Criminology Today : An Integrative Introduction - Update

by Schmalleger, Frank

• ISBN13: 9780131777101
• ISBN10: 0131777106
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For sophomore/junior level courses in Introduction to Criminology or Criminology courses in Sociology, Criminal Justice and Political Science departments. The American crime picture has changed, and Criminology Today 3e UPDATE has changed with it, including the most up to date coverage available of terrorism, white-collar crime and other issues of major concern to criminologists at the start of the 21st century. Interesting, timely, and relevant, Criminology Today 3e UPDATE helps students draw their own conclusions about the American crime problem, prepare for the future, and learn to make informed decisions about public policy in the crime-control area.

Table of Contents

FOREWORD	xxi
A NOTE ABOUT THIS SPECIAL UPDATE	xxiii
PREFACE	xxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	xxvii
ABOUT THE AUTHOR	xxix
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS USING CRIMINOLOGY TODAY'S WORLD WIDE WEB FEATURES	xxx
PART I THE CRIME PICTURE
CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY?	3	(30)
Introduction	4	(1)
What Is Crime?	5	(4)
Theory versus Reality: Should Doctor-Assisted Suicide Remain Illegal?	8	(1)
Crime and Deviance	9	(1)
What Should Be Criminal?	10	(1)
What Do Criminologists Do?	11	(1)
What Is Criminology?	12	(5)
Theoretical Criminology	15	(1)
Theory versus Reality: Varying Perspectives on Crime and Criminology	16	(1)
Criminology and Social Policy	17	(2)
Social Policy and Public Crime Concerns	18	(1)
The Theme of This Book	19	(1)
The Social Context of Crime	20	(7)
Theory versus Reality: A Public Health Model of Crime Control	21	(1)
Making Sense of Crime: The Causes and Consequences of the Criminal Event	22	(2)
Theory versus Reality: The Murder of John Lennon	24	(3)
The Primacy of Sociology?	27	(1)
Summary	28	(1)
Discussion Questions	28	(1)
Web Quest!	28	(1)
Library Extras!	29	(1)
Notes	29	(4)
CHAPTER 2 PATTERNS DF CRIME	33	(48)
Introduction	34	(1)
A History of Crime Statistics	35	(3)
Adolphe Quetelet and André Michel Guerry	35	(3)
Crime Statistics Today	38	(9)
Programmatic Problems with Available Data	37	(1)
The UCR Program	37	(2)
NIBRS: The New UCR	39	(1)
Crime in the News: Crime Hits 20-Year Low, FBI Says	40	(2)
Hate Crimes	42	(3)
Data Gathering under the NCVS	45	(2)
Patterns of Change	47	(3)
Crime in the News: Crowded Prisons, Plummeting Crime Rates	48	(2)
The Crime Problem	50	(1)
Major Crimes	51	(29)
Criminal Homicide	51	(2)
Theory versus Reality: Serial Killer John Wayne Gacy's Execution	53	(1)
Forcible Rape	54	(2)
Robbery	56	(1)
Aggravated Assault	57	(1)
Burglary	57	(1)
Larceny	58	(1)
Motor Vehicle Theft	59	(1)
Arson	59	(21)
Part II Offenses	80
Other Sources of Data	61	(1)
Unreported Crime	61	(2)
The Social Dimensions of Crime	63	(10)
What Are "Social Dimensions"?	63	(1)
Age and Crime	64	(2)
Gender and Crime	66	(2)
Theory versus Reality: Adolescent Motherhood and Crime	68	(1)
Race and Crime	68	(3)
Crime in the News: Violence Hits Blacks Hardest	71	(1)
Social Class and Crime	72	(1)
The Costs of Crime	73	(1)
Summary	74	(1)
Discussion Questions	74	(1)
Web Quest!	74	(1)
Library Extras!	74	(2)
Notes	76	(5)
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS AND THEORY DEVELOPMENT	81	(28)
Introduction	82	(1)
The Science of Criminology	83	(1)
Theory Building	83	(2)
The Role of Research	85	(10)
Crime in the News: Geo-Profiling: Potent New Police Technique	86	(1)
Problem Identification	87	(1)
Research Designs	88	(3)
Techniques of Data Collection	91	(3)
Data Analysis	94	(1)
Quantitative versus Qualitative Methods	95	(2)
Values and Ethics in the Conduct of Research	97	(2)
