Criminal Investigation: The Art And The Science

by Lyman, Michael D.

• ISBN13: 9780131198777
• ISBN10: 0131198777
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This book presents crime detection as a dynamic field relying heavily on the past experiences of investigators as well as recent practical and technological innovations. It explores the many external variables that can influence the investigator's success and the specific methods of crime detection and prosecution of law available today. The book also presents, in a logical flow, the steps and considerations observed in an actual criminal investigation.A six-part organization covers the fundamentals of criminal investigation, the investigation process, interpersonal violence, property crimes, vice crimes and related offenses, and prosecution.For anyone interested in thinking like a detective, and understanding the who, what, whyand more, behind a crime scene investigation.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xix
About the Author	xxi
PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION	1	(32)
Criminal Investigation: An Overview	1	(19)
Introduction	1	(1)
The Romance and Reality of Crime Solving	1	(2)
Criminal Investigation and Our English Heritage	3	(3)
The Bow Street Runners	4	(1)
The London Metropolitan Police	5	(1)
The Creation of Scotland Yard	5	(1)
Criminal Investigation in America	6	(3)
The Pinkerton National Detective Agency	7	(1)
Prohibition	8	(1)
The Creation of the FBI	8	(1)
The Increase of Forensic Science Crime Detection	9	(1)
Criminal Investigation Research	9	(3)
The RAND Corporation Study	9	(2)
The PERF Study	11	(1)
The Objectives of Criminal Investigation	12	(1)
The Emergence of the Police Specialist	13	(1)
Types of Investigations	13	(1)
Crime Scene Investigators (CSIs)	13	(1)
Major Case Task Forces	14	(1)
Modes of Investigation	15	(1)
The Role of the Criminal Investigator	15	(3)
Characteristics of the Investigator	16	(1)
Gathering Information	16	(1)
Field Operations	16	(1)
Arrests	17	(1)
Patrol Investigations	17	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	18	(1)
Discussion Questions	19	(1)
Class Project	19	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	20	(13)
Introduction	20	(1)
Performing the Preliminary Investigation	20	(1)
The Role of Evidence at the Crime Scene	21	(2)
Types of Evidence	22	(1)
The First Officer's Responsibilities	23	(5)
Arrival at the Scene	24	(1)
Identification and Separation of Witnesses	24	(2)
Determining the Size of the Crime Scene	26	(1)
Entry into the Crime Scene	26	(1)
When a Suspect Is Still on the Scene	26	(1)
Broadcasting a Flash Description	27	(1)
Managing Emergency Situations	28	(1)
Securing the Scene	28	(1)
Handling Special Situations at the Scene	28	(2)
Dead Body	29	(1)
Hanging Victim	29	(1)
Firearms	29	(1)
Contacting the Medical Examiner	30	(1)
Conducting a Neighborhood Canvass	31	(1)
Performing the Follow-up Investigation	31	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	32	(1)
Discussion Questions	32	(1)
Class Project	32	(1)
PART 2 THE INVESTIGATIVE PROCESS	33	(191)
Documenting the Crime Scene	33	(25)
Introduction	33	(1)
Field Notes and Reports	33	(5)
The Role of Field Notes	35	(1)
When to Take Notes	35	(1)
What to Write Down	35	(2)
Developing a Note-Taking System	37	(1)
Field Interview Cards	37	(1)
Putting Field Notes to Work	38	(1)
Storage of Field Notes	38	(1)
Using a Tape Recorder	38	(1)
Using Field Notes in the Courtroom	38	(1)
Writing the Official Police Report	39	(2)
Factuality	39	(1)
Thoroughness	40	(1)
Getting to the Point	41	(1)
Word Choice	41	(1)
The Structure of the Report	41	(3)
The Initial Complaint	41	(2)
Supplemental Reports	43	(1)
Photographing the Crime Scene	44	(4)
