Criminal Justice : A Brief Introduction

by Schmalleger, Frank

• ISBN13: 9780131701540
• ISBN10: 0131701541
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

The best-selling brief introduction to criminal justice text, Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, Sixth Edition, continues to offer instructors and students a trusted, authoritative and impeccably researched introduction to the criminal justice system in America. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xix
About the Author	xxi
PART 1 CRIME IN AMERICA	1	(106)
What Is Criminal Justice?	2	(24)
Introduction	4	(1)
A Brief History of Crime in America	5	(4)
CJ News First Enron Executive Goes to Prison	7	(2)
The Theme of this Book	9	(3)
Social Justice	11	(1)
American Criminal Justice: System and Functions	12	(2)
The Consensus Model	12	(1)
The Conflict Model	12	(2)
American Criminal Justice: The Process	14	(4)
Investigation and Arrest	14	(1)
Pretrial Activities	14	(2)
Adjudication	16	(1)
Sentencing	17	(1)
Corrections	17	(1)
Due Process and Individual Rights	18	(2)
The Role of the Courts in Defining Rights	18	(1)
The Ultimate Goal: Crime Control through Due Process	19	(1)
Freedom or Safety? You Decide	20	(1)
The Role of Research in Criminal Justice	20	(1)
CJ Careers U.S. Federal Government 2004 General Schedule (GS) Pay	21	(1)
Multiculturalism and Diversity in Criminal Justice	21	(2)
Summary	23	(1)
Discussion Questions	24	(1)
Web Quest	25	(1)
The Crime Picture	26	(44)
Introduction	28	(1)
Crime Data and Social Policy	29	(1)
The Collection of Crime Data	29	(1)
The Uniform Crime Reports	29	(20)
Development of the UCR Program	29	(2)
Historical Trends	31	(1)
UCR Terminology	32	(3)
Part 1 Offenses	35	(5)
CJ News Bank Robbers Loving NYC	40	(1)
Multiculturalism and Diversity Race and the Criminal Justice System	41	(4)
CJ Exhibit 2--1 Identity Theft: A New Kind of Larceny	45	(1)
Part II Offences	46	(1)
Nibrs: The New UCR	46	(3)
The National Crime Victimization Survey	49	(1)
Comparisons of the UCR and the NCVS	50	(2)
Problems with the UCR and the NCVS	50	(2)
Special Categories of Crime	52	(16)
Crime against Women	52	(2)
Multiculturalism and Diversity Gender Issues in Criminal Justice	54	(1)
CJ Exhibit 2--2 Offline versus Online Stalking: A Comparison	55	(1)
Crime against the Elderly	55	(1)
Hate Crime	56	(2)
Corporate and White-Collar Crime	58	(1)
Organized Crime	59	(1)
Gun Crime	60	(1)
Drug Crime	60	(1)
CJ Exhibit 2--3 Gun Control	61	(2)
CJ Careers Drug Enforcement Administration	63	(1)
High-Technology and Computer Crime	64	(1)
Terrorism	65	(2)
CJ Exhibit 2--4 What is Terrorist Activity?	67	(1)
Freedom or Safety? You Decide	68	(1)
Summary	68	(1)
Discussion Questions	69	(1)
Web Quest	69	(1)
Criminal Law	70	(37)
Introduction	72	(1)
The Nature and Purpose of Law	72	(1)
The Rule of Law	73	(1)
Types of Law	74	(3)
Criminal Law	74	(1)
Civil Law	75	(1)
Administrative Law	76	(1)
Case Law	76	(1)
Freedom or Safety? You Decide	77	(1)
Procedural Law	77	(1)
General Categories of Crime	77	(3)
Felonies	77	(1)
Misdemeanors	78	(1)
Offenses	78	(1)
Treason and Espionage	78	(1)
Inchoate Offenses	79	(1)
General Features of Crime	80	(4)
The Criminal Act (Actus Reus)	80	(1)
A Guilty Mind (Mens Rea)	81	(1)
Concurrence	82	(1)
Other Features of Crime	82	(2)
Elements of a Specific Criminal Offense	84	(4)
The Example of Murder	84	(2)
The Corpus Delicti of a Crime	86	(1)
Multiculturalism and Diversity Islamic Law	87	(1)
Types of Defenses to a Criminal Charge	88	(16)
Alibi	88	(1)
Justifications	88	(1)
Self-Defense	89	(1)