Social Policy and Criminological Research	99	(1)
Theory versus Reality: The American Society of Criminology Task Force Reports	100	(1)
Writing the Research Report	100	(3)
Writing for Publication	102	(1)
Summary	103	(1)
Discussion Questions	103	(1)
Web Quest!	104	(1)
Library Extras!	104	(1)
Notes	104	(5)
PART II CRIME CAUSATION
CHAPTER 4 CLASSICAL A NEOCLASSICAL THOUGHT	109	(30)
Introduction	110	(1)
Major Principles of the Classical School	111	(1)
Forerunners of Classical Thought	111	(5)
The Demonic Era	112	(1)
Early Sources of the Criminal Law	112	(2)
The Enlightenment	114	(2)
The Classical School	116	(3)
Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)	116	(1)
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)	117	(2)
Heritage of the Classical School	119	(1)
Neoclassical Criminology	119	(5)
Rational Choice Theory	120	(1)
The Seductions of Crime	121	(1)
Situational Crime Control Policy	122	(1)
Critique of Rational Choice Theory	123	(1)
Theory in Perspective: The Classical School and Neoclassical Thinkers	124	(1)
Punishment and Neoclassical Thought	124	(5)
Just Deserts	125	(1)
Deterrence	125	(1)
The Death Penalty	126	(3)
Policy Implications of the Classical School	129	(2)
Law and Order versus Individual Rights	129	(1)
Crime in the News: Death Row Fashion Ads Spark Outrage	130	(1)
A Critique of Classical Theories	131	(1)
Theory versus Reality: Assessing Dangerousness	132	(1)
Summary	132	(1)
Discussion Questions	133	(1)
Web Quest!	134	(1)
Library Extras!	134	(1)
Notes	134	(5)
CHAPTER 5 BIOLOGICAL ROOTS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR	139	(32)
Introduction	140	(2)
Major Principles of Biological Theories	142	(1)
Biological Roots of Human Aggression	142	(12)
Early Biological Theories	143	(1)
Theory in Perspective: Types of Biological Theories	144	(2)
Theory versus Reality: Positivism: The Historical Statement	146	(2)
Body Types	148	(1)
Chemical and Environmental Precursors of Crime	149	(3)
Hormones and Criminality	152	(2)
Weather and Crime	154	(1)
Genetics and Crime	154	(8)
Criminal Families	154	(1)
The XYY "Supermale"	155	(1)
Chromosomes and Modern-Day Criminal Families	156	(1)
Behavioral Genetics	156	(1)
Crime in the News: "Delinquency Genes" Identified?	157	(1)
The Human Genome Project	157	(2)
Male-Female Differences in Criminality	159	(1)
Sociobiology	160	(2)
Crime and Human Nature: A Contemporary Synthesis	162	(1)
Policy Issues	163	(1)
Critiques of Biological Theories	164	(1)
Summary	164	(1)
Discussion Questions	165	(1)
Web Quest!	165	(1)
Library Extras!	165	(1)
Notes	165	(6)
CHAPTER 6 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC FOUNDATIONS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR	171	(32)
Introduction	172	(2)
Theory versus Reality: What Is Forensic Psychology?	174	(1)
Major Principles of Psychological Theories	174	(1)
Early Psychological Theories	175	(4)
The Psychopath	175	(1)
Antisocial Personality Disorder	176	(1)
Personality Types and Crime	177	(1)
Theory in Perspective: Types of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories	178	(1)
Early Psychiatric Theories	179	(1)
Criminal Behavior as Maladaptation	179	(5)
The Psychoanalytic Perspective	179	(2)
The Psychotic Offender	181	(1)
The Link between Frustration and Aggression	182	(1)
Crime in the News: Children's Brutal Deaths Stun S.C. Town	183	(1)
Crime as Adaptive Behavior	184	(1)
Modeling Theory	185	(2)
Behavior Theory	187	(1)
Attachment Theory	188	(1)
Self-Control Theory	188	(1)
Insanity and the Law	189	(4)
The M'Naughten Rule	190	(1)
The Irresistible-Impulse Test	191	(1)
The Durham Rule	191	(1)
The Substantial-Capacity Test	191	(1)
The Brawner Rule	192	(1)
Guilty but Mentally Ill	192	(1)
Federal Provisions for the Hospitalization of Individuals Found "NGRI"	192	(1)