What to Photograph	45	(1)
Other Hints	46	(2)
Admissibility of Photographic Evidence	48	(1)
Identification of Photographs	49	(1)
Surveillance Photographs	50	(1)
Capturing the Crime Scene on Digital Video	51	(1)
The Crime Scene Sketch	52	(4)
Reasons to Sketch	52	(1)
Putting It Together	52	(1)
Measurement	53	(1)
Rough and Finished Sketches	53	(1)
Choosing the Best Method	54	(2)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	56	(1)
Discussion Questions	57	(1)
Class Project	57	(1)
Search and Seizure	58	(37)
Introduction	58	(1)
Due Process and the Constitution	58	(1)
Legal Guidelines for Searches	59	(1)
The Probable Cause Requirement	60	(1)
The Exclusionary Rule	60	(3)
The Fruit of the Poisoned Tree Doctrine	61	(1)
Search Incident to Lawful Arrest	61	(2)
Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule	63	(2)
The Good Faith Exception	63	(1)
The Inevitable Discovery Doctrine	64	(1)
The Computer Errors Exception	65	(1)
Searches with a Warrant	65	(5)
Advantages of Searching with a Search Warrant	65	(1)
Structuring the Warrant	66	(1)
The Affidavit	66	(2)
The Search Warrant	68	(1)
The Search Warrant Return	68	(1)
Execution of the Warrant	68	(2)
Warrantless Searches	70	(11)
Search by Consent	71	(3)
Emergency Searches	74	(1)
Searches Incident to Arrest	74	(1)
Stop-and-Frisk Searches	74	(1)
Plain-View Searches	75	(3)
Automobile Searches	78	(2)
Open-Field Searches	80	(1)
Beginning the Search	81	(2)
Search Patterns	82	(1)
Searching the Scene	83	(1)
Rules for Collecting Evidence	84	(1)
Gathering and Preserving Evidence	84	(4)
The Chain of Custody	85	(1)
Marking the Evidence	86	(2)
Special Cases in Evidence Handling	88	(5)
Infected Evidence	88	(1)
Firearms	89	(1)
Bullets, Cartridges, and Empty Cases	90	(1)
Stains	90	(1)
Glass	90	(1)
Impressions	91	(1)
Drugs	91	(1)
Plant Material	92	(1)
Powdered Material	92	(1)
Liquid Material	92	(1)
Tablets or Capsules	93	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	93	(1)
Important Cases to Remember	93	(1)
Discussion Questions	93	(1)
Class Project	94	(1)
Identification of Criminal Suspects	95	(36)
Introduction	95	(1)
The Role of the Crime Laboratory	96	(4)
Trace Evidence	96	(1)
Questioned Documents	96	(1)
Forensic Chemistry	96	(1)
DNA Analysis	97	(1)
Ballistics	98	(1)
Latent Prints	99	(1)
Forensic Photography	100	(1)
Specialized Laboratory Equipment	100	(1)
Fingerprinting	100	(7)
The History of Fingerprinting	101	(2)
Types of Prints	103	(1)
Types of Patterns	104	(2)
Searching for Prints	106	(1)
Developing Latent Fingerprints	107	(7)
Powders	107	(1)
Iodine	108	(1)
Ninhydrin	109	(1)
Silver Nitrate Solution	109	(2)
Superglue Fuming	111	(1)
Lasers	111	(1)
Preservation of Fingerprints	112	(1)
Prints from Gloves	113	(1)
Computerized Fingerprints: The AFIS System	114	(1)
How AFIS Works	114	(1)
The Genetic Fingerprint: DNA	114	(4)
What Is DNA?	115	(1)
DNA's History	116	(2)
Analyzing DNA	118	(4)
Admissibility of DNA as Evidence	119	(2)
Other Uses of DNA	121	(1)
Handwriting Analysis	122	(3)
Collection of Exemplars	123	(1)
The Writing Medium	124	(1)
The Writing Area	125	(1)
Criminal Composites	125	(1)
Personality Profiling	125	(2)
Police Lineups	127	(2)
The Photo Lineup	129	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	129	(1)
Discussion Questions	129	(1)
Class Project	130	(1)
The Criminal Intelligence Function	131	(13)
Introduction	131	(1)
Overt and Covert Intelligence Collection	131	(1)
Criminal Intelligence and Criminal Investigation	132	(1)
Defining Criminal Intelligence	132	(1)
Types of Intelligence	133	(1)
Procedures for Intelligence Gathering	133	(4)
Phase 1: Target Selection	134	(2)
Phase 2: Data Collection	136	(1)
Phase 3: Data Collation and Analysis	137	(1)
Phase 4: Dissemination	137	(1)
