidence	498	(1)
Data Analysis and Recovery	498	(1)
Legal Considerations in Collecting and Analyzing Computer Evidence	499	(1)
Follow-Up Investigation	500	(3)
Developing Suspects	500	(3)
Undercover Investigation and Surveillance	503	(1)
Legislation	503	(1)
Security of the Police Department's Computers	504	(1)
The Investigative Team	504	(1)
Resources Available	505	(1)
Preventing Computer Crime	506	(2)
Summary	508	(1)
Checklist	508	(1)
Application	509	(1)
Discussion Questions	509	(1)
Media Explorations	509	(1)
Internet	509	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	510	(1)
References	510	(2)
A Dual Threat: Drug-Related Crime and Organized Crime	512	(38)
Seriousness and Extent of the Drug Problem	514	(1)
Legal Definitions and Problems	514	(1)
Identification and Classification of Controlled Drugs	515	(9)
Powder Cocaine and Crack	515	(2)
Heroin	517	(1)
Marijuana	518	(1)
Methamphetamine	518	(2)
Club Drugs	520	(1)
Prescription Drugs	520	(1)
Inhalants	521	(1)
Khat	521	(1)
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs	521	(1)
Other Narcotics and Drugs	521	(3)
Investigating Illegal Possession or Use of Controlled Substances	524	(2)
Recognizing the Drug Addict: Drug-Recognition Experts	524	(1)
Physical Evidence of Possession or Use of Controlled Substances	524	(1)
In-Custody Deaths	525	(1)
Investigating Illegal Sale and Distribution of Controlled Substances	526	(4)
On Sight Arrests	527	(1)
Surveillance	528	(1)
Undercover Assignments	528	(2)
Narcotics Raids	530	(1)
Drug Paraphernalia Stores	530	(1)
Online Drug Dealers	530	(1)
Clandestine Drug Laboratories	530	(4)
Identifying a Clandestine Lab	532	(1)
Entering a Clandestine Drug Lab	533	(1)
Cleanup of Clandestine Drug Labs	534	(1)
Indoor Marijuana Growing Operations	534	(1)
Investigative Aids	534	(1)
Agency Cooperation	535	(1)
Drug Asset Forfeitures	535	(1)
Preventing Problems with Illegal Drugs: Community Partnerships	536	(1)
Organized Crime: An Overview	536	(2)
Characteristics of Organized Crime	537	(1)
Applicable Laws against Organized Crime	538	(1)
Major Activities of Organized Crime	538	(1)
Victimless Crimes	538	(1)
Loan-Sharking	539	(1)
Money Laundering and the Infiltration of Legitimate Business	539	(1)
The Threat of Specific Organized Crime Groups	539	(3)
Italian Organized Crime	539	(1)
Asian Organized Crime	540	(1)
Latino Organized Crime	540	(1)
African Organized Crime	541	(1)
Russian Organized Crime	542	(1)
Organized Crime and Corruption	542	(1)
The Police Response	542	(1)
Agencies Cooperating in Investigating Organized Crime	543	(1)
Methods to Combat Organized Crime	544	(1)
Investigative Aids	544	(1)
Asset Forfeiture	545	(1)
The Decline of Organized Crime?	545	(1)
Summary	546	(1)
Checklists	546	(1)
Application	547	(1)
Discussion Questions	548	(1)
Media Explorations	548	(1)
Internet	548	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	548	(1)
References	548	(1)
Case Cited	549	(1)
Criminal Activities of Gangs and Other Dangerous Groups	550	(32)
The Threat of Gangs: An Overview	552	(1)
Gangs Defined	552	(1)
Extent of Gangs	553	(1)
Gang Migration	553	(1)
Why People Join Gangs	553	(1)
Types of Gangs	554	(1)
Girl Gangs	554	(1)
Ethnic Gangs	554	(1)
Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs	555	(1)
Prison Gangs	555	(1)
Gangs, Organized Crime, and Terrorism	555	(1)
Gang Culture, Membership, and Organization	555	(1)
Turf and Graffiti	556	(1)
Symbols	556	(1)
Gang Activities	556	(2)
Gangs and Drugs	557	(1)
Recognizing a Gang Problem	558	(1)
Warning Signs of a Gang Problem	559	(1)
Identifying Gang Members	559	(1)
Records to Keep	560	(1)
Investigating Illegal Gang Activity	560	(2)
Reading and Responding to Graffiti	562	(1)
Challenges in Investigating Illegal Gang Activities	562	(1)
Approaches to the Gang Problem	562	(2)
Suppression	563	(1)
Gang Units	563	(1)
Gang Impact Teams	564	(1)
Civil Gang Injunctions and Ordinances	564	(1)
Collaborative Efforts	564	(1)
Gangs and Community Policing	564	(1)
Prosecuting Gang-Related Crimes	564	(1)
Federal Efforts to Combat the Gang Problem	565	(1)
Bias/Hate Crime: An Overview	566	(1)
Motivation for Hate Crime	566	(1)
Hate Groups	567	(1)
The Police Response	568	(2)
Investigating Hate Crimes on the Internet	570	(1)
Reporting Bias/Hate Crimes	570	(1)
Efforts to Combat Bias/Hate Crimes	570	(1)
Legislation	570	(1)
