Criminology : An Interdisciplinary Approach

by Anthony Walsh

• ISBN13: 9781412938402
• ISBN10: 1412938406
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-12-14
• Publisher: SAGE Publications, Inc

Summary

This unique text offers an interdisciplinary perspective on crime and criminality by integrating the latest theories, concepts, and research from sociology, psychology, and biology. Offering a more complete look at the world of criminology than any other existing text, authors Anthony Walsh and Lee Ellis first present criminological theory and concepts in their traditional form and then show how integrating theory and concepts from the more basic sciences can complement, expand, strengthen, and add coherence to them.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xiv
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Criminology, Crime, And Criminal Law	p. 1
What Is Criminology?	p. 2
What Is Crime?	p. 3
Crime as a Moving Target	p. 3
Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms	p. 5
Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes	p. 6
Focus On...Mala in Se or Mala Prohibita? The Cannibal and His Willing Victim	p. 7
Victimful and Victimless Crimes	p. 7
The Felony-Misdemeanor Distinction	p. 8
Criminality	p. 9
The Legal Making of a Criminal	p. 10
Basic Principles of U.S. Criminal Law	p. 10
What Constitutes a Crime?	p. 10
An Excursion Through the U.S. Criminal Justice System	p. 12
The Role of Theory in Criminology	p. 15
What Is Theory?	p. 16
How to Think About Theories	p. 17
Ideology in Criminological Theory	p. 20
Summary	p. 21
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 22
Key Words	p. 24
Measuring Crime And Criminal Behavior	p. 26
Categorizing and Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior	p. 27
The Uniform Crime Reports: Counting Crime Officially	p. 27
NIBRS: The "New and Improved" UCR	p. 34
Crime Victimization Survey Data	p. 34
Self-Reported Crime Surveys	p. 39
The Dark Figure of Crime Revisited	p. 40
What Can We Conclude About the Three Main Measures of Crime in the United States?	p. 42
Focus On...The Crime Problem or the Criminality Problem?	p. 43
The Financial Cost of Crime	p. 43
Interpreting Crime Trends	p. 44
Focus On...Is the United States Hard or Soft on Crime?	p. 48
Summary	p. 48
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 50
Key Words	p. 50
The Early Schools Of Criminology And Modern Counterparts	p. 53
The Classical Scholars	p. 54
Preclassical Notions of Crime and Criminals	p. 54
The Legacy of the Classical School	p. 57
The Rise of Positivism	p. 57
What Is Positivism?	p. 57
A Bridge Between the Classical and Positivist Schools	p. 58
Cartographic Criminology	p. 58
Biological Positivism: Cesare Lombroso and the Born Criminal	p. 59
Focus On...Lombrosoism Before and After Lombroso	p. 61
Raffael Garofalo: Natural Crime and Offender Peculiarities	p. 63
Enrico Ferri and Social Defense	p. 63
Charles Goring's Assault on Lombroso	p. 64
The Legacy of Positivism	p. 64
Neoclassicism: Rational Choice Theory	p. 65
Cohen and Felson's Routine Activities Theory and Victimization	p. 66
Deterrence and Choice: Pain Versus Gain	p. 67
Evaluation of Neoclassical Theories	p. 70
Connecting Criminological Theory and Social Policy	p. 71
Policy and Prevention: Implications of Neoclassical Theories	p. 72
Summary	p. 74
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 76
Key Words	p. 76
Social Structural Theories	p. 79
The Social Structural Tradition	p. 80
Sociological Positivism	p. 81
Durkheim, Modernization, and Anomie	p. 81
The Chicago School of Ecology	p. 83
Strain Theory: Robert Merton's Extension of Anomie Theory	p. 84
Focus On . . . People Versus Places: Do Neighborhoods Matter?	p. 88
Institutional Anomie Theory	p. 90
Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory	p. 93
Subcultural Theories	p. 94
Albert Cohen and Status Frustration	p. 94
Cloward and Ohlin's Opportunity Structure Theory	p. 94
Walter Miller's Theory of Focal Concerns	p. 97