Analyzing the Information	137	(4)
Link Analysis	138	(1)
Flowcharting	139	(2)
The RISS Projects	141	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	142	(1)
Discussion Questions	142	(1)
Class Project	143	(1)
Undercover and Surveillance Operations	144	(22)
Introduction	144	(1)
Overview	145	(1)
Undercover Operations	146	(2)
Preparing for Undercover Assignments	148	(1)
Personnel Considerations	148	(1)
Functions of UC Officers	149	(1)
Equipment	149	(1)
Vehicles	150	(1)
Support Officer Vehicles	150	(1)
Undercover Officer Vehicles	150	(1)
The Undercover Working Environment	150	(5)
The Cover Story	151	(1)
Protecting the Undercover Officer's Cover	151	(2)
Infiltration	153	(2)
Surveillance Operations	155	(9)
Preparing for the Surveillance	155	(1)
Foot Surveillance	156	(2)
Difficulties in Surveillance Operations	158	(1)
Vehicle Surveillance	159	(1)
Fixed Surveillance	160	(1)
Satellite Assisted Surveillance	161	(3)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	164	(1)
Discussion Questions	164	(1)
Class Project	164	(2)
Making an Arrest	166	(16)
Introduction	166	(1)
Defining Arrest	166	(4)
What Is an Arrest?	167	(1)
The Legal Arrest	167	(1)
Detention versus Arrest	168	(1)
Investigatory Stops	169	(1)
When Is a Person Under Arrest?	170	(2)
Use of Force	172	(5)
Defining Use of Force	174	(1)
Understanding Reasonableness	175	(1)
Levels of Force	176	(1)
Deadly Force	177	(2)
The Fleeing-Felon Rule	177	(1)
The Deadly Force Triangle	178	(1)
Off-Duty Arrests	179	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	180	(1)
Discussion Questions	180	(1)
Class Project	180	(2)
Interviews and Interrogations	182	(28)
Introduction	182	(1)
Interview versus Interrogation	182	(1)
The Interview Process	183	(5)
Interviewing Witnesses, Citizens, and Victims	183	(5)
The Suspect Interrogation Process	188	(1)
Goals of the Interrogation	188	(1)
Legal Requirements of the Interrogation	189	(1)
Safeguarding Against Police Misconduct	189	(5)
Coercion and Duress	190	(1)
Unreasonable Delay in Arraignments	190	(1)
The Suspect's Right to Legal Counsel	190	(4)
Preparation for the Interrogation	194	(1)
The Interrogation Setting	194	(1)
The Interrogation Procedure	195	(3)
Interrogation Styles	196	(1)
Verbal Symptoms of Deception	196	(2)
Why Suspects Cooperate and Confess	198	(2)
Searching for Information	199	(1)
Closing the Communication Gap	199	(1)
Admission versus Confession	200	(1)
Written Statements	200	(1)
Structuring the Written Statement	201	(1)
Tape-Recorded Statements	201	(2)
The Recording Procedure	202	(1)
Videotaped Confessions	203	(1)
Recap Bias	203	(1)
Framing the Tapes	204	(1)
Use of the Polygraph	204	(3)
Accuracy of the Polygraph	205	(1)
Administration of the Polygraph Exam	205	(1)
Admissibility of Polygraph Results	206	(1)
The Voice Stress Analyzer	207	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	208	(1)
Discussion Questions	208	(1)
Class Project	208	(2)
Development and Management of Informants	210	(14)
Introduction	210	(3)
Who Are Informants?	213	(2)
Utilizing the Informant	214	(1)
Informant Motivations	215	(1)
Documenting Your ``Source''	216	(2)
Maintaining Control of the Informant	218	(1)
Protecting the Informant's Identity	219	(1)
Legal Considerations	219	(2)
Federal Protection of the Informant	221	(1)
Other Problems with Informants	221	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	222	(1)
Discussion Questions	222	(1)
Class Project	222	(2)
PART 3 INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE	224	(114)
Wrongful Death	224	(29)
Introduction	224	(1)
Murder and Non-Negligent Manslaughter	224	(3)
Trends	225	(1)
Arrests	225	(2)
Modes of Death	227	(1)
Legal Characteristics of Homicide	227	(2)
Elements of Homicide	228	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	229	(1)