Social Policy and Forensic Psychology	193	(2)
Social Policy and the Psychology of Criminal Conduct	194	(1)
Criminal Psychological Profiling	195	(2)
Crime in the News: FBI School Risk Assessment Guide Sparks Controversy	196	(1)
Summary	197	(1)
Discussion Questions	197	(1)
Web Quest!	198	(1)
Library Extras!	198	(1)
Notes	198	(5)
CHAPTER 7 SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES I: SOCIAL STRUCTURE	203	(26)
Introduction	204	(1)
Major Principles of Sociological Theories	205	(3)
Social Structure Theories Defined	208
Types of Social Structure Theories	206	(16)
Social Disorganization Theory	206	(1)
Theory in Perspective: Types of Social Structure Theories	207	(3)
Strain Theory	210	(1)
Theory versus Reality: The Criminology of Place, Routine Activities, and Crime Mapping	211	(3)
Culture Conflict Theory	214	(6)
Crime in the News: D.C. Gang Blamed for 31 Killings	220	(2)
Policy Implications of Social Structure Theories	222	(1)
Critique of Social Structure Theories	222	(2)
Summary	224	(1)
Discussion Questions	224	(1)
Web Quest!	225	(1)
Library Extras!	225	(1)
Notes	225	(4)
CHAPTER 8 SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES II: SOCIAL PROCESS AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT	229	(32)
Introduction	230	(1)
The Social Process Perspective	231	(1)
Types of Social Process Approaches	231	(11)
Theory in Perspective: Types of Social Process Theories	232	(1)
Learning Theory	232	(2)
Crime in the News: Kids Likely to Follow Parents to Prison	234	(1)
Social Control Theory	235	(3)
Labeling Theory	238	(2)
Reintegrative Shaming	240	(1)
Dramaturgy	241	(1)
Policy Implications of Social Process Theories	242	(2)
Critique of Social Process Theories	244	(1)
The Social Development Perspective	244	(1)
Concepts in Social Development Theories	245	(9)
The Life Course Perspective	245	(1)
Theory in Perspective: Social Development Theories	246	(1)
Laub and Sampson's Age-Graded Theory	247	(1)
Moffitt's Dual Taxonomic Theory	248	(1)
Farrington's Delinquent Development Theory	248	(1)
Evolutionary Ecology	249	(1)
Theory versus Reality: Social Influences on Developmental Pathways	250	(1)
Developmental Pathways	251	(2)
The Chicago Human Development Project	253	(1)
Policy Implications of Social Development Theories	254	(1)
Critique of Social Development Theories	254	(1)
Summary	255	(1)
Discussion Questions	255	(1)
Web Quest!	255	(1)
Library Extras!	256	(1)
Notes	256	(5)
CHAPTER 9 SOCIALOGICAL THEORIES III: SOCIAL CONFLICT	261	(28)
Introduction	262	(2)
Theory versus Reality: The Unabomber and Domestic Terrorism	263	(1)
Law and Social Order Perspectives	264	(2)
The Consensus Perspective	264	(1)
The Pluralist Perspective	265	(1)
The Conflict Perspective	266	(1)
Radical-Critical Criminology	266	(7)
Theory in Perspective: Social Conflict Theories	267	(1)
Early Radical Criminology	267	(4)
Radical Criminology Today 269 Critical Criminology	271	(1)
Radical-Critical Criminology and Policy Issues	272	(1)
Critique of Radical-Critical Criminology	272	(1)
Emerging Conflict Theories	273	(9)
Left-Realist Criminology	273	(1)
Feminist Criminology	274	(3)
Crime in the News: Women Cops Less Prone to Violence, Report Says	277	(1)
Postmodern Criminology	278	(1)
Peacemaking Criminology	279	(3)
Policy Implications	282
Summary	262	(20)
Discussion Questions	282	(1)
Web Quest!	283	(1)
Library Extras!	283	(1)
Notes	283	(6)
PART III CRIME IN THE MODERN WORLD
CHAPTER 10 CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS	289	(50)
Introduction	290	(1)
Violent Crime Typologies	291	(1)
Homicide	292	(7)
The Subculture of Violence Thesis and Structural Explanations	292	(1)
The Victim-Offender Relationship	292	(1)
Crime in the News: Most Female Violent Criminals Knew Their Victims	293	(1)
Instrumental and Expressive Homicide	294	(1)