Ritualistic Crime: An Overview	571	(1)
Terminology and Symbols of Cults	572	(1)
Symbols	572	(1)
The Nature of Ritualistic Crimes	573	(1)
Who Commits Ritualistic Crime?	574	(1)
Investigating Ritualistic Crimes	574	(3)
Signs of Cult-Related Activity	574	(1)
Ritualistic Crimes	575	(1)
Investigating Animal Deaths	575	(1)
Investigating Homicides	576	(1)
Investigating Satanic Serial Killings	576	(1)
Investigating Youth Suicides	576	(1)
Special Challenges in Ritualistic Crime Investigations	577	(1)
Summary	578	(1)
Checklist	578	(1)
Application	579	(1)
Discussion Questions	579	(1)
Media Explorations	579	(1)
Internet	579	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	580	(1)
References	580	(1)
Case Cited	581	(1)
Terrorism and Homeland Security	582	(30)
Terrorism: An Overview	585	(1)
Terrorism Defined	585	(1)
Motivations for Terrorism	585	(1)
Classification of Terrorist Acts	585	(3)
Domestic Terrorism	585	(1)
International Terrorism	586	(2)
The Dual Threat	588	(1)
Terrorist Groups in the United States	588	(1)
White Supremacists	588	(1)
Black Supremacists	588	(1)
The Militia Movement	588	(1)
Other Right-Wing Extremists	588	(1)
Left-Wing Extremists	589	(1)
Pro-Life Extremists	589	(1)
Animal Rights Extremists	589	(1)
Environmental Extremists	589	(1)
Terrorists as Criminals	590	(1)
Methods Used by Terrorists	590	(4)
Explosives and Bombs	590	(2)
Weapons of Mass Destruction	592	(1)
Technological Terrorism	593	(1)
Finding Terrorism	594	(1)
Money Laundering	594	(1)
The Federal Response to Terrorism	594	(3)
The Department of Homeland Security	594	(1)
The USA Patriot Act	595	(2)
Controversy over the USA Patriot Act	597	(1)
Hometown Security and Homeland Security	597	(1)
Investigating Possible Terrorist Activities	598	(2)
The Link between Terrorism and White-Collar Crime	599	(1)
The Typical Stages in a Terrorist Attack	599	(1)
Information Gathering and Intelligence Sharing	600	(1)
The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan	601	(1)
Crucial Collaborations and Partnerships	601	(1)
Initiatives to Assist in the Fight against Terrorism	601	(2)
Increased Border Security	602	(1)
Community Vulnerability Assessment Methodology	602	(1)
The National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism	602	(1)
The Center for Food Protection and Defense	602	(1)
The National Incident Management System	603	(1)
Joint Terrorism Task Forces	603	(1)
The Role of the Media in the War on Terrorism	603	(1)
Concerns Related to the War on Terrorism	603	(2)
Concern for Civil Rights	604	(1)
Retaliation or Discrimination against People of Middle Eastern Descent	604	(1)
Community Policing and Homeland Security	605	(2)
Being Proactive	605	(2)
Summary	607	(1)
Checklist	607	(1)
Application	607	(1)
Discussion Questions	608	(1)
Media Explorations	608	(1)
Internet	608	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	608	(1)
References	608	(3)
Cases Cited	611	(1)
Useful Resources	611	(1)
Preparing for and Presenting Cases in Court	612	(33)
The Final Report	614	(1)
The Complaint	614	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation Report	614	(1)
Follow-Up Reports	614	(1)
Statements, Admissions, and Confessions	614	(1)
Laboratory Reports	615	(1)
The Role of the Prosecutor	615	(1)
Nonprosecution	615	(1)
Preparing a Case for Prosecution	616	(3)
Review and Evaluate Evidence	616	(2)
Review Reports	618	(1)
Prepare Witnesses	618	(1)
Pretrial Conference	618	(1)
Final Preparations	619	(1)
The Trial	619	(1)
The American Adversary System	620	(1)
Sequence of a Criminal Trial	620	(1)
While Waiting to Testify	621	(1)
Testifying under Direct Examination	621	(3)
Nonverbal Factors	623	(1)
Strategies for Excelling as a Witness	624	(2)
Expert Testimony	624	(2)
Testifying under Cross-Examination	626	(3)
Handling Objections	628	(1)
Concluding Your Testimony	629	(1)
Advice on Testifying from a Seasoned, ``Officer of the Year'' Investigator	629	(3)
Summary	632	(1)
Checklist	632	(1)
Discussion Questions	633	(1)
Media Explorations	633	(1)
Internet	633	(1)
Crime and Evidence in Action	633	(1)
References	633	(1)
Cases Cited	634	(1)
APPENDIXES
Appendix A: Sudden In-Custody Death: An Investigator's Checklist	635	(4)
Appendix B: Death Scene Checklist	639	(4)
Appendix C: Bias Offense Report	643	(2)
Glossary	645	(14)
Credits	659	(2)
Author Index	661	(4)
Subject Index	665