Protecting the Crime Scene	229	(1)
Taking Notes at the Scene	230	(1)
Identifying the Victim	230	(1)
The Deceased Victim	230	(1)
The Victim Who Is Still Alive	231	(1)
Obtaining a Dying Declaration	231	(1)
Estimating the Time of Death	231	(6)
Changes in the Body	234	(3)
Insects	237	(1)
Animals	237	(1)
Bodies Found in Water	237	(1)
Gunshot Wounds as Evidence	237	(5)
Entrance Wounds	240	(1)
Exit Wounds	240	(1)
Smudging	240	(1)
Tattooing	240	(1)
Defense Wounds	240	(1)
Shotgun Wounds	241	(1)
Pitfalls in Homicide Investigations	242	(1)
Serial, Mass, and Sensational Murders	243	(1)
National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime	243	(3)
VI-CAP	246	(1)
Autoerotic Death	246	(2)
Suicide	248	(3)
Evidence of Suicide	248	(1)
The Suicide Note	249	(1)
Reconstructing the Death	250	(1)
Instruments of the Killing	250	(1)
Motives for Suicide	250	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	251	(1)
Discussion Questions	251	(1)
Class Project	252	(1)
Robbery	253	(16)
Introduction	253	(1)
Robbery Offenses	253	(4)
Understanding Robbery	254	(1)
Defining Robbery	254	(1)
Trends	255	(1)
Clearances	256	(1)
Arrests	256	(1)
Consequences of Robbery	256	(1)
Elements of Robbery	256	(1)
Types of Robbery	257	(5)
Commercial Robberies: Stores and Banks	257	(1)
Street Robberies	258	(1)
Residential Robberies	259	(1)
School Robberies	259	(1)
Vehicle Robberies	260	(1)
Types of Robbers	261	(1)
The First Officer on the Scene	262	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	263	(1)
The Neighborhood Canvas	264	(1)
The Robber's Method of Operation	264	(1)
Physical Evidence	265	(1)
The Role of Witnesses	266	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	267	(1)
Discussion Questions	267	(1)
Class Project	267	(2)
Assault and Related Offenses	269	(18)
Introduction	269	(1)
Legal Classifications of Assault	270	(3)
Simple Assault	270	(1)
Aggravated Assault	270	(1)
Trends	271	(1)
Clearances	271	(1)
Arrests	272	(1)
Self-Defense	273	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	273	(2)
Documenting the Elements of Assault	274	(1)
Protecting the Crime Scene	274	(1)
Initial Questioning	274	(1)
Searching the Crime Scene	275	(1)
Domestic Violence	275	(3)
The Investigative Response to Domestic Violence	276	(1)
Legal Approaches to Domestic Violence	277	(1)
Elder Abuse	278	(2)
Stalking	280	(5)
Who Stalks Whom?	281	(1)
Forms of Stalking	282	(1)
Occurrence of Stalking	283	(1)
The Investigative Response to Stalking	284	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	285	(1)
Discussion Questions	285	(1)
Class Project	285	(2)
Sex Offenses	287	(24)
Introduction	287	(1)
The Role of the Sex-Crime Investigator	288	(1)
Nuisance Sex Offenses	288	(3)
Exhibitionism	289	(1)
Voyeurism: The Peeping Tom	289	(1)
Pyromania: The Fire-Starter	289	(1)
Fetishism	290	(1)
The Obscene Phone Caller	290	(1)
Forcible Rape	291	(4)
Trends	292	(1)
Clearances	293	(1)
Arrests	293	(1)
Legal Aspects of Rape	294	(1)
Date Rape	295	(1)
The Initial Interview of the Rape Victim	295	(1)
The Follow-up Interview of the Rape Victim	296	(2)
Evidence in Rape Cases	298	(3)
The Rape Evidence Kit	299	(1)
The Medical Examination	300	(1)
Profiling the Rapist	301	(7)
The Power-Reassurance (Manhood) Rapist	301	(4)
The Power-Assertive Rapist	305	(1)
The Anger-Retaliatory Rapist	305	(1)
The Anger-Excitation Rapist	306	(1)
The Rapist's Approach	307	(1)
Methods of Control	307	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	308	(1)
Discussion Questions	308	(1)
Class Projects	309	(2)
Child Abuse and Neglect	311	(27)
Introduction	311	(1)
Assaults Against Children	312	(3)
Battered Child Syndrome	312	(2)
Recognizing Abuse	314	(1)
Taking the Initial Report	314	(1)