Defense of Others	89	(2)
Excuses	91	(5)
CJ Careers U.S. Secret Service---Uniformed Division	96	(3)
CJ News Texas Woman Who Killed Kids Acquitted	99	(2)
Procedural Defenses	101	(3)
Summary	104	(1)
Discussion Questions	105	(1)
Web Quest	105	(2)
PART 2 POLICING	107	(120)
Policing: Purpose and Organization	108	(30)
Introduction	110	(1)
The Police Mission	110	(4)
Enforcing the Law	110	(1)
Apprehending Offenders	111	(1)
Preventing Crime	111	(2)
Preserving the Peace	113	(1)
Providing Services	114	(1)
American Policing: From the Federal to the Local Level	114	(8)
Federal Agencies	114	(4)
CJ Careers Federal Bureau of Investigation	118	(1)
State-Level Agencies	119	(1)
Local Agencies	120	(1)
CJ News Sheriff's Hunt for Serial Killer Was a Mission, Not Just a Job	121	(1)
Police Administration	122	(10)
Policing Styles	123	(1)
Freedom or Safety? You Decide	124	(1)
Police-Community Relations	124	(6)
Scientific Police Management	130	(2)
Discretion and the Individual Officer	132	(4)
Summary	136	(1)
Discussion Questions	136	(1)
Web Quest	137	(1)
Policing: Legal Aspects	138	(46)
Introduction	140	(1)
The Abuse of Police Power	140	(3)
A Changing Legal Climate	142	(1)
Individual Rights	143	(1)
Due Process Requirements	143	(1)
Search and Seizure	144	(10)
The Exclusionary Rule	144	(2)
Freedom or Safety? You Decide	146	(1)
The Warren Court (1953--1969)	146	(3)
The Burger (1969--1986) and Rehnquist (1986--Present) Courts	149	(5)
CJ Exhibit 5--1 Plain-View Requirements	154	(1)
Arrest	154	(13)
CJ News Court Permits Speedy Drug Raid	155	(2)
Searches Incident to Arrest	157	(2)
Emergency Searches of Persons	159	(1)
CJ Careers Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement	160	(1)
Vehicle Searches	161	(3)
Suspicionless Searches	164	(2)
High-Technology Searches	166	(1)
The Intelligence Function	167	(15)
Informants	167	(1)
Police Interrogation	168	(2)
The Right to a Lawyer at Interrogation	170	(1)
Suspect Rights: The Miranda Decision	171	(1)
CJ Exhibit 5--2 The Miranda Warnings	172	(3)
CJ Exhibit 5--3 Miranda Update	175	(1)
Gathering Special Kinds of Nontestimonial Evidence	176	(1)
Electronic Eavesdropping	177	(3)
CJ Exhibit 5--4 The USA Patriot Act of 2001	180	(2)
Summary	182	(1)
Discussion Questions	183	(1)
Web Quest	183	(1)
Policing: Issues and Challenges	184	(43)
Introduction	186	(1)
Police Personality and Culture	186	(2)
Multiculturalism and Diversity Policing a Multicultural Society	187	(1)
Corruption and Integrity	188	(6)
Money---The Root of Police Evil?	192	(1)
Building Police Integrity	192	(1)
Drug Testing of Police Employees	193	(1)
The Dangers of Police Work	194	(5)
Violence in the Line of Duty	195	(1)
Risk of Disease and Infected Evidence	195	(2)
Stress and Fatigue among Police Officers	197	(2)
Terrorism's Impact on American Policing	199	(2)
Police Civil Liability	201	(3)
Common Sources of Civil Suits	201	(1)
Federal Lawsuits	202	(2)
Racial Profiling and Biased Policing	204	(2)
Racially Biased Policing	206	(1)
Police Use of Force	206	(7)
Deadly Force	208	(1)
Freedom or Safety? You Decide	209	(1)
Less-Lethal Weapons	210	(1)
CJ Careers Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives	211	(1)
CJ News As Shocks Replace Bullets, Deaths Fall	212	(1)
Professionalism and Ethics	213	(4)
CJ Exhibit 6--1 The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics	214	(1)
Education and Training	214	(2)
Multiculturalism and Diversity Investigating Crime in a Multicultural Setting	216	(1)
Recruitment and Selection	216	(1)
Ethnic and Gender Diversity in Policing	217	(4)
