Crossroads: The Multicultural Roots of America's Popular Music with Audio CD

by Barkley; Elizabeth

• ISBN13: 9780131930735
• ISBN10: 0131930737
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2006-02-15
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Crossroads: The Multicultural Roots of America's Popular Music, Second Edition celebrates the diversity of American music through coverage of a wide spectrum of musical styles, including folk music, the blues, jazz, Cajun and Zydeco music, and a variety of currently popular music including rock and roll, rap, hip-hop, salsa, and Tejano.

Author Biography

Dr. Elizabeth F. Barkley is a classical pianist who holds a B.A. and an M.A. from the University of California, Riverside, and a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Part I: The Journeys Begin
Music in Multicultural America	1	(15)
The Components of American Multiculturalism	2	(8)
Culture	3	(1)
Ethnicity and Culture	4	(1)
Race and Culture	4	(2)
Acculturation and Assimilation in American Society	6	(3)
The United States Today	9	(1)
American Multiculturalism and American Music	10	(4)
The Building Blocks of Music	10	(4)
Conclusion	14	(1)
Bibliography	15	(1)
The Music of Native Americans	16	(21)
Native American Origins	16	(3)
Overview of Pre-Conquest Music Traditions	19	(2)
Challenges to Studying Pre-Conquest Native American Music	19	(1)
Commonalities among Native Music Traditions	20	(1)
Structural Characteristics	20	(1)
Native American Music within a Historical and Social Context The Fifteenth-Nineteenth Centuries	21	(11)
Native American Cultural Diversity	21	(3)
Contact with Europeans in the Colonial Period	24	(1)
Native Americans and the United States of America	25	(2)
Impact of Europeans on Native Culture and Music Traditions	27	(5)
Native American Music in the Twentieth Century	32	(3)
Pan-Indian Music	32	(3)
Native Americans Today	35	(1)
Conclusion	35	(1)
Bibliography	35	(2)
The Roots of European/Anglo-American Music	37	(21)
European American Origins	37	(4)
Overview of European-American Music Traditions	41	(2)
Commonalities of European-American Music	41	(2)
Early Anglo-American Music Traditions	43	(1)
The Structural Characteristics of Anglo-American Folk Music	43	(1)
Anglo-American Music within a Social and Historical Context	43	(12)
Religious Music of the Colonial Period	43	(2)
Folk Music of the Early Settlers	45	(2)
The Americanization of British Folk Songs	47	(3)
Instrumental Music of the Early Settlers	50	(3)
Conflict and the Road to Revolution	53	(1)
The Founding of a New Nation	54	(1)
Conclusion	55	(2)
Bibliography	57	(1)
The Roots of African-American Music	58	(17)
African-American Origins	58	(1)
Challenges to Retaining African Culture	58	(2)
Overview of African Music Traditions	60	(4)
African Diversity	60	(1)
African Commonalities	60	(4)
African-American Music within a Historical and Social Context	64	(8)
Colonial America	64	(4)
Structural Characteristics of Early African-American Music	68	(1)
The American Revolution and Striving for Freedom	68	(1)
The Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Late Nineteenth Century	69	(3)
Conclusion	72	(1)
Bibliography	73	(2)
The Roots of Latin American Music	75	(19)
The First Mexican Americans	75	(2)
Pre-Conquest and Arrival of the Europeans	77	(2)
Overview of the Music of the Aztecs and Other Indigenous Peoples	79	(4)
Challenges and Changes in Studying Indigenous Music of Mexico	79	(2)
Commonalities of Aztec and Other Indigenous Music	81	(1)