The Initial Police Response to Child Abuse	315	(1)
Steps in Investigating Battered Child Syndrome	315	(3)
Interviews with Medical Personnel	316	(1)
Other Important Sources of Information	316	(1)
Consultation with Experts	317	(1)
Interviews with Caretakers	317	(1)
The Crime Scene Investigation	317	(1)
Investigator Guidelines for Child Homicide	318	(4)
Shaken Baby Syndrome	319	(1)
Munchhausen Syndrome by Proxy	320	(1)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome	321	(1)
Conclusion	321	(1)
Sexual Abuse of Children	322	(6)
The 2003 Child Protection Act (Amber Alerts)	323	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	324	(1)
Interviewing the Child Victim	324	(3)
Closing the Interview	327	(1)
Children as Witnesses	328	(1)
The Child Molester	329	(1)
Investigating the Molester	330	(2)
Premeditation and Intent	331	(1)
Investigating Missing and Abducted Children	332	(3)
Kidnapping via the Internet	333	(1)
Interviewing Suspects	334	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	335	(1)
Discussion Questions	335	(1)
Class Project	336	(2)
PART 4 PROPERTY CRIMES	338	(81)
Burglary	338	(15)
Introduction	338	(1)
Burglary	338	(6)
Trends	339	(1)
Offense Analysis	339	(1)
Clearances	340	(1)
Arrests	340	(2)
Burglary versus Robbery	342	(1)
Why Criminals Burglarize	342	(1)
Elements of Burglary	343	(1)
How a Thief Works	343	(1)
Types of Burglaries	344	(1)
ATM Burglaries	344	(1)
Types of Burglars	344	(1)
The Amateur Burglar	345	(1)
The Professional Burglar	345	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	345	(4)
Indications of Burglary	346	(1)
Approach with Caution!	346	(1)
Physical Evidence	346	(1)
Possession of Burglary Tools	347	(2)
Safe Burglaries	349	(1)
Tracing Stolen Property	350	(1)
The Fence	350	(1)
Proving the Receipt of Stolen Property	350	(1)
Circumstantial Evidence	351	(1)
Burglary Prevention Through Proactive Patrol	351	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	352	(1)
Discussion Questions	352	(1)
Class Project	352	(1)
Larceny--Theft	353	(16)
Introduction	353	(1)
Larceny--Theft Offenses	353	(4)
Trends	354	(2)
Clearances	356	(1)
Arrests	356	(1)
Forgery and Fraud	357	(3)
Check Fraud	357	(2)
Investigating Check Forgery	359	(1)
Embezzlement	360	(3)
Investigating Embezzlement	361	(1)
Categories of Embezzlement	362	(1)
Credit Card Fraud	363	(2)
Obtaining Cards	364	(1)
Using Stolen Cards	364	(1)
Investigating Credit Card Theft	364	(1)
Shoplifting	365	(2)
Investigating Shoplifting	366	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	367	(1)
Discussion Questions	367	(1)
Class Project	367	(2)
Motor Vehicle Theft	369	(22)
Introduction	369	(1)
Motor Vehicle Theft Offenses	369	(4)
Trends	370	(1)
Offense Analysis	371	(1)
Clearances	371	(1)
Arrests	371	(2)
Motivations for Motor Vehicle Theft	373	(4)
Joyriding	373	(1)
Theft for Resale	374	(1)
Transportation for Other Crimes	374	(1)
Stripping and Chop-Shop Operations	374	(3)
The Preliminary Investigation	377	(1)
The Investigative Traffic Stop	377	(1)
The Vehicle Identification Number	378	(1)
History of the VIN	378	(1)
How the VIN Works	378	(1)
The Altered VIN	379	(1)
Disguising the Stolen Vehicle	379	(1)
The Salvage Switch Method	379	(1)
The Modified VIN Technique	379	(1)
The Bogus VIN	380	(1)
The Rip-Off	380	(1)
Tools of the Trade	381	(1)
Recognizing the Stolen Vehicle	381	(2)
The Usefulness of Alarms	383	(1)
Carjacking	383	(2)
Theft of Off-Road Machinery	385	(1)
Motor Vehicle Fraud	386	(1)
Methods of Fraud	386	(1)
Stolen Motorcycles	387	(1)
The Motorcycle VIN	388	(1)
Methods of Motorcycle Theft	388	(1)
The NATB	388	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	389	(1)
Discussion Questions	389	(1)
Class Project	389	(2)
Arson and Bombings	391	(28)
Introduction	391	(1)