Victim Precipitation	294	(1)
Weapon Use	295	(1)
Alcohol and Drug Use	296	(1)
Gangs	296	(1)
Serial Murder	297	(2)
Mass Murder	299	(1)
Rape	299	(10)
Rape Myths	300	(1)
The Common Law Definition of Rape	300	(1)
Rape Law Reform	301	(1)
Crime in the News: All Men Potential Rapists, Claim Authors	302	(2)
The Social Context of Rape	304	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives on Rape	305	(3)
Typologies of Rapists	308	(1)
Robbery	309	(4)
The Lethal Potential of Robbery	310	(1)
Criminal Careers of Robbers	310	(1)
Robbery and Public Transportation	310	(1)
The Motivation of Robbers	310	(2)
Drug Robberies	312	(1)
The Gendered Nature of Robbery	313	(1)
Assault	313	(4)
Stranger Assault	314	(1)
Assault within Families	314	(3)
Stalking	317	(2)
The Extent of Stalking	317	(1)
Victim-Offender Relationships in Stalking	317	(1)
Stalking in Intimate-Partner Relationships	318	(1)
Consequences of Stalking	318	(1)
Cyberstalking	318	(1)
Terrorism	319	(9)
International Terrorism	320	(1)
Domestic Terrorism	321	(1)
Cyberterrorism	322	(1)
Terrorism Commisions and Reports	323	(1)
Countering the Terrorist Threat	324	(1)
Theory versus Reality: Individual Rights versus Public Safety	325	(2)
Crime in the News: Study: Hate Groups Merge, Get More Dangerous	327	(1)
Summary	328	(1)
Discussion Questions	328	(1)
Web Quest!	329	(1)
Library Extras!	329	(1)
Notes	329	(10)
CHAPTER 11 CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY	339	(28)
Introduction	340	(1)
Persistent and Professional Thieves	341	(2)
Criminal Careers of Property Offenders	342	(1)
Property Offenders and Rational Choice	342	(1)
Larceny-Theft	343	(7)
Prevalence and Profile of Larceny-Theft	343	(1)
Theft on College Campuses	343	(1)
Motor Vehicle Theft	344	(2)
Shoplifting and Employee Theft	346	(4)
Crime in the News: Boys, 7 and 10, Busted for Burglary	350	(1)
Burglary	350	(7)
The Social Ecology of Burglary	350	(2)
Theory versus Reality: Ethnographic Research on Active Burglars	352	(1)
Types of Burglars	353	(1)
Burglary Locales	353	(1)
The Motivation of Burglars	354	(1)
Target Selection	355	(1)
Costs of Burglary	356	(1)
The Burglary-Drug Connection	356	(1)
The Sexualized Context of Burglary	357	(1)
Stolen Property	357	(2)
The Role of Criminal Receivers	358	(1)
Arson	359	(1)
Fire Setters	359	(1)
Summary	360	(1)
Discussion Questions	360	(1)
Web Quest!	361	(1)
Library Extras!	361	(1)
Notes	361	(6)
CHAPTER 12 WHITE-COLLAR AND ORGANIZED CRIME	367	(38)
Introduction	368	(2)
White-Collar Crime	370	(12)
Definitional Evolution of White-Collar Crime	375	(1)
Theory versus Reality: White-Collar Crime: The Initial Statement	376	(1)
Corporate Crime	377	(2)
Causes of White-Collar Crime	379	(1)
Curtailing White-Collar and Corporate Crime	380	(2)
Organized Crime	382	(16)
History of Organized Crime in the United States	383	(1)
A Rose by Any Other Name-La Cosa Nostra	383	(1)
Crime in the News: Are The Sopranos the Real Deal?	384	(2)
Prohibition and Official Corruption	386	(1)
The Centralization of Organized Crime	387	(1)
La Cosa Nostra Today	388	(1)
Activities of Organized Crime	389	(1)
Code of Conduct	390	(1)
Other Organized Criminal Groups	391	(1)
Transnational Organized Crime	392	(2)
Organized Crime and the Law	394	(4)
Policy Issues: The Control of Organized Crime	398	(1)
Summary	398	(1)
Discussion Questions	399	(1)
Web Quest!	399	(1)
Library Extras!	399	(1)
Notes	399	(6)
CHAPTER 13 DRUG ABUGE AND CRIME	405	(30)
Introduction	408
History of Drug Abuse in the United States	407	(6)
Extent of Abuse	408	(2)
Young People and Drugs	410	(1)
Theory versus Reality: The Harvard Alcohol Study	411	(1)
Costs of Abuse	412	(1)
Types of Illegal Drugs	413	(4)
Stimulants	413	(2)
Depressants	415	(1)
Cannabis	415	(1)
Narcotics	416	(1)
Hallucinogens	416	(1)
Anabolic Steroids	416	(1)
