Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking And Contemporary Applications

by Shiraev, Eric B.; Levy, David W.

• ISBN13: 9780205474325
• ISBN10: 0205474322
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

The dynamic author team of Shiraev and Levy provide a comprehensive review of theories and research in cross-cultural psychology within a critical thinking framework for examining, analyzing, and evaluating psychological data. This text introduces the field of cross-cultural psychology, discusses basic methodology for cross-cultural research, and explores the fields of sensation and perception, consciousness, intelligence, human development, emotion, motivation, social perception and interaction, and psychological disorders from a cross-cultural perspective. Features: bull; bull;A critical thinking framework, including "Critical Thinking" boxes and tables, provide practice in developing learning skills. bull;More than thirty high-interest activities and exercises provide students ample opportunity for active learning and enhanced comprehension. These activities and exercises are designed to serve as class discussion starters, demonstrations, points for debate, individual or group assignments, term papers, or oral assignments. bull;"A Case in Point" sections review and illustrate controversial issues, display cases and research findings, and introduce various opinions about human behavior in different cultural contexts. bull;"Cross-Cultural Sensitivity" boxes in every chapter underscore the importance of empathy in interpersonal communication. bull;Relevant quotations from a wide range of sources provide divergent points of view, pique readers' interest, and inspire critical thinking. New Features to the Edition: bull; bull;A new comprehensive website provides additional information for instructors and students including research updates and links, national statistics, discussion topics, practice questions, and chapter summaries. bull;A broader selection of applied problems allows students to examine cross-cultural psychology in the context of contemporary society. bull;Eighty-six new reference sources and new data related to a wide range of ethnic groups. bull;New features and topics such as four types of knowledge in cross-cultural psychology, ethnic cognitive styles, personality disorders, health policies, counseling decisions, forms of healing, working and serving abroad, working with immigrants--all provide students with new information related to cross-cultural communication, education, business, and health care. bull;A new feature for professors: a test bank to accompany the 3rd edition with a comprehensive selection of questions for every chapter and ready-to-use quizzes.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	ix
1 UNDERSTANDING CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY	1	(28)
What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology?	3	(1)
Basic Definitions	4	(6)
Cultural Traditionalism	10	(1)
Empirical Examination of Culture	11	(3)
Collectivism and Individualism: Further Research	14	(1)
Cultural Syndromes	15	(1)
Sociobiological Approach	15	(1)
Sociological Approach	16	(1)
Ecocultural Approach	17	(2)
The Cultural Mixtures Approach: A New Cross-Cultural Psychology in the Twenty-First Century?	19	(1)
The Integrative Approach: A Summary	20	(2)
What Is Indigenous Psychology?	22	(1)
What Is Ethnocentrism?	23	(1)
What Is Multiculturalism?	23	(1)
A Brief History of the Field	24	(5)
2 METHODOLOGY OF CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH	29	(30)
Goals of Cross-Cultural Research	31	(1)
Quantitative Research in Cross-Cultural Psychology	31	(1)
Quantitative Approach: Measurement Scales	32	(1)
Quantitative Approach: Looking for Links and Differences	33	(1)
Qualitative Approach in Cross-Cultural Psychology	34	(1)
Major Steps for Preparation of a Cross-Cultural Study	35	(1)
Sample Selection	36	(2)
Observation in Cross-Cultural Psychology	38	(1)
Survey Methods	39	(2)
Experimental Studies	41	(1)
Content-Analysis	41	(2)
Focus-Group Methodology	43	(1)
Meta-Analysis: Research of Research	43	(1)
A Hidden Obstacle of Cross-Cultural Studies: Test Translation	44	(1)
Comparing Two Phenomena: Some Important Principles	45	(2)
On Similarities and Differences: Some Critical Thinking Applications	47	(1)
Cultural Dichotomies	48	(1)
Avoiding Bias of Generalizations	49	(1)
Know More about Cultures You Examine	50	(9)
3 CRITICAL THINKING IN CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY	59	(44)
The Evaluative Bias of Language: To Describe Is to Prescribe	61	(2)
Differentiating Dichotomous Variables and Continuous Variables: Black and White, or Shades of Gray?	63	(2)
The Similarity—Uniqueness Paradox: All Phenomena Are Both Similar and Different	65	(3)
The Barnum Effect: "One-Size-Fits-All" Descriptions	68	(2)
The Assimilation Bias: Viewing the World through Schema-Colored Glasses	70	(3)
The Representativeness Bias: Fits and Misfits of Categorization	73	(3)
The Availability Bias: The Persuasive Power of Vivid Events	76	(3)
The Fundamental Attribution Error: Underestimating the Impact of External Influences	79	(3)
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: When Expectations Create Reality	82	(2)
Correlation Does Not Prove Causation: Confusing "What" with "Why"	84	(3)
Bidirectional Causation and Multiple Causation: Causal Loops and Compound Pathways	87	(3)
