Cultural Anthropology : A Global Perspective,9780130979544

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Cultural Anthropology : A Global Perspective

by Scupin, Raymond

Edition:

5th

ISBN13:

9780130979544

ISBN10:

0130979546

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

1/1/2003

Publisher(s):

Prentice Hall

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Summary

Cultural Anthropology: A Global Perspective provides students with an introduction to cultural anthropology through a traditional holistic and integrative approach.& It spells out how the basic subfields together yield a comprehensive understanding of humanity.& Because these subfields tend to overlap, the book is organized by societal types rather than by institutions.

Boxes

xiii

Preface

xiv

About the Author

xix

Part I Basic Concepts in Anthropology

Introduction to Anthropology

(20)

Anthropology: The Four Subfields

(10)

Physical Anthropology

(3)

Archaeology

(1)

Linguistic Anthropology

(2)

Cultural Anthropology or Ethnology

(3)

Holistic Anthropology, Interdisciplinary Research, and the Global Perspective

(1)

Applied Anthropology

(1)

Anthropological Explanations

(2)

The Scientific Method

(1)

Anthropology and the Humanities

(2)

Why Study Anthropology?

(1)

Critical Thinking and Global Awareness

(1)

Summary

(1)

Questions to Think About

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Internet Exercises

(1)

Suggested Readings

(2)

Human Evolution

(20)

Theories of Evolution

(5)

Origin Myths

(1)

The Darwinian Revolution

(1)

Principles of Inheritance

(1)

The Evolution of Life

(2)

Hominid Evolution

(6)

Australopithecus

(1)

Homo

(1)

Homo erectus

(2)

``Premodern'' or Archaic Homo sapiens

(2)

Modern Homo sapiens

(1)

Modern Homo sapiens Culture: The Upper Paleolithic

(4)

Tools

(1)

Variation in Upper Paleolithic Technologies

(1)

Upper Paleolithic Subsistence and Social Organization

(1)

The Upper Paleolithic in Europe

(1)

Migration of Upper Paleolithic Humans

(2)

Human Variation

(1)

Skin Color

(1)

Summary

(1)

Questions to Think About

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Internet Exercises

(1)

Suggested Readings

(2)

Part II Basic Concepts of Culture and Society

Culture

(19)

The Characteristics of Culture

(1)

Culture is Learned

(4)

Symbols and Symbolic Learning

(3)

Culture is Shared

(1)

The Components of Culture

(3)

Values

(1)

Beliefs

(1)

Norms

(1)

Ideal versus Real Culture

(1)

Cultural Diversity

(5)

Food and Diversity

(2)

Dress Codes and Symbolism

(1)

Ethnicity

(1)

Cultural Universals

(1)

Summary

(1)

Questions to Think About

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Internet Exercises

(1)

Suggested Readings

(2)

The Process of Enculturation

(30)

Biology versus Culture

(1)

Instincts and Human Nature

(3)

Human Beings as Animals

(1)

Instincts in Animals

(1)

Instincts and Learned Behaviors

(1)

Do Humans Possess Instincts?

(1)

Drives

(1)

Culture versus Instinct

(1)

Enculturation: Culture and Personality

(5)

Early Studies of Enculturation

(4)

Childhood Training

(1)

Psychoanalytic Approaches in Anthropology

(3)

Sigmund Freud

(3)

Modern Psychoanalytic Anthropology

(1)

Understanding Incest Avoidance and the Incest Taboo

(3)

Biological Explanations of Incest Avoidance

(1)

Marital Alliance and the Incest Taboo

(1)

Childhood Familiarity Hypothesis

(1)

Incest Avoidance: Interactionist Perspectives

(1)

Enculturation and the Sex Drive

(2)

Codes of Sexual Behavior

(1)

Homosexual Behavior

(1)

Enculturation and Cognition

(2)

Structuralism

(1)

Jean Piaget

(2)

Cognitive Anthropology and Evolutionary Psychology

(3)

Enculturation and Emotions

(1)

Culture and Mental Illness

(2)

What Is Abnormal?