Arson Offenses	391	(3)
Comparative Rates	392	(1)
Trends	392	(1)
Clearances	392	(1)
Arrests	392	(2)
Elements of Arson	394	(1)
Legal Categories	394	(1)
The Police and Fire Alliance	394	(1)
Arson Investigative Techniques	395	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation of Arson	396	(5)
Identify the Point of Origin	397	(1)
Search for Flammable Liquids	398	(1)
Observe the Span of the Fire	398	(1)
Photograph the Scene	398	(1)
Identify Plants or Trailers	398	(1)
Question Witnesses	399	(1)
Observe Alligatoring	399	(1)
Other Clues	400	(1)
Motivations of the Arsonist	401	(4)
Arson for Profit	402	(1)
Arson for Revenge	403	(1)
Arson for Vandalism	403	(1)
Arson for Crime Concealment	404	(1)
Pyromania	404	(1)
Serial Fire Setters	405	(1)
Profiling the Fire-Starter	405	(1)
The Role of the Insurance Industry	406	(1)
Prosecution of Arson Cases	407	(1)
Bombing Incidents	408	(3)
What Is a Bomb?	409	(1)
Teen Bombings	410	(1)
Investigating the Bomb Threat	411	(4)
The Written Bomb Threat	413	(1)
Booby Traps	413	(1)
Safety Precautions	413	(2)
Bomb Search Techniques	415	(1)
First Room-Searching Sweep	415	(1)
Second Room-Searching Sweep	416	(1)
Third Room-Searching Sweep	416	(1)
Fourth Room-Searching Sweep	416	(1)
When a Bomb Is Found	416	(1)
Handling the Media	417	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	417	(1)
Discussion Questions	417	(1)
Class Project	418	(1)
PART 5 VICE CRIMES AND RELATED OFFENSES	419	(59)
Drug Offenses	419	(31)
Introduction	419	(2)
Principal Drugs of Abuse	421	(9)
Characteristics of Drugs	421	(1)
Cannabis	422	(1)
Narcotics	422	(2)
Stimulants	424	(2)
Hallucinogens	426	(1)
Depressants	427	(2)
Designer Drugs	429	(1)
The General Structure of Drug Laws	430	(1)
The 1970 Controlled Substances Act	430	(2)
Initiating Drug Cases	432	(1)
Confidential Informants	432	(2)
Case Planning	434	(1)
Investigation of an Illegal Drug Laboratory	435	(1)
The Drug Raid	436	(3)
Purpose of the Raid	436	(1)
Team Personnel	436	(1)
Preraid Planning	437	(1)
Raid Execution	437	(2)
Reverse String Drug Operations	439	(5)
Planning the Reverse Sting	440	(1)
Manpower Considerations	440	(2)
Conducting the Sting	442	(2)
Pharmaceutical Diversion	444	(1)
Diversion by Legal Registrants	444	(1)
Diversion by Street Criminals	445	(1)
Extraordinary Drug Enforcement Techniques	445	(4)
Drug Courier Profiling	446	(1)
Asset Forfeiture	447	(2)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	449	(1)
Discussion Questions	449	(1)
Class Project	449	(1)
White-Collar Crime	450	(28)
Introduction	450	(1)
Defining White-Collar Crime	451	(1)
Corporate Crime	452	(1)
Money Laundering	453	(7)
The History of Money Laundering	453	(2)
Combatting the Money-Laundering Problem	455	(1)
Techniques of Money Laundering	456	(4)
Confidence Games	460	(5)
The Pigeon Drop	460	(1)
The Bank Examiner Scheme	461	(1)
The Pyramid ``Get Rich Quick'' Scheme	461	(2)
Travel Scams	463	(1)
Home Repair Scams	464	(1)
Contest Cons	464	(1)
The Magazine Subscription Scam	464	(1)
Computer Crime	465	(11)
Defining Computer Crime	467	(1)
The Nature of the Crime	467	(1)
Computer Crime Investigations	468	(1)
Classification of Computer Crimes	468	(1)
Typical Forms of Computer Crimes	469	(3)
Automatic Teller Machine Frauds	472	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation of Computer Crimes	472	(1)
Evidence Considerations	473	(2)
Profile of the Computer Criminal	475	(1)
Interviewing the Computer Crime Suspect	475	(1)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	476	(1)
Discussion Questions	476	(1)
Class Project	476	(2)
PART 6 PROSECUTION	478	(13)
Preparation for Court	478	(13)
Introduction	478	(1)
Pretrial Procedures	478	(4)
The Pretrial Conference	479	(1)
Going to Court	479	(3)
The Criminal Trial Process	482	(2)