The Naturalistic Fallacy: Blurring the Line between "Is" and "Should"	90	(4)
The Belief Perseverance Effect: "Don't Confuse Me with the Facts!"	94	(4)
Conclusions: "To Metathink or Not to Metathink?"	98	(5)
4 COGNITION: SENSATION, PERCEPTION, AND STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS	103	(30)
Sensation and Perception: Basic Principles	104	(2)
How Culture Influences What We Perceive	106	(2)
How People Perceive Depictions	108	(1)
Perception of Depth	109	(1)
Are People Equally Misled by Visual Illusions?	110	(1)
Some Cultural Patterns of Drawing Pictures	111	(1)
Perception of Color	111	(3)
Other Senses	114	(2)
Perception of Time	116	(2)
Perception of the Beautiful	118	(1)
Perception of Music	119	(1)
Consciousness and Culture	120	(2)
Sleep and Cultural Significance of Dreams	122	(4)
Beyond Altered States of Consciousness	126	(7)
5 INTELLIGENCE	133	(32)
Defining Intelligence	134	(3)
Ethnic Differences in IQ Scores	137	(1)
Explaining Group Differences 'In Test Scores: Intelligence and Intelligent Behavior	138	(2)
Do Biological Factors Contribute to Intelligence?	140	(1)
Incompatibility of Tests: Cultural Biases	141	(2)
A Word about "Cultural Literacy"	143	(2)
Environment and Intelligence 143 Socioeconomic Factors	145	(1)
The Family Factor	146	(1)
"Natural Selection" and IQ Scores	147	(2)
Cultural Values of Cognition	149	(4)
General Cognition: What Is "Underneath" Intelligence?	153	(2)
Cognitive Skills, School Grades, and Educational Systems	155	(1)
Culture, Tests, and Motivation	156	(1)
IQ, Culture, and Social Justice	157	(2)
And in the End, Moral Values	159	(6)
6 EMOTION	165	(26)
When We Laugh We Are Happy: Similarities of Emotional Experience	167	(3)
You Cannot Explain Pain if You Have Never Been Hurt: Differences in Emotional Experience	170	(3)
Emotions: Different or Universal?	173	(1)
Physiological Arousal	173	(1)
The Meaning of Preceding Events	174	(3)
Emotion as an Evaluation	177	(2)
We Are Expected to Feel in a Particular Way	179	(1)
How People Assess Emotional Experience	179	(1)
When Emotions Signal a Challenge: Cross-Cultural Research on Stress and Anxiety	180	(2)
Expression of Emotion	182	(3)
When Emotion Hurts: Cross-Cultural Studies of Anger	185	(1)
Emotion and Inclination to Act	186	(1)
Emotion and Judgment	186	(5)
7 MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR	191	(26)
Sociobiology: A Glance into Evolution	192	(2)
Social Science: See the Society First	194	(1)
Drive and Arousal: Two Universal Mechanisms of Motivation	194	(1)
The Power of the Unconscious: Psychoanalysis	195	(1)
Humanistic Theories	196	(2)
Learning and Motivation: Cognitive Theories	198	(1)
A Carrot and a Beef Tongue: Hunger and Food Preference	199	(1)
When Hunger Causes Distress: Eating Disorders	199	(1)
Victory and Harmony: Achievement Motivation	200	(4)
Aggressive Motivation and Violence	204	(6)
Culture and Sexuality	210	(3)
Sex and Sexuality: Some Cross-Cultural Similarities	213	(4)
8 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIALIZATION	217	(28)
Development and Socialization	218	(1)
Quality of Life and the Child's Development	219	(1)
Norms, Customs, and Child Care	220	(2)
Parental Values and Expectations	222	(1)
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development	223	(2)
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development	225	(1)
Stages of Moral Development According to Kohlberg	226	(2)
Developmental Stages	228	(1)
Life before Birth: Prenatal Period	229	(2)
First Steps: Infancy	231	(2)
Discovering the World: Childhood	233	(2)
Major Rehearsal: Adolescence	235	(3)
Adulthood	238	(2)
Late Adulthood	240	(5)
9 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS	245	(36)
American Background: DSM-IV	247	(1)
Two Views on Culture and Psychopathology	248	(3)
Culture-Bound Syndromes	251	(5)
Anxiety Disorders	256	(1)
Depressive Disorders	257	(4)
Schizophrenia	261	(1)
Culture and Suicide	262	(2)
Personality Disorders	264	(6)
Is Substance Abuse Culturally Bound?	270	(2)
Psychodiagnostic Biases	272	(2)
Psychotherapy	274	(1)
Culture Match?	274	(7)
10 SOCIAL PERCEPTION AND SOCIAL COGNITION	281	(24)
The Nature of Attitude	283	(1)
Values	284	(2)
Western and Non-Western Values	286	(1)
Striving for Consistency: The Cognitive Balance Theory	287	(1)
Avoiding Inconsistency: Cognitive Dissonance	288	(1)
Psychological Dogmatism	288	(1)
Social Attribution	289	(1)
Attribution as Locus of Control	290	(2)
Attribution of Success and Failure	292	(2)
Self-Perception	294	(2)
Do Social Norms Affect the Way We See Our Own Body?	296	(1)
Duty and Fairness in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures	297	(2)
Stereotypes and the Power of Generalizations	299	(6)
11 SOCIAL INTERACTION	305	(24)
Universal Interaction	306	(4)
Direct Contacts	310	(1)
Conformity	311	(2)
Is Conformity Universal across Cultures?	313	(4)
Following Orders	317	(2)
Social Influence	319	(1)
Feeling Good about Some Views	320	(1)
Is Social Loafing Universal?	321	(1)
Cooperation and Competition	322	(1)
Leaders: Born or Bred?	323	(6)
12 APPLIED CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY: SOME HIGHLIGHTS	329	(24)
Health	331	(1)
Medical and Counseling Decisions	332	(2)
Business Decisions	334	(4)
Working with Immigrants	338	(1)
Education	339	(2)
Culture, Behavior, and the Law	341	(2)
Human Rights	343	(3)
Working and Serving Abroad	346	(2)
Religion: A Campus Context	348	(1)
Conclusion	349	(4)
REFERENCES	353	(26)
AUTHOR INDEX	379	(6)
SUBJECT INDEX	385