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9780534516963

Criminology

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780534516963

  • ISBN10:

    0534516963

  • Edition: 7th
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 1999-08-11
  • Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

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Summary

This best-selling text offers a comprehensive look at all areas of criminological theory, crime typologies, and criminal justice systems areas. Renowned for its exhaustive research base, this book presents cutting-edge and seminal research as well as up-to-the minute policy and newsworthy examples. Rewritten for greater readability, this thoroughly revised edition achieves new heights of student accessibility through increased pedagogical aids including Thinking Like a Criminologist and Policy and Practice in Criminology.

Table of Contents

CONCEPTS OF CRIME, LAW, AND CRIMINOLOGY
Crime and Criminology
2(24)
Introduction
3(1)
The Study of Criminology
4(1)
What Is Criminology?
4(1)
A Brief History of Criminology
4(6)
Classical Criminology
5(1)
Nineteenth-Century Positivism
6(1)
The Development of Sociological Criminology
7(1)
The Foundations of Sociological Criminology
7(1)
The Chicago School and Beyond
8(1)
Conflict Criminology
9(1)
Criminology Today
9(1)
Criminology and Criminal Justice
10(1)
The Distinction Between Criminology and Criminal Justice
10(1)
The Distinction Between Criminology and Deviance
10(1)
What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise
11(3)
Criminal Statistics
12(1)
Sociology of Law
12(1)
Theory Construction
12(1)
Criminal Behavior Systems
13(1)
Race, Culture, Gender, and criminology
The Changing Face of International Crime Rates
14(2)
Penology
14(1)
Victimology
15(1)
How Criminologists View Crime
16(3)
The Consensus View of Crime
17(1)
The Conflict View of Crime
17(1)
The Interactionist View of Crime
18(1)
Defining Crime
19(1)
Criminology Research Methods
20(3)
Survey Research
20(1)
Cohort Research
20(1)
Aggregate Data Research
21(1)
Experimental Research
21(1)
Observational and Interview Research
22(1)
Ethical Issues in Criminology
23(1)
Summary
24(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
24(1)
Key Terms
24(1)
Notes
25(1)
Criminal Law and Its Processes
26(24)
Introduction
27(1)
The Origin of Law
28(3)
Early Crime, Punishment, and Law in Chaos
29(1)
Origins of Common Law
30(1)
Compensation for Crime
30(1)
The Norman Conquest
30(1)
Common Law
31(1)
Policy and Practice in Criminology
Origin of the Jury Trial
32(2)
Common Law and Statutory Law
32(1)
Common Law and Statutory Law in America
33(1)
Common Law in Other Cultures
34(1)
Classification of Law
34(2)
Crimes and Torts
34(1)
Felonies and Misdemeanors
35(1)
Mala in Se and Mala Prohibitum
35(1)
Functions of Criminal Law
36(3)
Enforcing Social Control
36(1)
Discouraging Revenge
37(1)
Expressing Public Opinion and Morality
37(1)
Deterring Criminal Behavior
38(1)
Punishing Wrongdoing
38(1)
Maintaining Social Order
39(1)
The Legal Definition of a Crime
39(2)
Actus Reus
39(1)
Mens Rea
40(1)
Criminal Defenses
41(3)
Ignorance or Mistake
41(1)
Insanity
42(1)
Intoxication
43(1)
Duress
43(1)
Policy and practice in criminology
The Insanity Controversy
44(2)
Necessity
45(1)
Self-Defense
45(1)
Entrapment
45(1)
Exotic Defenses
46(1)
Changing Criminal Law
46(1)
Summary
47(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
48(1)
Key Terms
48(1)
Notes
49(1)
The Nature and Extent of Crime
50(34)
Introduction
51(1)
The Uniform Crime Report
51(4)
Collecting the Uniform Crime Report
51(2)
How Accurate Are the Uniform Crime Reports?
53(2)
The Future of the Uniform Crime Report
55(1)
Self-Report Surveys
55(2)
The Focus of Self-Reports
55(1)
Are Self-Reports Accurate?
56(1)
The ``Missing Cases''
57(1)
Victim Surveys
57(2)
The National Crime Victimization Survey
58(1)
Is the NCVS Valid?
58(1)
Are Crime Statistics Sources Compatible?
58(1)
Crime Trends
59(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Explaining Crime Trends
60(3)
Trends in Violent Crime
60(1)
Trends in Property Crime
61(1)
Trends in Self-Reports and Victimization
61(1)
What the Future Holds
62(1)
Crime Patterns
63(3)
The Ecology of Crime
63(1)
Use of Firearms
64(2)
policy and practice in criminology
Gun Control Practices
