Criminal Justice : A Brief Introduction

by Schmalleger, Frank

Edition:

4th

ISBN13:

9780130887290

ISBN10:

0130887293

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

5/1/2000

Publisher(s):

Prentice Hall

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Summary

"Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction" uses real-life stories throughout that are designed to capture and sustain the attention of its readers, helping them achieve a meaningful and comprehensive understanding of its concepts. It explores how the criminal justice system balances individual rights (freedom) with the need for public order (safety). It explores the new environment of the ongoing threat of domestic terrorism; with its updated research and statistics, this edition is "the" most timely and relevant resource available. Real-life examples of current issues and topics in the criminal justice system round out comprehensive coverage of criminology, multiculturalism, crime reporting, criminal law, policing, adjudication and the court system, and the corrections system. With its comprehensive appendices and online resource guide, this book is an excellent reference for those involved in the criminal justice system.

Preface

xvii

Instructions for Accessing the Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction World Wide Web Site

xix

Acknowledgments

xxi

About the Author

xxiii

PART 1 CRIME IN AMERICA

(122)

What is Criminal Justice?

(28)

Justice and Criminal Justice

(9)

The Focus of This Book: Individual Rights and Public Order

(5)

Perspectives on Criminal Justice and the Theme of This Book

(1)

Social Justice

(1)

American Criminal Justice: The System

(3)

The Consensus Model

(1)

The Conflict Model

(1)

Theory into Practice: Is the Criminal Justice System Racist?

(1)

American Criminal Justice: The Process

(6)

Investigation and Arrest

(1)

Booking

(1)

First Appearance

(1)

Preliminary Hearing

(1)

Information or Indictment

(1)

Arraignment

(1)

Trial

(1)

Sentencing

(1)

Corrections

(1)

Probation and Parole

(1)

Due Process and Individual Rights

(2)

The Role of the Courts in Defining Rights

(1)

Crime Control through Due Process

(1)

Criminal Justice and Criminology

(3)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: Research and Professionalism

(1)

APB News! Genetic Crime: Body Parts, Cloned Children for Sale

(1)

Summary

(2)

Careers in Justice: Working for the FBI

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Web Quest!

(1)

Library Extras!

(1)

References

(1)

The Crime Picture

(47)

Introduction: Sources of Data

(3)

Crime Data and Social Policy

(1)

Collecting Crime Data

(1)

The Uniform Crime Reports

(21)

Development of the UCR Program

(1)

Historical Trends

(2)

UCR Terminology

(3)

Part I Offenses

(2)

APB News! One in Five Women Faces Rape

(3)

Theory into Practice: Guns, Crime, and Gun Control

(5)

Part II Offenses

(1)

NIBRS: The NEW UCR

(1)

Hate Crimes

(3)

Theory into Practice: Hate Crimes

(1)

The National Crime Victimization Survey

(2)

Problems with the NCVS

(1)

Comparisons of the UCR and NCVS

(1)

Emerging Patterns of Criminal Activity

(14)

The Fear of Crime

(1)

Women and Crime

(2)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: Gender Issues I: The Growing Recognition of Women's Rights and Gender-Based Violence

(2)

The Economic Cost of Crime

(1)

Theory into Practice: Media Impact on the Public's Fear of Crime

(1)

Drugs and Crime

(1)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: Gender Issues II: The Growing Recognition of Women's Rights and Gender-Based Violence

(1)

The Elderly and Crime

(1)

Careers in Justice: Working for the Drug Enforcement Administration

(1)

Organized Crime

(2)

Careers in Justice: Working as a Deputy U.S. Marshal

(1)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Web Quest!

(1)

Library Extras!