Focus On...Does Poverty Cause Crime, or Does Crime Cause Poverty?	p. 98
Youth Gangs	p. 99
The Increasing Prevalence of Youth Gangs	p. 99
Why Do Young People Join Gangs?	p. 100
Girls in Gangs	p. 101
Evaluation of Social Structural Theories	p. 102
Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Structural Theories	p. 104
Summary	p. 107
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 108
Key Words	p. 109
Social Process Theories	p. 112
The Social Process Tradition	p. 113
Gabriel Tarde and the Laws of Imitation	p. 113
Differential Association Theory	p. 114
Ronald Akers's Social Learning Theory	p. 116
Social Control Theories	p. 118
Walter Reckless's Containment Theory	p. 119
Focus On...Self-Esteem and Crime	p. 119
Travis Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory	p. 120
From Social to Self-Control: Gottfredson and Hirschi's Low Self-Control Theory	p. 123
Labeling Theory: The Irony of Social Reaction	p. 125
Primary and Secondary Deviance	p. 126
Extending Labeling Theory	p. 127
Sykes and Matza's Neutralization Theory	p. 128
Evaluation of Social Process Theories	p. 130
Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Process Theories	p. 133
Summary	p. 136
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 137
Key Words	p. 138
Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict, And Feminist	p. 141
The Conflict Perspective of Society	p. 142
Karl Marx and Revolution	p. 143
Marx and Engels on Crime	p. 143
Willem Bonger: The First Marxist Criminologist	p. 144
Modern Marxist Criminology	p. 145
Left Realism-Taking Crime Seriously	p. 146
Conflict Theory: Max Weber, Power, and Conflict	p. 146
From Individual Violators to Group Struggles	p. 147
The Social Reality of Crime	p. 148
Postmodernist Theory	p. 149
Focus On...The Supreme Court and Class Conflict	p. 150
Peacemaking Criminology	p. 151
Feminist Criminology	p. 153
The Generalizability Problem	p. 154
The Gender Ratio Problem	p. 155
The Masculinization and Emancipation Hypotheses: Adler and Simon	p. 155
Female-Centered Theory: Criminalizing Girls' Survival and Victim-Precipitated Homicide	p. 257
Radical Feminist Explanations	p. 158
Evaluation of Critical Theories	p. 160
Policy and Prevention: Implications of Critical Theories	p. 162
Summary	p. 163
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 165
Key Words	p. 165
Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits And Criminal Behavior	p. 169
Modern Psychology and Intelligence	p. 170
Intelligence, Genes, and the Environment	p. 171
The IQ-Crime Connection	p. 171
Intellectual Imbalance	p. 172
Explaining the IQ-Offending Relationship	p. 172
IQ and School Performance	p. 173
Focus On...The Impact of High and Low IQ on Life Outcomes	p. 173
The Role of Temperament	p. 174
Personality: In the Beginning Was Freud	p. 175
Personality Traits Associated With Criminal Behavior	p. 176
Classical Conditioning and Conscience	p. 179
Modern Psychosocial Theories	p. 182
Arousal Theory	p. 182
Wilson and Herrnstein's Net Advantage Theory	p. 184
Glen Walters's Lifestyle Theory	p. 184
The Antisocial Personalities	p. 186
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)	p. 187
What Causes Psychopathy?	p. 488
Psychopathy and the Social Emotions	p. 188
Environmental Considerations	p. 189
Evaluation of the Psychosocial Perspective	p. 190
Policy and Prevention: Implications of Psychosocial Theories	p. 193
Summary	p. 193
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 195
Key Words	p. 196
Biosocial Approaches	p. 199
Behavior Genetics	p. 200
What Are Genes?	p. 200
How Do Behavior Geneticists Do Research on Criminal Behavior?	p. 201
The Twin Method	p. 201
The Adoption Method	p. 202
Gene-Environment Interaction and Correlation	p. 202
Behavior Genetics and Criminal Behavior	p. 203
Focus On...Gene-Environment Interaction: MAO, Abuse/Neglect, and Crime	p. 204
The Modest Heritability of Criminality	p. 205
Evolutionary Psychology	p. 206
Evolution by Natural Selection	p. 206