Women as Effective Police Officers	220	(1)
Increasing the Number of Minorities and Women in Police Work	221	(1)
Private Protective Services	221	(3)
Integrating Public and Private Security	223	(1)
Summary	224	(1)
Discussion Questions	224	(1)
Web Quest	225	(2)
PART 3 ADJUDICATION	227	(110)
The Courts	228	(26)
Introduction	230	(1)
History and Structure of the American Court System	230	(2)
The State Court System	232	(6)
The Development of State Courts	232	(1)
State Court Systems Today	233	(5)
The Federal Court System	238	(5)
U.S. District Courts	238	(1)
U.S. Courts of Appeals	239	(1)
The U.S. Supreme Court	240	(2)
Multiculturalism and Diversity The International Criminal Court	242	(1)
Pretrial Activities	243	(9)
The First Appearance	244	(2)
CJ Exhibit 7--1 Nonjudicial Pretrial Release Decisions	246	(3)
The Grand Jury	249	(1)
The Preliminary Hearing	250	(1)
Arraignment and the Plea	251	(1)
Summary	252	(1)
Discussion Questions	253	(1)
Web Quest	253	(1)
The Courtroom Work Group and the Criminal Trial	254	(42)
Introduction	256	(1)
The Courtroom Work Group: Professional Courtroom Actors	256	(18)
The Judge	258	(1)
The Prosecuting Attorney	259	(3)
The Defense Counsel	262	(3)
CJ News How Good a Defense Should a Suspect Gel?	265	(3)
CJ Exhibit 8--1 Gideon v. Wainwright and Indigent Defense	268	(2)
CJ Exhibit 8--2 American Bar Association Code of Professional Responsibility	270	(1)
The Bailiff	271	(1)
CJ Careers U.S. Marshals Service	271	(1)
Local Court Administrators	271	(1)
The Court Reporter	272	(1)
The Clerks of Court	272	(1)
The Expert Witness	272	(2)
Outsiders: Nonprofessional Courtroom Participants	274	(4)
Lay Witnesses	274	(1)
Jurors	275	(1)
The Victim	276	(1)
The Defendant	276	(1)
The Press	277	(1)
The Criminal Trial	278	(2)
Nature and Purpose of the Criminal Trial	279	(1)
Stages in a Criminal Trial	280	(13)
Trial Initiation: The Speedy Trial Act	280	(1)
Jury Selection	281	(3)
CJ Exhibit 8--3 Peremptory Challenges and Race	284	(1)
Opening Statements	285	(1)
CJ Exhibit 8--4 Pretrial and Posttrial Motions	286	(1)
The Presentation of Evidence	287	(3)
Closing Arguments	290	(1)
The Judge's Charge to the Jury	290	(1)
Jury Deliberations and the Verdict	290	(2)
Multiculturalism and Diversity the Bilingual Courtroom	292	(1)
Improving the Adjudication Process	293	(1)
Summary	294	(1)
Discussion Questions	294	(1)
Web Quest	295	(1)
Sentencing	296	(41)
Introduction	298	(1)
The Philosophy and Goals of Criminal Sentencing	298	(4)
Retribution	299	(1)
Incapacitation	299	(1)
Deterrence	300	(1)
Rehabilitation	300	(1)
Restoration	301	(1)
Indeterminate Sentencing	302	(2)
Critiques of Indeterminate Sentencing	303	(1)
Structured Sentencing	304	(6)
Critiques of Structured Sentencing	305	(1)
CJ Exhibit 9--1 Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances	306	(1)
Mandatory Sentencing	307	(1)
CJ Exhibit 9--2 Three Strikes and You're Out: A Brief History of the ``Get Tough on Crime'' Movement	308	(2)
Truth in Sentencing	310	(1)
Federal Sentencing Guidelines	310	(3)
Federal Guideline Provisions	310	(1)
Plea Bargaining under the Guidelines	311	(1)
CJ News: Sentencing Decision's Research Is Far and Wide: The Impact of Blakely v. Washington	312	(1)
Innovations in Sentencing	313	(2)
Questions about Alternative Sanctions	315	(1)
The Presentence Investigation	315	(1)
The Victim---Forgotten No Longer	316	(3)
CJ Exhibit 9--3 President Bush Calls for Victims' Rights Amendment	318	(1)
Victim-Impact Statements	319	(1)
Modern Sentencing Options	319	(3)
Fines	321	(1)
Death: The Ultimate Sanction	322	(12)
