Preface | p. xiii |
About the Author | p. xvi |
Introduction | p. 2 |
Definition and Scope of Forensic Science | p. 4 |
History and Development of Forensic Science | p. 5 |
Organization of a Crime Laboratory | p. 10 |
Services of the Crime Laboratory | p. 13 |
Functions of the Forensic Scientist | p. 16 |
Other Forensic Science Services | p. 21 |
Chapter Summary | p. 25 |
Review Questions | p. 26 |
Further References | p. 28 |
Case Study: Detection of Curare in the Jascalevich Murder Trial | p. 29 |
The Crime Scene | p. 36 |
Processing the Crime Scene | p. 38 |
Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene | p. 55 |
Chapter Summary | p. 56 |
Review Questions | p. 57 |
Further References | p. 58 |
Case Study: The Enrique Camarena Case: A Forensic Nightmare | p. 59 |
Physical Evidence | p. 68 |
Common Types of Physical Evidence | p. 70 |
The Significance of Physical Evidence | p. 72 |
Forensic Databases | p. 79 |
Crime Scene Reconstruction | p. 83 |
Chapter Summary | p. 84 |
Review Questions | p. 86 |
Further References | p. 86 |
Case Study: Fiber Evidence and the Wayne William Trial | p. 87 |
Physical Properties: Glass and Soil | p. 98 |
The Metric System | p. 100 |
Physical Properties | p. 102 |
Comparing Glass Fragments | p. 109 |
Glass Fractures | p. 116 |
Collection and Preservation of Glass Evidence | p. 118 |
Forensic Characteristics of Soil | p. 119 |
Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence | p. 122 |
Chapter Summary | p. 123 |
Review Questions | p. 124 |
Further References | p. 125 |
Organic Analysis | p. 126 |
Elements and Compounds | p. 128 |
Selecting an Analytical Technique | p. 132 |
Chromatography | p. 133 |
Spectrophotometry | p. 144 |
Mass Spectrometry | p. 150 |
Chapter Summary | p. 154 |
Review Questions | p. 155 |
Further References | p. 157 |
Inorganic Analysis | p. 158 |
Evidence in the Assassination of President Kennedy | p. 162 |
The Emission Spectrum of Elements | p. 164 |
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer | p. 167 |
The Origin of Emission and Absorption Spectra | p. 169 |
Neutron Activation Analysis | p. 171 |
X-Ray Diffraction | p. 174 |
Chapter Summary | p. 175 |
Review Questions | p. 176 |
Further References | p. 177 |
The Microscope | p. 178 |
The Compound Microscope | p. 182 |
The Comparison Microscope | p. 184 |
The Stereoscopic Microscope | p. 186 |
The Polarizing Microscope | p. 188 |
The Microspectrophotometer | p. 189 |
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | p. 192 |
Chapter Summary | p. 195 |
Review Questions | p. 196 |
Further References | p. 197 |
Case Study: Microscopic Trace Evidence-The Overlooked Clue | p. 198 |
Hairs, Fibers, and Paint | p. 206 |
Morphology of Hair | p. 208 |
Identification and Comparison of Hair | p. 212 |
Collection and Preservation of Hair Evidence | p. 218 |
Types of Fibers | p. 219 |
Identification and Comparison of Manufactured Fibers | p. 224 |
Collection and Preservation of Fiber Evidence | p. 231 |
Forensic Examination of Paint | p. 232 |
Collection and Preservation of Paint Evidence | p. 239 |
Chapter Summary | p. 242 |
Review Questions | p. 243 |
Further References | p. 245 |
Drugs | p. 246 |
Drug Dependence | p. 248 |
Narcotic Drugs | p. 251 |
Hallucinogens | p. 254 |
Depressants | p. 259 |
Stimulants | p. 260 |
Club Drugs | p. 263 |
Anabolic Steroids | p. 264 |
Drug-Control Laws | p. 265 |
Drug Identification | p. 268 |
Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence | p. 273 |
Chapter Summary | p. 274 |
Review Questions | p. 275 |
Further References | p. 277 |
Forensic Toxicology | p. 278 |
Toxicology of Alcohol | p. 281 |
The Role of the Toxicologist | p. 297 |
Techniques Used in Toxicology | p. 298 |
The Significance of Toxicological Findings | p. 302 |
The Drug Recognition Expert | p. 303 |
Chapter Summary | p. 306 |
Review Questions | p. 307 |
Further References | p. 309 |
Forensic Aspects of Arson and Explosion Investigations | p. 310 |
The Chemistry of Fire | p. 312 |
Searching the Fire Scene | p. 318 |
Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence | p. 321 |
Analysis of Flammable Residues | p. 323 |
Types of Explosives | p. 327 |
Collection and Analysis of Explosives | p. 332 |
Chapter Summary | p. 340 |
Review Questions | p. 341 |
Further References | p. 342 |
Forensic Serology | p. 344 |
The Nature of Blood | p. 347 |
Immunoassay Techniques | p. 350 |
Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains | p. 352 |
Stain Patterns of Blood | p. 359 |
Principles of Heredity | p. 364 |
Forensic Characterization of Semen | p. 367 |
Collection of Rape Evidence | p. 371 |
Chapter Summary | p. 376 |
Review Questions | p. 377 |
Further References | p. 379 |
DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool | p. 380 |
What Is DNA? | p. 382 |
DNA at Work | p. 385 |
Replication of DNA | p. 387 |
Recombinant DNA: Cutting and Splicing DNA | p. 388 |
DNA Typing | p. 390 |
Mitochondrial DNA | p. 403 |
The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) | p. 410 |
Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis | p. 411 |
Chapter Summary | p. 417 |
Review Questions | p. 418 |
Further References | p. 420 |
Case Study: The Forensic Community's Response to September 11 | p. 421 |
Fingerprints | p. 426 |
History of Fingerprinting | p. 428 |
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints | p. 430 |
Classification of Fingerprints | p. 435 |
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems | p. 436 |
Methods of Detecting Fingerprints | p. 440 |
Preservation of Developed Prints | p. 451 |
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement | p. 452 |
Chapter Summary | p. 454 |
Review Questions | p. 455 |
Further References | p. 457 |
Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions | p. 458 |
Bullet Comparisons | p. 460 |
Cartridge Cases | p. 467 |
Automated Firearms Search Systems | p. 468 |
Gunpowder Residues | p. 471 |
Primer Residues on the Hands | p. 475 |
Serial Number Restoration | p. 478 |
Collection and Preservation of Firearms Evidence | p. 479 |
Tool Marks | p. 481 |
Other Impressions | p. 484 |
Chapter Summary | p. 492 |
Review Questions | p. 493 |
Further References | p. 494 |
Document and Voice Examination | p. 496 |
Handwriting Comparisons | p. 498 |
Collection of Handwriting Exemplars | p. 501 |
Typescript Comparisons | p. 502 |
Photocopier, Printer, and Fax Examination | p. 504 |
Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations | p. 505 |
Other Document Problems | p. 510 |
Voice Examination | p. 515 |
Chapter Summary | p. 519 |
Review Questions | p. 520 |
Further References | p. 521 |
Computer Forensics | p. 522 |
From Input to Output: How Does the Computer Work? | p. 525 |
Putting It All Together | p. 529 |
How Data Is Stored | p. 530 |
Processing the Electronic Crime Scene | p. 532 |
Evidentiary Data | p. 536 |
Chapter Summary | p. 544 |
Review Questions | p. 544 |
Further References | p. 545 |
Computer Forensic Analysis Answers the Question "Arson or Accident?" | p. 546 |
Counterfeiting and Fraud: A Forensic Computer Investigation | p. 548 |
Forensic Science and the Internet | p. 550 |
What Is the Internet? | p. 552 |
Where to Go on the Internet | p. 555 |
Exploring Forensic Science on the World Wide Web | p. 561 |
Websites You May Wish to Explore | p. 563 |
Forensic Analysis of Internet Data | p. 564 |
Forensic Investigation of Internet Communications | p. 566 |
Hacking | p. 569 |
Chapter Summary | p. 570 |
Review Questions | p. 571 |
Further References | p. 571 |
The Future | p. 572 |
Case Readings | p. 581 |
Appendixes | |
Guides to the Collection of Physical Evidence-FBI | p. 611 |
Instructions for Collecting Gunshot Residue (GSR) | p. 627 |
Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Parameters for Figures Contained in the Text | p. 627 |
Chemical Formulas for Latent Fingerprint Development | p. 630 |
Chemical Formulas for Development of Footwear Impressions in Blood | p. 635 |
Answers | p. 639 |
Index | p. 643 |
Photo Credits | p. 653 |
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