(1)

References

(4)

Criminal Law

(45)

Sources of Modern Criminal Law

(1)

The Nature of Law

(1)

The Rule of Law

(1)

Types of Law

(9)

Theory into Practice: What Does Law Do? The Functions of Law

(1)

Criminal Law

(1)

Civil Law

(3)

APB News! Class-Action Suit to Target N.J. Police

(1)

Administrative Law

(1)

Case Law

(1)

Careers in Justice: Working for the U.S. Park Police

(1)

Procedural Law

(1)

General Categories of Crime

(2)

Felonies

(1)

Misdemeanors

(1)

Offenses

(1)

Treason

(1)

Inchoate Offenses

(1)

General Features of Crime

(5)

The Criminal Act (Actus Reus)

(1)

A Guilty Mind (Mens Rea)

(2)

Concurrence

(1)

Causation

(1)

Harm

(1)

Legality

(1)

Punishment

(1)

Necessary Attendant Circumstances

(1)

Elements of a Specific Criminal Offense

(4)

The Example of Murder

(1)

The Corpus Delicti of a Crime

(1)

Types of Defenses to a Criminal Charge

100

(18)

Alibi

100

(1)

Justifications

101

(2)

Excuses

103

(8)

Procedural Defenses

111

(3)

Innovative Defenses

114

(4)

Summary

118

(1)

Discussion Questions

118

(1)

Web Quest!

119

(1)

Library Extras!

119

(1)

References

119

(4)

PART 2 POLICING

123

(114)

Police Management

125

(25)

Contemporary Policing: The Administrative Perspective

126

(10)

Styles of Policing

126

(1)

Police--Community Relations

126

(10)

Scientific Police Management

136

(5)

APB News! Study: Blacks Distrust Police

137

(1)

Exemplary Projects

138

(1)

The Kansas City Experiment

138

(2)

Recent Studies

140

(1)

Contemporary Policing: The Individual Officer

141

(5)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: Cybercops

143

(1)

Careers in Justice: Working for the U.S. Secret Service

144

(2)

Summary

146

(1)

Discussion Questions

146

(1)

Web Quest!

146

(1)

Library Extras!

147

(1)

References

147

(3)

Policing: Legal Aspects

150

(47)

The Abuse of Police Power

151

(4)

A Changing Legal Climate

154

(1)

Individual Rights

155

(1)

Due Process Requirements

155

(1)

Search and Seizure

156

(11)

The Exclusionary Rule

157

(2)

The Warren Court Era (1953--1969)

159

(2)

The Burger (1969--1986) and Rehnquist (1986--Present) Courts

161

(6)

Arrest

167

(9)

Searches Incident to Arrest

167

(1)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: The Computer Errors Exception to the Exclusionary Rule

168

(2)

Theory into Practice: Plain-View Requirements

170

(1)

Emergency Searches of Persons

171

(1)

Vehicle Searches

171

(3)

Suspicionless Searches

174

(1)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: Search Warrants by Fax

175

(1)

The Intelligence Function

176

(16)

Informants

176

(1)

Police Interrogation

177

(2)

Theory into Practice: Individual Rights Versus Group Interests---The Fourth Amendment and Sobriety Checkpoints

179

(1)

The Right to a Lawyer at Interrogation

180

(1)

Suspect Rights: The Miranda Decision

180

(3)

APB News! Few Silent on Decision to Revisit Miranda

183

(2)

Theory into Practice: Adult Rights Warning

185

(2)

Theory into Practice: The Miranda Triggers

187

(1)

Gathering Special Kinds of Nontestimonial Evidence

187

(1)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: High-Technology Searches

188

(2)

Electronic Eavesdropping

190

(2)

Summary

192

(1)

Discussion Questions

193

(1)

Web Quest!

193

(1)

Library Extras!

193

(1)

References

194

(3)

Issues in Policing

197

(40)

Contemporary Policing: Issues and Challenges

198

(20)

Police Personality and Culture

198

(1)

Corruption

199

(5)

The Dangers of Police Work

204

(3)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: ``Smart Guns'' and Line-Of-Duty Deaths

207

(4)

Police Civil Liability

211

(2)

Theory into Practice: An Example of Police Civil Liability---The Case of Bernard Mccummings

213

(2)

Theory into Practice: Title 42, United States Code, Section 1983

215

(3)

Theory into Practice: The FBI's Policy on the Use of Deadly Force

218

(1)

Professionalism and Ethics

218

(8)

Educational Requirements

220

(1)

Theory into Practice: The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics

221

(1)

Recruitment and Selection

221

(4)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: Police

225

(1)

Private Protective Services

226

(6)

The Development of Private Policing

227

(1)

The Private System of Justice

228

(1)

Careers in Justice: Working in Proprietary Nuclear Security

229

(1)

The Professionalization of Private Security

230

(1)

Integrating Public and Private Security

231

(1)

Theory into Practice: Ethics in Private Security

232

(1)

Summary

232

(1)

Discussion Questions

232

(1)

Web Quest!