(1)

Culture-Specific Disorders

(1)

The Limits of Enculturation

(1)

Unique Biological Tendencies

(1)

Individual Variation

(1)

Summary

(1)

Questions to Think About

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Internet Exercises

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Language

(28)

Nonhuman Communication

(2)

Teaching Apes to Sign

(1)

Ape Sign Language Reexamined

(1)

Ethological Research on Ape Communication

(1)

Animal Communication and Human Language

(2)

Productivity

(1)

Displacement

(1)

Arbitrariness

(1)

Combining Sounds to Produce Meanings

(1)

The Evolution of Language

(1)

The Anatomy of Language

(1)

The Structure of Language

(3)

Phonology

(1)

Morphology

(1)

Syntax

100

(1)

Semantics

101

(1)

Language Acquisition

101

(6)

Chomsky on Language Acquisition

103

(4)

Langaage, Thought, and Culture

107

(2)

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

107

(2)

Historical Linguistics

109

(3)

The Family-Tree Model

110

(1)

Assessing Language Change

110

(2)

Sociolinguistics

112

(2)

Dialectal Differences in Spoken Language

112

(1)

Honorifics in Language

112

(1)

Greeting Behaviors

113

(1)

Nonverbal Communication

114

(2)

Kinesics

114

(2)

Proxemics

116

(1)

Summary

116

(1)

Questions to Think About

117

(1)

Key Terms

117

(1)

Internet Exercises

117

(1)

Suggested Readings

118

(1)

Anthropological Explanations

119

(22)

Nineteenth-Century Evolutionism

122

(1)

Unilineal Evolution: Tylor

122

(1)

Unilineal Evolution: Morgan

122

(1)

Unilineal Evolution: A Critique

123

(1)

Diffusionism

123

(1)

British Diffusionism

123

(1)

German Diffusionism

123

(1)

The Limitations and Strengths of Diffusionism

124

(1)

Historical Particularism

124

(2)

Boas versus the Unilineal Evolutionists

125

(1)

Functionalism: British Anthropology

126

(1)

Structural Functionalism: Radcliffe-Brown

126

(1)

Psychological Functionalism: Malinowski

126

(1)

The Limitations of Functionalism

127

(1)

Twentieth-Century Evolutionism

127

(2)

Steward and Cultural Ecology

128

(1)

The Strengths of Neoevolutionism

128

(1)

Criticisms of Cultural Ecology

129

(1)

Cultural Materialism

129

(1)

Criticisms of Cultural Materialism

129

(1)

Marxist Anthropology

130

(1)

Evaluation of Marxist Anthropology

130

(1)

Symbolic Anthropology: A Humanistic Method of Inquiry

131

(1)

Criticisms of Symbolic Anthropology

131

(1)

Materialism versus Culturalism

131

(1)

Sociobiology

132

(2)

Sexual Behavior

132

(1)

Inclusive Fitness and Kin Selection

133

(1)

Sociobiology: A Critique

133

(1)

Feminist Anthropology

134

(2)

Criticisms of Feminist Anthropology

135

(1)

Postmodernism and Anthropology

136

(1)

Postmodernists and Contemporary Research

136

(1)

Shifts in Anthropological Explanations

137

(1)

Summary

137

(1)

Questions to Think About

138

(1)

Key Terms

139

(1)

Internet Exercises

139

(1)

Suggested Readings

139

(2)

Part III Prestate Societies

Analyzing Sociocultural Systems

141

(28)

Ethnographic Fieldwork

143

(5)

Ethnographic Research and Strategies

143

(3)

Ethics in Anthropological Research

146

(1)

Analysis of Ethnographic Data

147

(1)

Universals and Variables Studied by Cultural Anthropologists

148

(1)

Subsistence and the Physical Environment

148

(2)

Modern Cultural Ecology

148

(1)

Biomes

149

(1)

Subsistence Patterns and Environments

149

(1)

Demography

150

(2)

Fertility, Mortality, and Migration

151

(1)

Population and Environment

152

(1)

Population and Culture

152

(1)

Technology

152

(1)

Anthropological Explanations of Technology

152

(1)

Economy

153

(1)

The Formalist Approach

153

(1)

The Substantivist Approach

154

(1)

Modern Economic Anthropology

154

(1)

Social Structure

154

(5)

Components of Social Structure

154

(1)

The Family

155

(1)

Marriage

156

(1)

Gender

156

(1)

Age

157

(2)

Political Organization

159

(2)

Types of Political Systems

159

(1)

Decision Making in a Political System

160

(1)

Warfare and Feuds

160

(1)

Law and Social Control

160

(1)

Religion

161

(4)

Myths

162

(1)

Rituals

162

(1)

Religious Specialists

163

(1)

Religious Movements

163

(1)

Cognition and Religion

163

(2)

Cross-Cultural Research

165

(1)

Summary

166

(1)

Questions to Think About

166

(1)

Key Terms

167

(1)

Internet Exercises

167

(1)

Suggested Readings

168

(1)

Band Societies

169

(24)

Modern Foraging Environments and Subsistence

171

(3)

Deserts

171

(1)

Tropical Rain Forests

172

(1)

Arctic Regions

173

(1)

Mobility and Subsistence

174

(1)

Optimal Foraging Theory

174

(1)

Foragers and Demographic Conditions

174

(1)

Fissioning

175

(1)

Infanticide

175

(1)

Fertility Rates

175

(1)

Technology in Foraging Societies

175

(2)

Economics in Foraging Societies

177

(3)

Reciprocity

177

(1)

Collective Ownership of Property

178

(1)

The Original Affluent Society?