Structural Characteristics of Aztec and Other Indigenous Music	82	(1)
Mexican-American Music in a Historical and Social Context	83	(6)
The Spanish Colonial Period	83	(2)
Influence of Colonial System on Mexican Music	85	(2)
Mexican Independence	87	(1)
Mexican Northern Provinces Become Part of the United States	88	(1)
Mestizo Music Traditions	89	(2)
Structural Characteristics	89	(1)
Popular Mestizo Music Styles	89	(2)
Conclusion	91	(2)
Bibliography	93	(1)
Part II: Encounters At The Crossroads
The Blues	94	(23)
Overview of the Music Tradition of the Blues	94	(3)
Origin of the Term ``The Blues''	94	(1)
Stylistic Categories	95	(1)
The Structural Characteristics of the Blues	96	(1)
The Blues in a Historical and Social Context	97	(17)
The Civil War and Reconstruction	97	(1)
Origins of the Blues to 1900	98	(3)
Spread of the Blues from 1900 to 1920	101	(4)
The 1920s and Initial Expansion of Blues Styles	105	(2)
The 1930s and the Development of Urban Blues	107	(2)
The 1940s and Three Important Bluesmen	109	(1)
Important Developments in the 1950s	109	(1)
The 1960s and British Blues	110	(2)
The 1970s to the Present	112	(2)
Conclusion	114	(1)
Bibliography	115	(2)
Jazz	117	(27)
Jazz: Primarily African American or European American?	117	(2)
Overview of the Music Tradition of Jazz	119	(6)
Stylistic Categories	119	(4)
Structural Characteristics	123	(2)
Jazz in a Historical and Social Context	125	(17)
Precursors to Jazz: Ragging and Ragtime	125	(1)
The ``Birth of Jazz'' in New Orleans: 1865-1917	126	(5)
The 1930s and 1940s: The Swing Era	131	(1)
Vocal Jazz	132	(2)
The 1940s and 1950s: Bebop	134	(2)
The 1950s and 1960s: Cool Jazz and Hard Bop	136	(1)
The 1960s and 1970s: The Avant-Garde, Free Jazz, and Fusion	137	(4)
The 1980s and 1990s: Classicism, Smooth or Contemporary Jazz, and Acid Jazz	141	(1)
Conclusion	142	(1)
Bibliography	143	(1)
Gospel	144	(13)
Overview of Gospel Music	144	(3)
Distinguishing Gospel from Spirituals	144	(1)
Structural Characteristics	145	(2)
Gospel Music in a Historical and Social Context	147	(8)
The Foundation for the Development of Gospel Music	147	(2)
The Work of Thomas Dorsey in the 1920s	149	(1)
The ``Birth'' of Gospel in Chicago and the 1930s and 1940s	150	(1)
The Recording and Popularizing of Gospel in the 1950s	151	(1)
Gospel in the Last Half of the Twentieth Century	152	(3)
Conclusion	155	(1)
Bibliography	156	(1)
Cajun and Zydeco	157	(12)
Overview of Cajun and Zydeco Music Traditions	158	(1)
Structural Characteristics	158	(1)
Cajun and Zydeco Music in a Social and Historical Context	159	(8)
The Roots of Cajun Music	159	(2)
Cajun and Creole Music Early in the Twentieth Century	161	(2)
Cajun Music in the Middle of the Twentieth Century	163	(2)
Zydeco	165	(2)
Conclusion	167	(1)
Bibliography	168	(1)
Country Music	169	(15)
Overview of Country Music	170	(12)
Stylistic Categories	171	(2)
Structural Characteristics	173	(1)
Country Music in a Historical and Social Context	174	(2)
The 1930s and the Emergence of ``Country Western''	176	(1)
The 1940s with Honky Tonk and Bluegrass	176	(1)
The 1950s and the Creation of ``The Nashville Sound''	177	(1)
The 1960s and 1970s	178	(2)
The 1980s to the Present	180	(2)
Conclusion	182	(1)
Bibliography	182	(2)
The Urban Folk Revival	184	(18)
Overview of the Music of the Urban Folk Revival	184	(4)
Renewed Interest in Traditional Music	184	(1)
Dissemination and Popularization of Traditional Music	185	(2)