Thinking Evolutionarily Direct Versus Indirect Motivation and the Naturalistic Fallacy	p. 207
The Evolution of Criminal Behavior: Crime Is Normal	p. 207
Cooperation Creates Niches for Cheats	p. 208
The Evolution of Criminal Traits	p. 209
The Neurohormonal Sciences	p. 211
Some Basic Concepts and Terminology	p. 211
Softwiring the Brain	p. 213
Bonding, Attachment, and the Brain	p. 215
Abuse, Neglect, and the Developing Brain	p. 215
The Evolutionary Neuroandrogenic Theory	p. 215
Reward Dominance Theory and Criminal Behavior	p. 216
Prefrontal Dysfunction (PFD) Theory and Criminal Behavior	p. 217
Evaluation of the Biosocial Perspective	p. 217
Policy and Prevention: Implications of Biosocial Theories	p. 219
Summary	p. 220
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 221
Key Words	p. 222
Developmental Theories: From Delinquency To Crime To Desistance	p. 226
Juvenile Delinquency	p. 227
The Extent of Delinquency	p. 228
Puberty, Adolescence, and Change	p. 229
Patterns of Serious Delinquency	p. 232
Risk and Protective Factors for Serious Delinquency	p. 232
Focus On...What Role Do Genes Play in Juvenile Delinquency?	p. 233
ADHD and CD	p. 236
Major Developmental Theories	p. 238
Robert Agnew's General or "Super Traits" Theory	p. 238
Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Developmental Theory	p. 239
David Farrington's Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential (ICAP) Theory	p. 242
Terrie Moffitt's Dual-Pathway Developmental Theory	p. 243
Desisting	p. 245
What About Adolescents Who Abstain From Delinquency Altogether?	p. 246
Evaluation of Developmental Theories	p. 247
Policy and Prevention: Implications of Developmental Theories	p. 248
Summary	p. 250
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 251
Key Words	p. 252
Altered Minds And Crime: Alcohol, Drugs, And Mental Illness	p. 256
The Scope of the Alcohol/Crime Problem	p. 257
The Direct Effects of Alcohol on Behavior	p. 257
Contextual Factors	p. 257
Alcoholism: Type I and Type II	p. 260
Illegal Drugs and Crime	p. 262
The Extent of the Illicit Drug Problem	p. 262
Drug Addiction	p. 254
Drug Classification	p. 265
The Drugs/Violence Link	p. 268
What Causes Drug Abuse?	p. 272
Does Drug Abuse Cause Crime?	p. 273
Mental Disorders and Crime	p. 273
Focus On...Treatment for Substance Abuse in the Criminal Justice System	p. 275
Causality: The Diathesis/Stress Model	p. 278
Focus On...Portrait of a Schizophrenic	p. 279
The Link Between Mental Illness and Crime	p. 280
Summary	p. 282
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 283
Key Words	p. 283
Crimes of Violence	p. 287
Murder	p. 288
Homicide Trends in the United States in the 20th Century	p. 290
International Comparisons	p. 292
Categories of Murder	p. 293
Stranger, Acquaintance, Family Member: Who Kills Whom?	p. 294
Other Violent Crimes	p. 296
Rape and Rapists	p. 296
Some Facts About Rape	p. 297
Focus On...Characteristics of Rapists	p. 298
Theories of Rape	p. 299
Robbery and Robbers	p. 303
The Robbers	p. 304
Aggravated Assault	p. 305
Explaining Violence Sociologically: The Subculture of Violence Thesis	p. 306
Hormones, Brains, and Violence	p. 308
Evolutionary Considerations: What Is Violence For?	p. 310
Focus On...Evolutionary Considerations of Inequality and Violence	p. 311
Summary	p. 312
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 313
Key Words	p. 313
Serial, Mass, and Spree Murder	p. 317
What Is Multiple Murder?	p. 317
Mass and Spree Murder	p. 318
Serial Murder	p. 320
The Extent of the Problem	p. 323
A Typology of Serial Killers	p. 323
Race and Multiple Murder	p. 325
Female Serial Killers	p. 327
Multiple Murder Overseas	p. 328
Focus On...Recent Long-Term Serial Killers: The Green River and BTK Cases	p. 332
Theories About the Causes of Serial Killing	p. 333
An Integrated Theory	p. 336
Law Enforcement's Response to Serial Killing	p. 336
Offender Profiling	p. 336
Crime Scene Analysis	p. 337
The Linkage Blindness Problem	p. 337
Focus On...The First Serial Killer Profile: Jack the Ripper	p. 338