178

(1)

The Affluence Hypothesis Challenged

179

(1)

Social Organization in Foraging Societies

180

(6)

Marriage and Kinship

180

(2)

Gender

182

(2)

Age

184

(2)

Political Organization in Foraging Societies

186

(2)

Characteristics of Leadership

186

(1)

Warfare and violence

187

(1)

Conflict Resolution

188

(1)

Religion in Foraging Societies

188

(1)

The Dreamtime

188

(3)

Eskimo Religion

189

(1)

Art, Music, and Religion

189

(2)

Summary

191

(1)

Questions to Think About

191

(1)

Key Terms

191

(1)

Internet Exercises

192

(1)

Suggested Readings

192

(1)

Tribes

193

(33)

Environment and Subsistence for Horticulturalists

195

(2)

Amazon Horticulturalists: The Yanomamo

190

(7)

New Guinea Horticulturalists: The Tsemhaga

197

(1)

Horticulturalists in Woodland Forest Areas: The Iroquois

197

(1)

Environment and Subsistence for Pastoralists

197

(2)

East African Cattle Complex

198

(1)

Demographics and Settlement

199

(1)

Technology

199

(1)

Horticultural Technology

199

(1)

Pastoralist Technology

200

(1)

Economics

200

(1)

Money

200

(1)

Property Ownership

200

(1)

Social Organization

201

(12)

Families

201

(1)

Descent Groups

201

(1)

Unilineal Descent Groups

202

(1)

Functions of Descent Groups

203

(1)

Marriage

204

(4)

Gender

208

(3)

Age

211

(2)

Political Organization

213

(7)

Sodalities

213

(1)

How Leaders Are Chosen

213

(1)

Pastoralist Tribal Politics

214

(1)

Explaining Tribal Warfare

215

(4)

Law and Conflict Resolution

219

(1)

Religion

220

(2)

Animism and Shamanism in South America

220

(1)

Witchcraft and Sorcery

220

(1)

Familistic Religion

221

(1)

Art and Music

222

(1)

Musical Traditions

222

(1)

Summary

223

(1)

Questions to Think About

223

(1)

Key Terms

224

(1)

Internet Exercises

224

(1)

Suggested Readings

224

(2)

Chiefdoms

226

(20)

Environment, Subsistence, and Demography

228

(3)

Pacific Island Chiefdoms

228

(1)

African Chiefdoms

229

(1)

Native American Chiefdoms

229

(2)

Demography

231

(1)

Technology

231

(1)

Housing

231

(1)

Political Economy

232

(5)

Food Storage

232

(1)

Property Ownership

232

(1)

The Evolution of Chiefdoms

232

(1)

Economic Exchange

233

(4)

Social Organization

237

(4)

Rank and Sumptuary Rules

237

(2)

Marriage

239

(1)

General Social Principles

239

(1)

Gender

240

(1)

Age

240

(1)

Slavery

240

(1)

Law and Religion

241

(1)

Law

241

(1)

Religion

241

(1)

Shamanism

242

(1)

Human Sacrifice

242

(1)

Art, Architecture, and Music

242

(2)

Music

243

(1)

Summary

244

(1)

Questions to Think About

244

(1)

Key Terms

245

(1)

Internet Exercises

245

(1)

Suggested Readings

245

(1)

Part IV State Societies

Agricultural States

246

(22)

Demography

249

(1)

Technology

250

(1)

Agricultural Innovations

250

(1)

The Diffusion of Technology

250

(1)

Political Economy

251

(3)

The Division of Labor

252

(1)

Property Rights

252

(1)

The Command Economy versus the Entrepreneur

252

(1)

The Peasantry

252

(1)

Trade and Monetary Exchange

253

(1)

Social Organization

254

(5)

Kinship and Status

254

(1)

Marriage

255

(1)

Gender, Subsistence, and Status

256

(3)

Social Stratification

259

(3)

The Caste System

260

(1)

Racial and Ethnic Stratification

261

(1)

Law

262

(1)

Mediation and Self-Help

263

(1)