Selection of the Jury	482	(1)
Opening Statements	482	(1)
Direct Examination	482	(1)
Cross-Examination	483	(1)
Objections	483	(1)
Closing Arguments	483	(1)
Jury Instructions and the Verdict	484	(1)
Witness Preparation	484	(2)
The Investigator as a Professional Witness	486	(2)
Preparing for Court	486	(1)
Reviewing Evidence and Reports	486	(1)
Credibility as a Witness	487	(1)
Courtroom Demeanor	487	(1)
Giving a Positive Impression	488	(1)
The Role of the Expert Witness	488	(2)
Do You Recognize These Terms?	490	(1)
Discussion Questions	490	(1)
Class Project	490	(1)
Appendix A Physical Evidence	491	(16)
Appendix B Cases	507	(4)
Glossary	511	(14)
Index	525

Excerpts

Criminal investigation represents a timeless and dynamic field of scientific study. This book, now in its fourth edition, was written with the perception that crime detection is a field that relies heavily on the past experiences of investigators as well as recent practical and technological innovations. The investigator's success in crime detection can be influenced by several external variables. For example, increased pressures by public interest groups and courts of law have caused police supervisors to place greater emphasis on case management and officer accountability. In addition, because of increased social problems associated with drug abuse, criminal violence, and related gang activity, the public spotlight has focused more than ever before on methods of crime detection and successful prosecution of lawbreakers. Finally, because of the rising incidence of mass and serial murders in the last decade, more people are realizing the importance of a thoroughly investigated case and the reasons behind the occurrence of such crimes.This book is intended to meet the needs of students and others interested in criminal justice by presenting information in a logical flow, paralleling the steps and considerations observed in an actual criminal investigation. Additionally, it is designed to fulfill an ongoing need for a book that explains clearly and thoughtfully the fundamentals of criminal investigation as practiced by police officers on the job.The book is written with several observations in mind. First, as its title indicates, it is designed to blend scientific theories of crime detection with a practical approach to criminal investigation. It has been drafted on the assumption that sound criminal investigations depend on an understanding of the science of crime detection procedures and the art of anticipating human behavior. There is yet another critical observation made in the book: It recognizes that both the uniformed officer and the criminal investigator play important roles in the field of criminal investigation. The duties of each are outlined throughout the book, recognizing that there is a fundamental need for both to work in tandem throughout many aspects of the criminal investigation process.One underlying theme of the book is that as with all police endeavors, criminal investigation is a law enforcement responsibility that must be conducted within the framework of the U.S. Constitution and the practices of a democratic society. Consequently, court decisions and case studies have been quoted extensively for clarification of issues and general reader information.In summary, I am hopeful that this book will prove to be an engaging textbook that is descriptive of the duties of modern-day crime detection and police professionalism. For more efficient use, this book has been designed to follow closely standard curriculum format. Accordingly, each chapter ends with key terms, discussion questions, and a class project to aid in the instructional process. Michael D. Lyman