Summary	p. 338
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 340
Key Words	p. 342
Terrorism and Terrorists	p. 343
Terrorism Defined	p. 344
Why Terrorism?	p. 344
Is There a Difference Between Terrorists and Freedom Fighters?	p. 345
The Extent of Terrorism	p. 347
Terrorism and Common Crime	p. 348
Some Important Terrorist Groups	p. 350
al-Qaeda	p. 351
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)	p. 352
Hizballah	p. 353
Focus On...The Irish Republican Army (IRA) : A Decommissioned Group?	p. 353
Terrorism in the United States	p. 355
Ideological: Left Wing	p. 356
Ideological Right Wing	p. 356
Special-Issue Domestic Terrorism	p. 357
Theories About the Causes of Terrorism	p. 357
Is There a Terrorist Personality?	p. 358
Becoming a Terrorist	p. 360
Law Enforcement Response and Government Policy	p. 361
Summary	p. 365
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 365
Key Words	p. 366
Property And Public Order Crime	p. 369
Larceny-Theft	p. 371
Types of Larceny-Theft	p. 371
Burglary	p. 372
Burglars and Their Motives	p. 374
Burglary and Gender	p. 375
Choosing Burglary Targets	p. 375
Disposing of the Loot	p. 376
Motor Vehicle Theft	p. 377
Motor Vehicle Theft for Fun and Profit	p. 378
Focus On...Carjacking: MV Theft With an Attitude	p. 379
Arson	p. 360
Crimes of Guile and Deceit	p. 381
Embezzlement	p. 382
Fraud	p. 382
Forgery	p. 383
Counterfeiting	p. 383
Cybercrime: Oh What a Tangled World Wide Web We Weave	p. 383
Identity Theft	p. 384
Focus On...Phishing: "If It's Too Good to Be True..."	p. 385
Denial of Service Attack: Virtual Kidnapping and Extortion	p. 386
Who Are the Hackers?	p. 386
Software Piracy	p. 386
Internet Child Pornography and Cyberseduction	p. 387
Public-Order Offenses	p. 388
Prostitution and Commercialized Vice	p. 389
Other Sex Offenses	p. 390
Driving Under the Influence	p. 391
Gambling	p. 392
Summary	p. 393
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 394
Key Words	p. 394
White-Collar And Organized Crime	p. 398
The Concept of White-Collar Crime	p. 399
How Much White-Collar Crime Is There?	p. 399
Occupational Crime	p. 400
Professional Occupational Crime	p. 401
Causes of Occupational White-Collar Crime: Are They Different?	p. 401
Corporate Crime	p. 402
The S & L Scandal: The Best Way to Rob a Bank Is to Own One	p. 402
The Enron Scandal: Crooks Cooking Books	p. 403
Focus On...Crimes of America's Rich and Famous in History	p. 404
Theories About the Causes of Corporate Crime	p. 405
Law Enforcement Response to Corporate Crime	p. 407
Organized Crime	p. 409
What Is Organized Crime?	p. 409
Focus On...The Mafia: Sicilian Origins and History	p. 412
Organized Crime in the United States	p. 413
Reaffirming the Existence of Organized Crime	p. 414
The Russian "Mafiya"	p. 416
The Japanese Yakuza	p. 417
Theories About the Causes of Organized Crime	p. 418
Law Enforcement's Response to Organized Crime	p. 420
Summary	p. 422
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 424
Key Words	p. 424
Victimology: Exploring The Experience Of Victimization	p. 427
The Emergence of Victimology	p. 428
Who Gets Victimized?	p. 428
Victimization in the Workplace and School	p. 429
Child Molestation: Who Gets Victimized?	p. 430
Victimization Theories	p. 432
Victim Precipitation Theory	p. 433
Routine Activities/Lifestyle Theory	p. 434
Is Victimology "Blaming the Victim"?	p. 436
The Consequences of Victimization	p. 437
Focus On...A Case of Cybervictimization and Its Consequences	p. 438
Victimization and the Criminal Justice System	p. 439
Victim Compensation and Restitution	p. 440
Focus On...Crime Victims' Bill of Rights	p. 441
Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs (VORPS)	p. 441
Focus On...Victims' Opinions of the Importance of Victims' Rights	p. 442
Summary	p. 443
Exercises and Discussion Questions	p. 443
Key Words	p. 444
Glossary	p. 446
Photo Credits	p. 463
Index	p. 465
About the Authors	p. 495
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