Inhalants	416	(1)
Pharmaceutical Diversion and Designer Drugs	417	(1)
Drug Trafficking	417	(2)
Drugs and Crime	419	(2)
Illegal Drugs and Official Corruption	420	(1)
Social Policy and Drug Abuse	421	(9)
Theory versus Reality: Drug Courts and Public Policy	423	(1)
Recent Legislation	424	(1)
Drug-Control Strategies	424	(1)
The National Drug-Control Policy	425	(1)
Crime in the News: Customs Chief Calls for New Drug Strategy	426	(1)
Policy Consequences	427	(1)
Alternative Drug Policies	428	(2)
Summary	430	(1)
Discussion Questions	430	(1)
Web Quest!	430	(1)
Library Extras!	431	(1)
Notes	431	(4)
CHAPTER 14 TECHNOLOGY AND CRIME	435	(32)
Introduction	436	(1)
The Advance of Technology	436	(1)
High Technology and Criminal Opportunity	437	(5)
Technology and Criminal Mischief	440	(1)
Computer Crime and the Law	441	(1)
A Profile of Computer Criminals	442	(7)
Theory versus Reality: Wisconsin Defines Computer Crime	443	(1)
Theory versus Reality: Colorado Defines Computer Crime	444	(1)
The History and Nature of Hacking	445	(1)
Theory versus Reality: The Computer Hacker: A Psychological and Social Profile	446	(1)
Theory versus Reality: Technological Attraction	447	(1)
Crime in the News: Identity Theft Thrives in Cyberspace	448	(1)
Computer Crime as a Form of White-Collar Crime	449	(1)
The Information Superhighway and Data Security	449	(2)
Technology in the Fight against Crime	451	(5)
DNA Fingerprinting	452	(2)
Crime in the News: National DNA Database Solves Its First Crime	454	(1)
Computers as Crime-Fighting Tools	455	(1)
Combating Computer Crime	456	(2)
Police Investigation of Computer Crime	457	(1)
Dealing with Computer Criminals	458	(1)
Policy Issues: Personal Freedoms in the Information Age	458	(1)
Theory versus Reality: Press Release Announcing the Formation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation	459	(1)
What the Future Holds	459	(1)
Summary	460	(1)
Discussion Questions	461	(1)
Web Quest!	461	(1)
Library Extras!	461	(1)
Notes	462	(5)
PART IV RESPONDING TO CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
CHAPTER 15 CRIMINOLOGY AND SOCIAL POLICY	467	(30)
Introduction	468	(1)
Federal Anticrime Initiatives	469	(12)
The Hoover Administration	470	(1)
Federal Policy following World War II	471	(1)
The Reagan and Bush Years	472	(1)
Clinton Administration Initiatives	472	(3)
Theory versus Reality. Gun Control	475	(4)
The Administration of George W. Bush	479	(1)
Crime in the News: Should We Arm the Teachers?	480	(1)
Crime Control Philosophies Today	481	(4)
Types of Crime Control Strategies	482	(1)
Theory versus Reality: Youth Violence and Social Policy	483	(1)
International Policies	484	(1)
Criminology and Social Policy	485	(1)
The Victims' Movement	485	(4)
A History of the Victim	485	(1)
Current Directions in Victims' Rights	486	(1)
Theory versus Reality: A Proposed Victims' Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution	487	(1)
Victim-Impact Statements	488	(1)
Victim Restitution	488	(1)
Can We Solve the Problem of Crime?	489	(2)
Symbolism and Public Policy	490	(1)
Summary	491	(1)
Discussion Questions	491	(1)
Web Quest!	492	(1)
Library Extras!	492	(1)
Notes	492	(5)
CHAPTER 16 FUTURE DIRECTIONS	497	(16)
Introduction	498	(6)
Globalization	500	(1)
Techniques of Futures Research	500	(1)
Crime in the News: Technology Changing Organized Crime	501	(2)
Theory versus Reality. Crime and Justice Policy Challenges of the Near Future	503	(1)
Future Crimes	504	(1)
The New Criminologies	505	(2)
Theory Integration	506	(1)
Policies of the Future	507	(3)
Summary	510	(1)
Discussion Questions	510	(1)
Web Quest!	511	(1)
Library Extras!	511	(1)
Notes	511	(2)
GLOSSARY	513	(14)
SUBJECT INDEX	527	(16)
NAME INDEX	543

Excerpts