66(9)
Social Class and Crime
67(2)
Age and Crime
69(2)
Gender and Crime
71(3)
Race and Crime
74(1)
Criminal Careers
75(2)
Delinquency in a Birth Cohort
76(1)
Birth Cohort
76(1)
Stability in Crime: From Delinquent to Criminal
76(1)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
Criminal Careers in Europe
77(2)
Implications of the Chronic Offender Concept
78(1)
Summary
79(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
79(1)
Key Terms
79(1)
Notes
80(4)
Victims and Victimization
84(28)
Introduction
85(1)
Problems of Crime Victims
85(3)
Loss
85(1)
Suffering
86(1)
Fear
87(1)
Antisocial Behavior
87(1)
The Nature of Victimization
88(6)
The Social Ecology of Victimization
89(1)
The Victim's Household
90(1)
Victim Characteristics
90(3)
The Victims and Their Criminals
93(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Victims of Stalking
94(1)
Theories of Victimization
95(1)
Victim Precipitation Theory
95(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Parents Who Get Killed and the Children Who Kill Them
96(4)
Lifestyle Theories
97(1)
Routine Activities Theory
98(2)
The Criminological Enterprise
Crime and Everyday Life
100(1)
Caring for the Victim
101(4)
The Government's Response
101(1)
Victim Service Programs
102(1)
Victims' Rights
103(1)
Self-Protection
104(1)
Community Organization
105(1)
Summary
105(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
106(1)
Key Terms
107(1)
Notes
107(5)
THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION
Choice Theory
112(34)
Introduction
113(1)
The Development of Rational Choice Theory
113(5)
The Classical Theory of Crime
114(1)
Choice Theory Emerges
114(1)
The Concepts of Rational Choice
115(1)
Rational Choice and Routine Activities
116(2)
Is Crime Rational?
118(3)
Are Street Crimes Rational?
119(1)
Is Drug Use Rational?
120(1)
Can Violence Be Rational?
120(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
In the Drug Business
121(2)
The Seductions of Crime
122(1)
Eliminating Crime
123(4)
Situational Crime Prevention
123(1)
Crime Prevention Strategies
124(2)
General Deterrence
126(1)
policy and practice in criminology
Reducing Subway Crime
127(7)
Specific Deterrence
132(2)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
Deterring Domestic Violence
134(4)
Rethinking Deterrence
136(1)
Incapacitation
136(2)
Policy Implications of Choice Theory
138(1)
Just Desert
138(1)
Summary
139(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
140(1)
Key Terms
140(1)
Notes
140(6)
Trait Theories
146(38)
Introduction
147(1)
Foundations of Biological Trait Theory
148(2)
Impact of Sociobiology
149(1)
Modern Trait Theories
149(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
The Nature Assumption
150(1)
Biological Trait Theories
151(11)
Biochemical Conditions and Crime
152(3)
Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime
155(3)
Genetics and Crime
158(2)
Evolutionary Views of Crime
160(1)
Evaluation of the Biological Branch of Trait Theory
161(1)
Psychological Trait Theories
162(6)
Theory of Imitation
162(1)
Psychodynamic Perspective
163(2)
Behavioral Theories
165(1)
Cognitive Theory
166(2)
The Criminological Enterprise
The Media and Violence
168(4)
Crime and Mental Illness
170(1)
Personality and Crime
170(2)
The Criminological Enterprise
The Antisocial Personality
172(3)
Intelligence and Crime
172(3)
Social Policy Implications
175(2)
Summary
177(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
177(1)
Key Terms
177(1)
Notes
178(6)
Social Structure Theories
184(36)
Introduction
185(1)
Sociological Criminology
185(1)
Economic Structure and Crime
186(3)
Lower-Class Culture
186(2)
Are the Poor Undeserving?
188(1)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
When Work Disappears
189(1)
Social Structure Theories
190(1)
Branches of Social Structure Theory
190(1)
Social Disorganization Theory
191(7)
The Work of Shaw and McKay
191(3)
The Social Ecology School
194(4)
Strain Theories
198(9)
Anomie
198(1)
Theory of Anomie
199(1)
Institutional Anomie Theory
200(2)
Relative Deprivation Theory
202(1)
General Strain Theory (GST)
203(4)
Cultural Deviance Theory
207(4)
Conduct Norms
207(1)
Focal Concerns
207(1)
Theory of Delinquent Subcultures
208(1)
Theory of Differential Opportunity
209(2)
Evaluation of Social Structure Theories
211(1)
Is the Structural Approach Valid?