Habeas Corpus Review	324	(11)
Opposition to Capital Punishment	335
Justifications for Capital Punishment	328	(1)
CJ News Massachusetts Governor Names Panel to Draft New Death Penalty Bill	329	(1)
The Courts and the Death Penalty	329	(4)
The Future of the Death Penalty	333	(1)
Freedom or Safety? You Decide	334	(1)
Summary	334	(1)
Discussion Questions	335	(1)
Web Quest	335	(2)
PART 4 CORRECTIONS	337
Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections	338	(22)
Introduction	340	(1)
What Is Probation?	340	(2)
The Extent of Probation	340	(2)
Probation Conditions	342	(1)
What is Parole?	342	(2)
The Extent of Parole	342	(1)
Parole Conditions	343	(1)
Federal Parole	343	(1)
Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses	344	(2)
Advantages of Probation and Parole	344	(1)
Disadvantages of Probation and Parole	344	(1)
CJ News Florida Eyes Tougher Probation Laws	344	(2)
The Legal Environment	346	(2)
The Federal Probation System	348	(1)
The Job of Probation and Parole Officers	348	(3)
CJ Careers U.S. Probation Officer	349	(1)
The Challenges of the Job	350	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions	351	(5)
Split Sentencing	352	(1)
Shock Probation and Shock Parole	352	(1)
Shock Incarceration	352	(2)
Mixed Sentencing and Community Service	354	(1)
Intensive Supervision	354	(1)
Home Confinement and Remote Location Monitoring	354	(2)
The Future of Probation and Parole	356	(2)
Summary	358	(1)
Discussion Questions	358	(1)
Web Quest	358	(2)
Prisons and Jails	360	(22)
Introduction	362	(1)
Prisons	362	(9)
The Philosophy of Imprisonment	364	(2)
Overcrowding	366	(2)
Security Levels	368	(1)
The Federal Prison System	369	(2)
Recent Improvements	371	(1)
Jails	371	(7)
CJ Careers Federal Bureau of Prisons	372	(1)
Women and Jail	373	(1)
The Growth of Jails	374	(2)
Direct-Supervision Jails	376	(1)
Jails and the Future	377	(1)
CJ Exhibit 11--1 American Jail Association Code of Ethics for Jail Officers	378	(1)
Private Prisons	378	(3)
CJ Exhibit 11--2 Arguments for and Against the Privatization of Prisons	380	(1)
Summary	381	(1)
Discussion Questions	381	(1)
Web Quest	381	(1)
Prison Life	382
Introduction	384	(1)
Research on Prison Life: Total Institutions	384	(1)
The Male Inmate's World	384	(7)
CJ Exhibit 12--1 Prison Argot: The Language of Confinement	386	(1)
The Evolution of Prison Subcultures	386	(1)
The Functions of Prison Subcultures	387	(1)
Prison Lifestyles and Inmate Types	387	(3)
Homosexually in Prison	390	(1)
The Female Inmate's World	391	(6)
CJ News Child Sleepovers at Prison Reviewed	394	(1)
Social Structure in Women's Prisons	395	(1)
Types of Female Inmates	396	(1)
Violence in Women's Prisons	396	(1)
The Staff World	397	(3)
Freedom or Safety? You Decide	398	(1)
CJ Exhibit 12--2 American Correctional Association Code of Ethics	399	(1)
The Professionalization of Correctional Officers	399	(1)
Prison Riots	400	(2)
Causes of Riots	400	(2)
Stages in Riots and Riot Control	402	(1)
Prisoners' Rights	402	(13)
The Legal Basis of Prisoners' Rights	403	(1)
Precedents in Prisoners's Rights	404	(5)
CJ Exhibit 12--3 Federal Oversight of the Texas Prison System: A Timeline	409	(2)
A Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine?	411	(3)
CJ Careers U.S. Customs and Border Protection	414	(1)
Issues Facing Prisons Today	415	(4)
Aids	415	(1)
Geriatric Offenders	416	(1)
Mentally Ill Inmates	417	(1)
Terrorism	418	(1)
Summary	419	(1)
Discussion Questions	419	(1)
Web Quest	420
Appendix A Bill of Rights	1	(2)
Appendix B List of Acronyms	3
Notes	1	(1)
Index	1