Warfare

263

(1)

Religion

263

(2)

Ecclesiastical Religions

263

(1)

Universalistic Religions

264

(1)

Divine Rulers, Priests, and Religious Texts

265

(1)

Summary

265

(1)

Questions to Think About

266

(1)

Key Terms

266

(1)

Internet Exercises

267

(1)

Suggested Readings

267

(1)

Industrial States

268

(31)

The Commercial, Scientific, and Industrial Revolution

270

(2)

Modernization

272

(1)

Environment and Energy Use

272

(1)

Demographic Change

272

(2)

The Demographic Transition

273

(1)

Urbanization

273

(1)

Technology and Economic Change

274

(7)

Technology and Work

274

(1)

The Division of Labor

274

(1)

Economic Exchange

275

(1)

Perspectives on Market Economies

276

(4)

The Evolution of Economic Organizations

280

(1)

Capitalist Consumer Societies

280

(1)

Social Structure

281

(6)

Kinship

281

(1)

Family

281

(1)

Marriage

282

(2)

Gender

284

(2)

Age

286

(1)

Social Stratification

287

(3)

The British Class System

287

(1)

Class in the United States

287

(1)

Class in Japan and the Former Soviet Union

288

(1)

Ethnic and Racial Stratification

289

(1)

Political Organization

290

(1)

Political Organization in Socialist States

291

(1)

Industrialism and State Bureaucracy

291

(1)

Law

291

(3)

Japanese Law

293

(1)

Warfare and Industrial Technology

294

(1)

Religion

295

(1)

Religion in Socialist States

296

(1)

Religion in Japan

296

(1)

Summary

296

(1)

Questions to Think About

297

(1)

Key Terms

298

(1)

Internet Exercises

298

(1)

Suggested Readings

298

(1)

Part V Consequences of Globalization

Globalization and Aboriginal Peoples

299

(31)

Globalization: Theoretical Approaches

301

(5)

Modernization Theory

301

(1)

First, Second, and Third Worlds

302

(1)

Dependency Theory

303

(2)

World-Systems Theory

305

(1)

Anthropological Analysis and Globalization

306

(1)

Globalization and Prestate Societies

306

(1)

Vanishing Foragers

307

(4)

The Ju/'hoansi Foragers

308

(1)

The Dobe Ju/'hoansi

308

(1)

The Mbuti Pygmies

309

(1)

The Siriono

310

(1)

Tribes in Transition

311

(8)

North American Horticulturalists

311

(2)

South American Horticulturalists

313

(3)

Pastoralist Tribes

316

(2)

East African Pastoralists and Globalization

318

(1)

Chiefdoms in Transition

319

(1)

The Hawaiian Islands

319

(1)

Forms of Resistance in Native Societies

320

(5)

Revitalization among Native Americans

320

(2)

Melanesia and New Guinea: The Cargo Cults

322

(1)

A Hawaiian Religious Renaissance

323

(2)

A Lost Opportunity

325

(2)

Native American Knowledge

325

(1)

Preserving Indigenous Societies

326

(1)

Summary

327

(1)

Questions to Think About

328

(1)

Key Terms

328

(1)

Internet Exercises

329

(1)

Suggested Readings

329

(1)

Globalization in Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean

330

(32)

Globalization and Colonialism in Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean

332

(4)

Latin America

332

(1)

Africa

333

(2)

The Caribbean

335

(1)

Consequences of Globalization and Colonialism

336

(6)

Demographic Change

336

(1)

Economic Change

336

(2)

Religious Change

338

(4)

Political Changes: Independence and Nationalist Movements

342

(3)

Explaining Revolution

344

(1)

Uneven Development in Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean

345

(3)

Peripheral Societies

345

(1)

Semiperipheral Societies

346

(2)

South Africa: An Economy in Transition

348

(1)

Ethnographic Studies of the Peasantry in Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean

348

(2)

African Peasants: A Unique Phenomenon?

