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Critical Thinking in Communication : The Use of Reason in Argument,9780205272938

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Critical Thinking in Communication : The Use of Reason in Argument

by Edward S. Inch; Barbara Warnick

Edition:

3rd

ISBN13:

9780205272938

ISBN10:

0205272932

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

9/1/1997

Publisher(s):

Allyn & Bacon, Inc.

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This is the 3rd edition with a publication date of 9/1/1997.

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Table of Contents

Preface

xi

SECTION ONE: CONCEPTUALIZING ARGUMENT

1

(62)

Chapter 1: Arguments and Argumentation

3

(24)

Critical Thinking

5

(2)

Argumentation and Arguments

7

(4)

Perspectives on Argumentation

11

(3)

An Argument Model

14

(6)

Summary

20

(1)

Exercises

21

(6)

Chapter 2: Contexts for Argument

27

(20)

Culture and Argumentation

28

(9)

Argumentation and Ethics

37

(4)

Summary

41

(1)

Exercises

42

(5)

Chapter 3: Argument Occasions

47

(16)

Nature of Occasions

49

(1)

Argument Spheres

49

(3)

Argument Fields

52

(4)

Argument Situations

56

(2)

Summary

58

(1)

Exercises

59

(4)

SECTION TWO: COMMUNICATING ARGUMENTS

63

(60)

Chapter 4: Arguers, Recipients, and Argumentation

65

(28)

The Audience and Argumentation

67

(8)

Selecting the Starting Points

67

(2)

Supporting Reasoning

69

(1)

Using Evidence

70

(1)

Organizing Arguments

71

(2)

Additional Concerns about Audience

73

(1)

Analyzing the Audience

74

(1)

The Arguer and Argumentation

75

(7)

Message Sources and Their Influence

77

(2)

Enhancing Credibility through Argument

79

(3)

Fallacies Related to Audience

82

(5)

Ad Hominem

83

(1)

Ad Populum

84

(1)

Appeal to Tradition

85

(1)

Straw Arguments

86

(1)

Summary

87

(2)

Exercises

89

(4)

Chapter 5: Language and Argument

93

(30)

The Nature of Language

95

(8)

Language and Meaning

96

(2)

Language and Abstraction

98

(2)

Connotations and Denotations

100

(3)

Language in Argument

103

(10)

Language, Thought, and Perception

103

(2)

Functions of Language

105

(4)

Using Language in Argument

109

(4)

Fallacies of Language

113

(3)

Equivocation

114

(1)

Amphiboly

114

(1)

Emotive Language

115

(1)

Summary

116

(2)

Exercises

118

(5)

SECTION THREE: PARSING ARGUMENTS

123

(96)

Chapter 6: Argument Claims and Propositions

125

(22)

The Nature of Claims and Propositions

126

(5)

Formulating a Proposition

131

(6)

Controversiality

131

(1)

Clarity

132

(3)

Balance

135

(1)

Challenge

136

(1)

Types of Claims

137

(3)

Factual Claims

137

(2)

Value Claims

139

(1)

Policy Claims

140

(1)

Continuum of Claims

140

(2)

Summary

142

(1)

Exercises

142

(5)

Chapter 7: Evidence: The Foundation for Arguments

147

(36)

The Nature of Evidence

149

(1)

Types of Evidence

150

(3)

Evaluating Fact and Opinion Evidence

153

(6)

Reliability

153

(1)

Expertise

154

(1)

Objectivity

154

(1)

Consistency

155

(1)

Recency

156

(1)

Relevance

156

(1)

Access

157

(1)

Accuracy of Citation

157

(2)

Evaluating Statistical Evidence

159

(2)

Fallacies of Evidence

161

(2)

Begging the Question

162

(1)

Non Sequitur

162

(1)

Research Strategies for Locating Evidence

163

(10)

Site Types

164

(4)

Source Types

168

(5)

Summary

173

(1)

Exercises

174

(9)

Chapter 8: Reasoning: Making Inferences

183

(36)

Formal Logic and Practical Reasoning

185

(3)

Reasoning as Inference-Making

188

(17)

Quasilogical Arguments

189

(3)

Analogy

192

(2)

Generalization and Argument from Example

194

(4)

Cause

198

(3)

Coexistential Arguments

201

(2)

Dissociation

203

(2)

Fallacies of Faulty Reasoning

205

(5)

False Analogy

205

(2)

Hasty Generalization

207

(1)

False Cause

208

(1)

Slippery Slope

209

(1)

Summary

210

(2)

Exercises

212

(7)

SECTION FOUR: ARGUING EXTENDED CASES

219

(74)

Chapter 9: Case Construction: Arguing about Propositions of Fact

220

(25)

Arguing about Facts, Values, and Policies

223

(1)

Relating Facts, Values, and Policies

224

(2)

Principles of Case Construction

226

(2)

Stock Issues in Fact-Based Cases

228

(4)

Definition

229

(1)

Threshold

229

(1)

Application

230

(2)

Principles of Refutation

232

(2)

The Issues Brief

234

(3)

Summary

237

(1)

Exercises

238

(7)

Chapter 10: Arguing about Values

245

(20)

Values and Value Systems

247

(2)

The Process of Value Change

249

(1)

Values and Argumentation

250

(2)

Stock Issues for Value Arguments

252

(4)

Definition

252

(1)

Field or Perspective

253

(1)

Criteria

254

(1)

Application

255

(1)

Hierarchies

255

(1)

The Issues Brief

256

(3)

Summary

259

(1)

Exercises

259

(6)

Chapter 11: Arguing about Policies

265

(28)

Policy Arguments and Policy Systems

267

(8)

Ill

270

(2)

Blame

272

(1)

Cure

273

(1)

Cost/Benefits

274

(1)

Issues Brief

275

(5)

Alternative Formats for Arguing Policies

280

(5)

Comparative-Advantages Case

280

(3)

Goals Case

283

(2)

Alternative Formats for Refuting Policy Arguments

285

(3)

Strategy of Defense of the Present Policy System

285

(1)

Strategy of Defense of the Present Policy System with Minor Repairs

286

(1)

Strategy of Counterproposals

287

(1)

Summary

288

(1)

Exercises

289

(4)

SECTION FIVE: ANALYZING ARGUMENTS

293

(34)

Chapter 12: Argument Analysis and Criticism

295

(32)

Benefits of Argument Analysis

296

(1)

A General Model for Argument Analysis

297

(13)

Analysis of Simple Arguments

298

(4)

Analysis of Other Structural Patterns

302

(5)

An Application

307

(3)

The Toulmin Model

310

(8)

The Nature and Background of the Toulmin Model

310

(1)

Six Parts of the Model

311

(4)

Difficulties in Applying the Model

315

(2)

Argument Chains and the Toulmin Model

317

(1)

Comparison of the Two Models

318

(1)

Summary

319

(1)

Exercises

320

(7)

Appendix A: Intercollegiate Debate

327

(14)

Appendix B: Answers to Selected Exercises

341

(12)

Appendix C: Glossary

353

(8)

Appendix D: Fallacies

361

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