211(1)
Social Structure Theory and Social Policy
211(1)
policy and practice in criminology
Operation Weed and Seed
212(1)
Summary
213(2)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
215(1)
Key Terms
215(1)
Notes
215(5)
Social Process Theories
220(34)
Introduction
221(1)
Socialization and Crime
222(4)
Family Relations
222(2)
Educational Experience
224(1)
Peer Relations
224(1)
Institutional Involvement and Belief
225(1)
The Effects of Socialization on Crime
225(1)
Social Learning Theories
226(8)
Differential Association Theory
226(5)
Differential Reinforcement Theory
231(1)
Neutralization Theory
232(2)
Are Learning Theories Valid?
234(1)
Social Control Theories
234(5)
Self-Concept and Crime
235(1)
Social Control Theory
236(1)
Elements of the Social Bond
236(1)
Testing Social Control Theory
237(2)
Social Reaction Theory
239(6)
Crime and Labeling Theory
240(1)
Differential Enforcement
241(1)
Becoming Labeled
241(1)
Consequences of Labeling
241(1)
Primary and Secondary Deviance
242(1)
Research on Social Reaction Theory
243(1)
Is Labeling Theory Valid?
244(1)
An Evaluation of Social Process Theory
245(1)
Social Process Theory and Social Policy
246(1)
policy and practice in criminology
Head Start
247(1)
Summary
248(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
249(1)
Key Terms
249(1)
Notes
249(5)
Conflict Theory
254(31)
Introduction
255(1)
Marxist Thought
255(3)
Productive Forces and Productive Relations
256(1)
Surplus Value
257(1)
Marx on Crime
258(1)
Developing a Conflict Theory of Crime
258(2)
The Contribution of Willem Bonger
258(1)
The Contribution of Ralf Dahrendorf
259(1)
The Contribution of George Vold
260(1)
Conflict Theory
260(4)
Conflict Criminology
260(3)
Research on Conflict Theory
263(1)
Analysis of Conflict Theory
263(1)
Marxist Criminology
264(6)
The Development of a Radical Criminology
264(1)
Fundamentals of Marxist Criminology
265(2)
Instrumental Marxism
267(1)
Structural Marxism
268(1)
Research on Marxist Criminology
269(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Marxist Theories of Crime
270(2)
Critique of Marxist Criminology
272(1)
Emerging Forms of Conflict Theory
272(5)
Left Realism
272(1)
Radical Feminist Theory
273(2)
Power-Control Theory
275(1)
Postmodern Theory
276(1)
Peacemaking Criminology
277(1)
Social Conflict Theory and Social Policy
277(1)
The Criminologicla Enterprise
Restorative Justice
278(1)
Summary
279(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
280(1)
Key Terms
280(1)
Notes
281(4)
Integrated Theories: Latent Trait and Developmental Theories
285(33)
Introduction
286(1)
Developing Complex Theories
287(1)
Latent Trait Theories
287(6)
Human Nature Theory
288(1)
General Theory of Crime
289(4)
The Criminological Enterprise
Mating Habits and Crime
293(1)
Developmental Theories
294(5)
The Glueck Research
295(1)
Developmental Concepts
296(3)
Theories of Criminal Development
299(1)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
Violent Female Criminals
300(10)
The Social Development Model (SDM)
300(2)
Elliott's Integrated Theory
302(2)
Farrington's Theory of Delinquent Development
304(2)
Interactional Theory
306(1)
Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory
307(3)
Commonalities and Distinctions Between Latent Trait and Developmental Theories
310(1)
Summary
310(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
310(1)
Key Terms
311(1)
Notes
311(7)
CRIME TYPOLOGIES
Violent Crime
318(44)
Introduction
319(1)
The Roots of Violence
320(1)
Personal Traits
320(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Violent Land
321(2)
Ineffective Families
322(1)
Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct
322(1)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
Mothers Who Kill Their Children
323(3)
Exposure to Violence
324(1)
Cultural Values
324(1)
Substance Abuse
325(1)
Firearm Availability
326(1)
Forcible Rape
326(6)
History of Rape
327(1)
Incidence of Rape
327(1)
Types of Rape
328(2)
The Causes of Rape
330(1)
Rape and the Law
331(1)
Murder and Homicide
332(6)
Degrees of Murder
333(1)
The Nature and Extent of Murder
334(1)
Murderous Relations
334(1)
Types of Murders
335(3)
The Criminological Enterprise
Mass Murder and Serial Killing
338(1)
Assault and Battery
339(5)
Nature and Patterns of Assault
339(1)
Assault in the Home
340(4)
Robbery
344(1)
Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence
345(1)
Hate Crimes
345(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Armed Robbers in Action
346(3)
Workplace Violence
347(2)
Political Violence
349(6)
Terrorism
349(2)
Forms of Terrorism
351(2)
Extent of Terrorism
353(1)
Who Is the Terrorist?
354(1)
Responses to Terrorism
354(1)
Summary
355(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
355(1)
Key Terms
356(1)
Notes
356(6)
Property Crimes
362(22)
Introduction
363(1)
A Brief History of Theft
364(1)
Modern Thieves
364(1)
Occasional Criminals
364(1)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
Catching Thieves in Eighteenth-Century England
365(3)
Professional Criminals
366(2)
The Criminological Enterprise
Transforming Theft: Train Robbers and Safe Crackers
368(1)
Larceny/Theft
369(6)
Larceny Today
370(1)
Varieties of Larceny
371(1)
Shoplifting
371(1)
Bad Checks
372(1)
Credit Card Theft
373(1)
Auto Theft
373(1)
False Pretenses or Fraud
374(1)
Confidence Games
375(1)
Embezzlement
375(1)
Burglary
375(4)
The Nature and Extent of Burglary
376(1)
Careers in Burglary
377(2)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
The Female Burglar
379(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
What Motivates Juvenile Firesetters?
380(1)
Arson
381(1)
Summary
381(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
382(1)
Key Terms
382(1)
Notes
382(2)
White-Collar and Organized Crime
384(39)
Introduction
385(1)
White-Collar Crime
386(2)
Redefining White-Collar Crime
386(1)
The White-Collar Crime Problem
387(1)
International White-Collar Crime
387(1)
Components of White-Collar Crime
388(8)
Stings and Swindles
388(1)
Chiseling
389(2)
Individual Exploitation of Institutional Position
391(1)
Influence Peddling and Bribery
391(3)
Embezzlement and Employee Fraud
394(1)
Client Fraud
394(2)
The Criminological Enterprise
The Savings and Loan Cases
396(7)
Corporate Crime
398(3)
High-Tech Crime
401(2)
The Cause of White-Collar Crime
403(2)
Greedy or Needy?
403(2)
White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems
405(4)
Corporate Policing
406(1)
Controlling White-Collar Crime
406(3)
Organized Crime
409(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Can Corporations Commit Murder?
410(7)
Characteristics of Organized Crime
411(1)
Activities of Organized Crime
411(1)
The Concept of Organized Crime
412(3)
Organized Crime Groups
415(1)
Controlling Organized Crime
416(1)
The Future of Organized Crime
416(1)
Summary
417(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
418(1)
Key Terms
418(1)
Notes
418(5)
Public Order Crimes
423(49)
Introduction
424(1)
Law and Morality
424(3)
Debating Morality
425(2)
Homosexuality
427(3)
Attitudes Toward Homosexuality
427(2)
Homosexuality and the Law
429(1)
Paraphilias
430(1)
Prostitution
431(4)
Incidence of Prostitution
432(1)
Types of Prostitutes
432(2)
Becoming a Prostitute
434(1)
Legalize Prostitution?
434(1)
Pornography
435(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Victimless Crimes: Streetwalkers in New York City
436(5)
The Dangers of Pornography
436(1)
Does Pornography Cause Violence?
437(1)
Pornography and the Law
438(1)
Controlling Sex for Profit
439(2)
Substance Abuse
441(4)
When Did Drug Use Begin?
441(1)
Alcohol and Its Prohibition
441(1)
Commonly Abused Drugs
442(3)
The Criminological Enterprise
Careers in Crack
445(12)
The Extent of Substance Abuse
446(4)
AIDS and Drug Use
450(1)
The Causes of Substance Abuse
450(2)
Types of Drug Users
452(2)
Drugs and Crime
454(2)
Drugs and the Law
456(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
How Substance Abuse Provokes Violence
457(6)
Drug Control Strategies
458(5)
Summary
463(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
464(1)
Key Terms
464(1)
Notes
464(8)
THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Overview of the Criminal Justice System
472(26)
Introduction
473(1)
Origins of Criminal Justice
473(2)
Crime and Justice in the Twentieth Century
474(1)
Early Origins of American Justice
474(1)
The Modern Era of Justice
474(1)
What Is the Criminal Justice System?
475(3)
Police and Law Enforcement
475(1)
The Criminal Courts
476(1)
Corrections
477(1)
The Process of Justice
478(2)
policy and practice in criminology
The Juvenile Justice System
480(6)
Going Through the System
483(1)