Trends in Folk Music in the Mid-Twentieth Century	187	(1)
Structural Characteristics	188	(1)
The Urban Folk Revival in a Social and Historical Context	188	(11)
1900-1940	188	(2)
The 1940s	190	(2)
The 1950s	192	(1)
The 1960s	193	(6)
Conclusion	199	(1)
Bibliography	200	(2)
Part III: Excursions In New Directions
Rock `n' Roll	202	(17)
Overview of Rock `n' Roll's Music Characteristics	202	(1)
Rock `n' Roll in a Historical and Social Context	203	(11)
Changes in the 1940s and 1950s	203	(2)
The Birth of Rock `n' Roll	205	(1)
The Primary Musical Influences on Early Rock `n' Roll	205	(1)
Two Examples of the Fusion of Styles	206	(1)
Rock `n' Roll's First Stars	207	(2)
Conflicting Reactions to Rock `n' Roll	209	(5)
Later Developments of Rock	214	(3)
Conclusion	217	(1)
Bibliography	218	(1)
Soul, Motown, and Funk	219	(13)
Overview of the Musical Characteristics of Soul, Motown, and Funk	219	(2)
Soul Music	219	(2)
Motown	221	(1)
Funk	221	(1)
Soul, Motown, and Funk in a Historical and Social Context	221	(9)
Soul Music	221	(1)
Early Soul Music	221	(2)
Geographical Centers for Soul Music	223	(4)
Motown	227	(3)
Funk	230	(1)
Conclusion	230	(1)
Bibliography	230	(2)
Salsa, Reggae, and Caribbean Latino Music	232	(18)
Defining ``The Caribbean''	233	(1)
Overview of Caribbean Music Traditions	234	(7)
Structural Characteristics Unifying Caribbean Music	234	(3)
Specific Music Traditions of Particular Importance to Puerto Rico	237	(3)
Other Caribbean Music Traditions	240	(1)
Caribbean Music Traditions within a Historical and Social Context	241	(5)
Pre-Conquest and Establishment of Spanish Colonies	241	(1)
Puerto Rico as an American Territory	242	(4)
The Development of Salsa	246	(2)
The Birth of ``Salsa''	246	(1)
African and European Influences on Salsa	246	(1)
Salsa's Increasing Popularity	247	(1)
Conclusion	248	(1)
Bibliography	249	(1)
Tejano, Banda, and Contemporary Mexican-American Music	250	(11)
Overview of Twentieth-Century Mexican-American Music Traditions	251	(1)
Stylistic Categories	251	(1)
Structural Characteristics	252	(1)
Twentieth-Century Mexican American Music within a Social and Historical Context	252	(7)
The First Half of the Twentieth Century	252	(3)
The Second Half of the Twentieth Century	255	(1)
The Late Twentieth Century	256	(3)
Conclusion	259
Bibliography	260	(1)
Asian American Music	261	(17)
Challenges and Issues in Discussing Asian Americans and Asian-American Music	262	(1)
The Three Periods of Asian Immigration	263	(2)
Current Asian Communities in the United States	265	(1)
Asian-American Music within a Social and Historical Context	266	(7)
Chinese Americans	266	(2)
Filipino Americans	268	(1)
Indian and Pakistani Americans	269	(1)
Vietnamese Americans	270	(1)
Korean Americans	271	(1)
Japanese Americans	271	(2)
Asian-American Music in the Last Half of the Twentieth Century to the Present	273	(2)
Conclusion	275	(1)
Bibliography	276	(2)
Hip-Hop and Rap	278	(15)
Overview of Hip-Hop and Rap Music Traditions	279	(4)
Defining Hip-Hop and Rap	279	(1)
Stylistic Categories of Rap	280	(3)
Rap and Hip-Hop in a Social and Historical Context	283	(8)
Roots of Rap in African and African-American Oral Traditions	283	(1)
The Earliest Hip-Hop and Rap	284	(2)
The Context for the Rise in Popularity of Rap	286	(1)
Shift in Rap from Party Music to Social Commentary	287	(1)
Hip-Hop and Rap Become More Mainstream	288	(1)
The Growth of Hardcore Rap	288	(2)
The 2001 Hip-Hop Summit	290	(1)
Conclusion	291	(1)
Bibliography	291	(2)
Epilogue	293	(2)
Index	295