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Preface | p. xiii |
About the Author | p. xvii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Definition and Scope of Forensic Science | p. 1 |
History and Development of Forensic Science | p. 2 |
The Organization of a Crime Laboratory | p. 7 |
Services of the Crime Laboratory | p. 9 |
The Functions of the Forensic Scientist | p. 12 |
Other Forensic Science Services | p. 18 |
Review Questions | p. 23 |
Further References | p. 25 |
Case Reading | p. 26 |
The Crime Scene | p. 34 |
Processing the Crime Scene | p. 34 |
Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene | p. 50 |
Review Questions | p. 52 |
Further References | p. 53 |
Case Reading | p. 54 |
Physical Evidence | p. 62 |
Common Types of Physical Evidence | p. 62 |
The Significance of Physical Evidence | p. 63 |
Review Questions | p. 74 |
Further References | p. 75 |
Case Reading | p. 75 |
Physical Properties: Glass and Soil | p. 89 |
The Metric System | p. 90 |
Physical Properties | p. 92 |
Comparing Glass Fragments | p. 99 |
Glass Fractures | p. 106 |
Collection and Preservation of Glass Evidence | p. 109 |
Forensic Characteristics of Soil | p. 111 |
Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence | p. 114 |
Review Questions | p. 116 |
Further References | p. 117 |
Organic Analysis | p. 119 |
Elements and Compounds | p. 119 |
Selecting an Analytical Technique | p. 123 |
Chromatography | p. 124 |
Spectrophotometry | p. 136 |
Mass Spectrometry | p. 143 |
Review Questions | p. 147 |
Further References | p. 148 |
Inorganic Analysis | p. 150 |
Evidence in the Assassination of President Kennedy | p. 152 |
The Emission Spectrum of Elements | p. 154 |
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer | p. 158 |
The Origin of Emission and Absorption Spectra | p. 159 |
Neutron Activation Analysis | p. 162 |
X-Ray Diffraction | p. 165 |
Review Questions | p. 167 |
Further References | p. 168 |
The Microscope | p. 169 |
The Compound Microscope | p. 170 |
The Comparison Microscope | p. 174 |
The Stereoscopic Microscope | p. 175 |
The Polarizing Microscope | p. 176 |
The Microspectrophotometer | p. 178 |
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | p. 179 |
Review Questions | p. 184 |
Further References | p. 185 |
Case Reading | p. 186 |
Hairs, Fibers, and Paint | p. 194 |
Morphology of Hair | p. 194 |
Identification and Comparison of Hair | p. 198 |
Collection and Preservation of Hair Evidence | p. 204 |
Types of Fibers | p. 205 |
Identification and Comparison of Man-Made Fibers | p. 210 |
Collection and Preservation of Fiber Evidence | p. 216 |
Forensic Examination of Paint | p. 219 |
Collection and Preservation of Paint Evidence | p. 228 |
Review Questions | p. 230 |
Further References | p. 231 |
Drugs | p. 233 |
Drug Dependence | p. 234 |
Narcotic Drugs | p. 237 |
Hallucinogens | p. 240 |
Depressants | p. 245 |
Stimulants | p. 247 |
Club Drugs | p. 249 |
Anabolic Steroids | p. 250 |
Drug-Control Laws | p. 251 |
Drug Identification | p. 254 |
Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence | p. 260 |
Review Questions | p. 261 |
Further References | p. 263 |
Forensic Toxicology | p. 264 |
Toxicology of Alcohol | p. 265 |
The Role of the Toxicologist | p. 283 |
Techniques Used in Toxicology | p. 284 |
The Significance of Toxicological Findings | p. 288 |
The Drug Recognition Expert | p. 289 |
Review Questions | p. 293 |
Further References | p. 295 |
Forensic Aspects of Arson and Explosion Investigations | p. 296 |
The Chemistry of Fire | p. 296 |
Searching the Fire Scene | p. 303 |
Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence | p. 305 |
Analysis of Flammable Residues | p. 307 |
Types of Explosives | p. 311 |
Collection and Analysis of Explosives | p. 316 |
Review Questions | p. 324 |
Further References | p. 327 |
Forensic Serology | p. 328 |
The Nature of Blood | p. 329 |
Immunoassay Techniques | p. 333 |
Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains | p. 336 |
Stain Patterns of Blood | p. 342 |
Principles of Heredity | p. 346 |
Forensic Characterization of Semen | p. 348 |
Collection of Rape Evidence | p. 352 |
Review Questions | p. 358 |
Further References | p. 360 |
DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool | p. 361 |
What Is DNA? | p. 361 |
DNA at Work | p. 364 |
Replication of DNA | p. 366 |
Recombinant DNA: Cutting and Splicing DNA | p. 368 |
DNA Typing | p. 368 |
Mitochondrial DNA | p. 382 |
The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) | p. 389 |
The Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis | p. 390 |
Review Questions | p. 397 |
Further References | p. 399 |
Case Reading | p. 399 |
Fingerprints | p. 406 |
History of Fingerprinting | p. 406 |
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints | p. 408 |
Classification of Fingerprints | p. 414 |
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems | p. 415 |
Methods of Detecting Fingerprints | p. 417 |
Preservation of Developed Prints | p. 425 |
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement | p. 426 |
Review Questions | p. 430 |
Further References | p. 431 |
Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions | p. 432 |
Bullet Comparisons | p. 432 |
Cartridge Cases | p. 439 |
Automated Firearm Search Systems | p. 440 |
Gunpowder Residues | p. 444 |
Primer Residues on the Hands | p. 448 |
Serial Number Restoration | p. 451 |
Collection and Preservation of Firearm Evidence | p. 452 |
Tool Marks | p. 454 |
Other Impressions | p. 457 |
Review Questions | p. 464 |
Further References | p. 465 |
Document and Voice Examination | p. 466 |
Handwriting Comparisons | p. 467 |
Collection of Handwriting Exemplars | p. 469 |
Typescript Comparisons | p. 471 |
Photocopier, Printer, and Fax Examination | p. 472 |
Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations | p. 474 |
Other Document Problems | p. 478 |
Voice Examination | p. 480 |
Review Questions | p. 487 |
Further References | p. 488 |
Forensic Science on the Internet | p. 489 |
What Is the Internet? | p. 490 |
Where to Go on the Internet | p. 491 |
Exploring Forensic Science on the WWW | p. 496 |
Web Sites You May Wish to Explore | p. 497 |
Review Questions | p. 502 |
Further References | p. 503 |
The Future | p. 504 |
Further References | p. 510 |
Case Readings | p. 511 |
Appendices | |
Guides to the Collection of Physical Evidence--FBI | p. 543 |
Instructions for Collecting Gunshot Residue (GSR) | p. 558 |
FBI Policy for Submitting DNA Evidence | p. 560 |
Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Parameters for Figures Contained within the Text | p. 562 |
Chemical Formulas for Latent Fingerprint Development | p. 564 |
Chemical Formulas for Development of Footwear Impressions in Blood | p. 569 |
Answers | p. 573 |
Index | p. 579 |
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved. |
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