349

(1)

Social Structure in Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean

350

(3)

Latin American Social Relationships

350

(1)

African Social Relationships

351

(2)

Patterns of Ethnicity in Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean

353

(4)

Ethnicity in Latin America

353

(1)

Ethnicity in Africa

353

(4)

Ethnicity in the Caribbean

357

(1)

Patterns of Urban Anthropology

357

(2)

Summary

359

(1)

Questions to Think About

359

(1)

Key Terms

360

(1)

Internet Exercises

360

(1)

Suggested Readings

360

(2)

Globalization in the Middle East and Asia

362

(30)

Colonialism and Globalization in the Middle East and Asia

364

(3)

The Middle East

364

(2)

Asia

366

(1)

Consequences of Colonialism for the Middle East and Asia

367

(4)

Demographic Change

367

(1)

Economic Change

368

(1)

Religious Change

368

(1)

Political Change: Independence and Nationalism

369

(1)

A Nationalist and Independence Movement in India

369

(1)

Revolutionary Movements in Asia

370

(1)

Uneven Development in the Middle East and Asia

371

(2)

Oil and the Middle East

371

(1)

Withdrawal from the Global Economy

372

(1)

Ethnographic Studies of the Societies in the Middle East and Asia

373

(9)

A Middle Eastern Village in Transition

373

(1)

Middle Eastern Family, Marriage, and Gender

374

(4)

Social Structure, Family, and Gender in India and South Asia

378

(2)

Family and Gender in China

380

(2)

Ethnic Tensions in the Middle East and Asia

382

(3)

Islamic Revitalization

385

(4)

The Islamic Revolution in Iran

385

(2)

Islamic Revitalization in Afghanistan

387

(2)

Summary

389

(1)

Questions to Think About

390

(1)

Key Terms

391

(1)

Internet Exercises

391

(1)

Suggested Readings

391

(1)

Part VI Anthropology and the Global Future

Race and Ethnicity

392

(31)

Race, Racism, and Culture

393

(6)

Ancient Classification Systems

394

(1)

Modern Racism in Western Thought

395

(2)

Critiques of Scientific Racism

397

(1)

Race and Intelligence

397

(2)

The Cultural and Social Significance of Race

399

(1)

Ethnicity

399

(2)

Major Anthropological Perspectives

401

(2)

Patterns of Ethnic Relations

403

(3)

Pluralism

403

(1)

Assimilation

404

(2)

Ethnic Relations in the United States

406

(1)

WASP Dominance

406

(1)

New Ethnic Challenges for U.S. Society

407

(2)

German and Irish Americans

407

(1)

Italian and Polish Americans

408

(1)

The Melting Pot: Assimilation or Pluralism?

409

(10)

African Americans

410

(2)

Hispanic Americans

412

(2)

Asian and Arab Americans

414

(3)

Cultural Pluralism

417

(1)

Multiculturalism in the United States

417

(2)

Ethnonationalism

419

(1)

Summary

420

(1)

Questions to Think About

421

(1)

Key Terms

421

(1)

Internet Exercises

421

(1)

Suggested Readings

421

(2)

Contemporary Global Trends

423

(26)

Environmental Trends

424

(2)

Mechanized Agriculture and Pollution

425

(1)

Air Pollution

425

(1)

Population Trends

426

(3)

The Demographic-Transition Model Applied

426

(3)

Technological Change

429

(1)

Energy-Consumption Patterns

429

(1)

Loss of Biodiversity

429

(1)

Pessimists versus Optimists on Global Issues

430

(5)

The Doomsday Model

430

(1)

The Optimists: The Logic-of-Growth Model

430

(1)

The Pessimists and the Optimists: An Assessment

431

(3)

A Global Solution for Global Problems

434

(1)

The Sustainability Model

434

(1)

Economic Trends

435

(7)

Multinational Corporations

435

(2)

Emerging Economic Trends

437

(5)

Political Trends

442

(1)

Ethnic Trends

442

(1)

Religion and Secularization

443

(3)

The Role of Anthropology

446

(1)

Summary

447

(1)

Questions to Think About

447

(1)

Key Terms

448

(1)

Internet Exercises

448

(1)

Suggested Readings

448

(1)

Applied Anthropology

449

(19)

The Roles of Applied Anthropologists in Planned Change

451

(4)

The Informant Roll

451

(1)

The Facilitator Role

451

(1)

The Analyst Role

452

(1)

Air the Representative Role

453

(1)

The Future of Applied Anthropology

453

(2)

Medical Anthropology

455

(1)

Interventions in Substance Abuse

456

(1)

Applied Archaeology

457

(3)

Preserving the Past

458

(2)

Applied Anthropology and Human Rights

460

(3)

Cultural Relativism and Human Rights

460

(2)

The Problem of Intervention

462

(1)

Universal Human Rights

463

(1)

The Role of Applied Anthropology

463

(3)

Summary

466

(1)

Questions to Think About

466

(1)

Key Terms

467

(1)

Internet Exercises

467

(1)

Suggested Readings

467

(1)

Glossary

468

(8)

References

476

(17)

Photo Credits

493

(1)

Index

494

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Cultural Anthropology : A Global Perspective

9780130979544

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Table of Contents