The ``Wedding Cake'' Model
484(2)
Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law
486(4)
Procedural Laws
486(1)
Due Process
487(1)
The Exclusionary Rule
488(2)
Concepts of Justice
490(4)
Crime Control Model
490(1)
Justice Model
491(1)
Due Process Model
491(1)
Rehabilitation Model
492(1)
Nonintervention Model
493(1)
Restorative Justice Perspective
493(1)
Concepts of Justice Today
494(1)
Summary
495(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
495(1)
Key Terms
495(1)
Notes
496(2)
Police and Law Enforcement
498(36)
Introduction
499(1)
History of Police
500(3)
The London Police
500(1)
Policing the American Colonies
500(1)
Early American Police Agencies
501(1)
Reform Movements
501(1)
The Advent of Professionalism
502(1)
Law Enforcement Agencies Today
503(1)
Federal Law Enforcement
503(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Law Enforcement in the Twenty-First Century
504(4)
County Law Enforcement
506(1)
State Police
506(1)
Metropolitan Police
506(2)
Police Functions
508(2)
Patrol Function
508(1)
Investigation Function
509(1)
Other Police Functions
510(1)
Changing the Police Role
510(4)
Community-Oriented Policing (COP)
510(3)
Problem-Oriented Policing
513(1)
Does Community Policing Work?
514(1)
Police and the Rule of Law
514(3)
Custodial Interrogation
515(1)
Search and Seizure
516(1)
Issues in Policing
517(3)
Police Personality and Subculture
517(2)
Discretion
519(1)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
Does Race Influence the Police Use of Discretion?
520(7)
Women and Minority Police Officers
522(2)
The Police and Violence
524(3)
The Criminological Enterprise
In the Line of Fire: Shootings of Police
527(1)
Summary
528(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
528(1)
Key Terms
529(1)
Notes
529(5)
The Judicatory Process
534(39)
Introduction
535(2)
Court Structure
537(3)
State Courts
537(1)
Federal Courts
537(3)
Actors in the Judicatory Process
540(5)
Prosecutor
540(3)
Defense Attorney
543(1)
Judge
544(1)
Pretrial Procedures
545(5)
Bail
545(4)
Plea Bargaining
549(1)
The Criminal Trial
550(5)
Jury Selection
551(1)
The Trial Process
552(2)
Trials and the Rule of Law
554(1)
Sentencing
555(8)
Purposes of Sentencing
556(1)
Sentencing Dispositions
556(1)
Sentencing Structures
557(4)
How People Are Sentenced
561(2)
The Death Penalty
563(1)
The Death Penalty Debate
563(1)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
Race and Sentencing
564(2)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
The International Use of the Death Penalty
566(2)
Legality of the Death Penalty
568(1)
Summary
568(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
569(1)
Key Terms
569(1)
Notes
569(4)
Corrections
573(38)
Introduction
574(1)
History of Punishment and Corrections
575(5)
The Middle Ages
575(1)
Punishment in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
576(1)
Corrections in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
576(2)
Corrections in the Twentieth Century
578(1)
The Modern Era
579(1)
Probation
580(2)
Probationary Sentences
580(1)
Probation Organizations
580(1)
Probation Services
581(1)
Probation Rules and Revocation
581(1)
Success of Probation
582(1)
Intermediate Sanctions
582(2)
Fines
583(1)
Forfeiture
583(1)
policy and practice in criminology
The Risk of Probation Failure
584(5)
Restitution
585(1)
Shock Probation and Split Sentencing
585(1)
Intensive Probation Supervision
585(1)
Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring
586(2)
Residential Community Corrections
588(1)
Boot Camps/Shock Incarceration
588(1)
Can Alternatives Work?
589(1)
Jails
589(2)
Jail Populations
590(1)
Jail Conditions
590(1)
Prisons
591(1)
Types of Institutions
591(1)
policy and practice in criminology
Ultra-Maximum-Security Prisons
592(12)
Prisoners in the United States
594(2)
Profile of Prison Inmates
596(1)
Prison Life: Males
597(2)
Prison Life: Females
599(1)
Correctional Treatment
600(2)
Prison Violence
602(1)
Corrections and the Rule of Law
603(1)
Parole
604(1)
The Parolee in the Community
604(1)
How Effective Is Parole?
605(1)
Summary
605(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist
606(1)
Key Terms
606(1)
Notes
606(5)
Glossary 611(18)
Table of Cases 629(1)
Name Index 630(16)
Subject Index 646(18)
Photo Credits 664

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