233

(1)

Library Extras!

233

(1)

References

233

(4)

PART 3 ADJUDICATION

237

(121)

The Courts

239

(28)

Introduction

240

(1)

American Court History

240

(15)

State Court Development

241

(2)

State Court Systems Today

243

(7)

The Rise of the Federal Courts

250

(5)

Pretrial Activities

255

(8)

First Appearance

255

(4)

The Grand Jury

259

(1)

The Preliminary Hearing

260

(1)

Arraignment and the Plea

260

(3)

Summary

263

(1)

Discussion Questions

263

(1)

Web Quest!

264

(1)

Library Extras!

264

(1)

References

264

(3)

The Courtroom Work Group and the Criminal Trial

267

(45)

Introduction

268

(1)

The Courtroom Work Group: Professional Courtroom Actors

269

(15)

The Judge

269

(2)

The Prosecuting Attorney

271

(2)

APB News! Prosecutor Becomes Abused Girl's Angel

273

(2)

Defense Counsel

275

(4)

Theory into Practice: Gideon V. Wainwright and Indigent Defense

279

(1)

The Bailiff

280

(1)

Local Court Administrators

281

(1)

Theory into Practice: American Bar Association Standards of Professional Responsibility

282

(1)

The Court Recorder

282

(1)

Clerk of Court

282

(1)

The Expert Witness

283

(1)

Outsiders: Nonprofessional Courtroom Participants

284

(5)

Lay Witnesses

284

(1)

Jurors

285

(1)

The Role of the Victim in a Criminal Trial

286

(1)

The Role of the Defendant in a Criminal Trial

287

(1)

The Press in the Courtroom

288

(1)

The Criminal Trial

289

(16)

Trial Initiation: The Speedy Trial Act

291

(1)

Jury Selection

292

(3)

Opening Statements

295

(1)

Theory into Practice: Pre- and Posttrial Motions

296

(1)

The Presentation of Evidence

297

(1)

Theory into Practice: Peremptory Challenges and Race

298

(1)

Theory into Practice: ``Pleading the Fifth''

299

(3)

Closing Arguments

302

(1)

The Judge's Charge to the Jury

303

(1)

Jury Deliberations and the Verdict

303

(2)

Improving the Adjudication Process

305

(2)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: Courtrooms of the Future

306

(1)

Summary

307

(1)

Discussion Questions

307

(1)

Web Quest!

308

(1)

Library Extras!

308

(1)

References

308

(4)

Sentencing

312

(46)

Crime and Punishment: Introduction

313

(1)

The Philosophy of Criminal Sentencing

314

(5)

Retribution

315

(1)

Incapacitation

316

(1)

Deterrence

316

(1)

Rehabilitation

317

(1)

Restoration

317

(2)

Indeterminate Sentencing

319

(2)

Problems with the Indeterminate Model

320

(1)

The Rise of Structured Sentencing

321

(3)

Critiques of Structured Sentencing

323

(1)

Theory into Practice: Aggravating and Mitigating Factors

323

(1)

Mandatory Sentencing

324

(2)

Truth in Sentencing

326

(1)

Federal Sentencing Guidelines

327

(2)

Federal Guideline Provisions

327

(1)

Plea Bargaining under the Guidelines

328

(1)

The Sentencing Environment

329

(1)

The Presentence Investigation Report

329

(3)

Theory into Practice: Three Strikes and You're Out: The Tough New Movement in Criminal Sentencing

331

(1)

The Victim---Forgotten no Longer

332

(5)

Victim Impact Statements

333

(1)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: Is a Victims' Rights Amendment at Hand?

334

(3)

Traditional Sentencing Options

337

(15)

Fines

338

(2)

Death: The Ultimate Sanction

340

(2)

APB News! I Watched a Murderer Die

342

(10)

Summary

352

(1)

Discussion Questions

353

(1)

Web Quest!

353

(1)

Library Extras!