The field of criminology is far deeper, and much broader intellectually, than the 600-or-so pages of information that any printed textbook can fit between its covers. Moreover, the field is changing daily, as new theories of causation are proposed; as novel forms of crime take their place alongside traditional ones; and as policymakers strive to embrace ever more effective crime-control techniques in legislative debates, social programs, and innovative media campaigns. Echoing these sentiments, it's been said that an introductory textbook like this one must be a mile long, but it can only be an inch thick. In other words, any introduction to criminology must cover the history of the field and the important theorists and theories of the past and present. It must also provide a solid overview of the crime picture in contemporary society, and it must offer some insight into the crime control policies of yesterday and today. Most such books are also expected to include a description of different types of crime, along with an explanation of the complex social and individual nexus that leads to crime. As an author of a number of books in the field of crime and justice, I can attest to the fact that this is a tall order. Because of its physical limits, an introductory text cannot spend too much time describing any one perspective, theory, law, or offense. Thankfully, in writing the third edition ofCriminology TodayI no longer found myself bound by the traditional limits of print media. This new edition, for the first time, makes extensive use of educational technologies that were only in their infancy when the first edition of this book appeared. Even though the first edition was accompanied by a Web site (the first criminology text to have reached such a milestone, I am told), and the second edition built that site into a comprehensive and interactive learning tool, it is with this new edition that the true possibilities of the Internet have been fully embraced. Sprinkled throughout the pages of this book you will find icons pointing to new learning possibilities. Among them are Web Quests!,which challenge you to work your way through comprehensive Web-based chapter projects. Web Quests! make studying enjoyable and open the door to a wealth of electronic information. Web Extras!,which take you to sites that are closely related to the materials you are reading about. Web Extras! provide a "virtual criminology" tour of the Internet, with visits to sites too numerous to mention in this brief preface. Audio Extras!,which allow you to listen to the author introduce each chapter of your text. Library Extras!,which provide a list of readily accessible Web-based reading assignments that round out chapter materials. All are new to this edition, and each has been closely integrated with the text to provide a wealth of freely available materials that add substantial value to the learning experience. Web Quests!, Web Extras!, Audio Extras!, and Library Extras! finally allow me, as an author, to offer you a textbook that is far more than the proverbial "inch-thick" book would be. Other special features ofCriminology Todaymake this book substantially different from all the other available texts which deal with the same subject matter. The following list highlights what I see as the important differences: Criminology Todaymakes use of the latest available instructional technologies and offers students the opportunity to learn from the Internet, from videos, and from print media. Criminology Todayemphasizes the wide and interdisciplinary variety of academic perspectives that contribute to a thorough and well-informed understanding of the crime problem--hence the book's subtitle,An Integrative Introduction. Criminology Todayis up-to-date. It addresses the latest social issues an