353

(1)

References

354

(4)

PART 4 CORRECTIONS

358

(111)

Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections

361

(35)

Introduction to Community Corrections

362

(1)

What is Probation?

363

(2)

The Extent of Probation

364

(1)

Probation Conditions

365

(1)

What is Parole?

365

(4)

The Extent of Parole

368

(1)

Parole Conditions

369

(1)

Federal Parole

369

(1)

Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses

369

(4)

Advantages of Probation and Parole

369

(3)

Disadvantages of Probation and Parole

372

(1)

The Legal Environment

373

(5)

APB News! The Bloody Saga of Leo Gonzales Wright

374

(4)

The Federal Probation System

378

(1)

Careers in Justice: Working for the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

379

(1)

The Job of a Probation/Parole Officer

379

(2)

Difficulties with the Parole/Probation Officer Job

380

(1)

Intermediate Sanctions

381

(7)

Split Sentencing

382

(1)

Shock Probation/Shock Parole

382

(1)

Shock Incarceration

383

(1)

Mixed Sentencing and Community Service

384

(1)

Intensive Supervision

385

(1)

Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring

385

(1)

Individualized Innovations

386

(1)

Questions About Alternative Sanctions

387

(1)

The Future of Probation and Parole

388

(3)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: Chemical Castration Becomes Law in California

389

(1)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: Probation Kiosks: High-Tech Supervision

390

(1)

Summary

391

(1)

Discussion Questions

392

(1)

Web Quest!

392

(1)

Library Extras!

392

(1)

References

393

(3)

Prisons and Jails

396

(31)

Prisons Today

397

(14)

The Philosophy of Imprisonment

398

(1)

APB News! The 'Big House' of the Future

399

(4)

Overcrowding

403

(3)

Security Levels

406

(1)

The Federal Prison System

407

(2)

Recent Improvements

409

(2)

Jails

Careers in Justice: Working with the Federal Bureau of Prisons

411

(1)

Women and Jail

412

(1)

Crowding in Jails

413

(1)

Direct Supervision Jails

414

(2)

Jails and the Future

416

(2)

Private Prisons

418

(4)

Twenty-First Century Criminal Justice: Jails and the Future

419

(1)

Theory into Practice: American Jail Association Code of Ethics for Jail Officers

420

(1)

Theory into Practice: The Debate Over Private Prisons---Some Questions which Remain

421

(1)

Summary

422

(1)

Discussion Questions

423

(1)

Web Quest!

423

(1)

Library Extras!

423

(1)

References

423

(4)

Prison Life

427

(42)

Realities of Prison Life: The Male Inmate's World

428

(7)

Research on Prison Life---Total Institutions

428

(1)

Prison Subcultures

429

(1)

The Functions of Prison Society

430

(2)

Theory into Practice: Prison Argot---The Language of Confinement

432

(1)

Prison Lifestyles and Inmate Types

433

(2)

Realities of Prison Life: The Staff World

435

(4)

Types of Correctional Officers

436

(2)

The Professionalization of Correctional Officers

438

(1)

Prison Riots

439

(3)

Causes of Riots

439

(1)

Theory into Practice: Code of Ethics---American Correctional Association Preamble

440

(1)

Stages in Riots and Riot Control

441

(1)

Realities of Prison Life: Women in Prison

442

(5)

Social Structure in Women's Prisons

445

(1)

Types of Female Inmates

445

(1)

Theory into Practice: The Language of Women's Prisons

446

(1)

Violence in Women's Prisons

446

(1)

Prisoner Rights

447

(10)

The Legal Basis of Prisoners' Rights

448

(1)

Precedents in Inmate Rights

448

(6)

A Return to the Hands-off Doctrine?

454

(3)

Issues Facing Prisons Today

457

(5)

AIDS

457

(1)

Geriatric Offenders

458

(1)

Mentally Ill Inmates

459

(1)

APB News! Should Elderly Convicts be Kept in Prison?

460

(2)

Summary

462

(1)

Discussion Questions

463

(1)

Web Quest!

463

(1)

Library Extras!

463

(1)

References

464

(5)

Appendix: The Bill of Rights

469

(2)

Index

471

Criminal Justice : A Brief Introduction

9780130887290

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