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Preface to the Second Edition | p. xii |
Preface to the First Edition | p. xiv |
Discoveries | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
The Qumran Discoveries | p. 2 |
The First Cave | p. 2 |
The Seven Original Scrolls | p. 2 |
The Cave Itself | p. 2 |
The Other Caves | p. 13 |
The Ruins of Qumran | p. 20 |
The de Vaux Excavations and Interpretations | p. 21 |
The Buildings | p. 21 |
The Cemeteries | p. 25 |
Subsequent Studies and Interpretations | p. 26 |
The Buildings | p. 26 |
The Cemeteries | p. 31 |
Methods for Dating the Discoveries | p. 33 |
Methods for Dating the Texts | p. 33 |
Paleography | p. 33 |
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry | p. 35 |
Internal Allusions | p. 39 |
Methods for Dating the Other Archeological Remains | p. 41 |
Carbon 14 | p. 41 |
Pottery | p. 41 |
Coins | p. 41 |
Survey of the Manuscripts | p. 47 |
Biblical Texts | p. 47 |
Biblical Scrolls | p. 48 |
Targums | p. 50 |
Tefillin and Mezuzot | p. 51 |
Apocryphal and Pseudepigraphal Texts | p. 52 |
Apocrypha | p. 52 |
Tobit | p. 52 |
Sirach (Ecclesiasticus or the Wisdom of Jesus ben Sira) | p. 53 |
Letter of Jeremiah (= Baruch 6) | p. 54 |
Psalm | p. 151 |
Pseudepigrapha | p. 54 |
Enoch or 1 Enoch | p. 55 |
Jubilees | p. 57 |
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs | p. 58 |
New Pseudepigrapha | p. 60 |
Other Texts | p. 61 |
Commentaries on Biblical Material | p. 62 |
Continuous Commentaries | p. 62 |
The Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab) | p. 64 |
The Nahum Commentary (4Q169) | p. 67 |
The Commentary on Psalms (4Q171, 173) | p. 69 |
Thematic Commentaries | p. 70 |
Florilegium (4Q174) | p. 70 |
The Testimonia (4Q175) | p. 70 |
The Melchizedek Text (nQMclch) | p. 73 |
A Commentary on Genesis (4Q252) | p. 74 |
Paraphrases | p. 75 |
Legal Texts | p. 75 |
The Damascus Document | p. 76 |
The Rule of the Community | p. 77 |
The Temple Scroll | p. 80 |
Some of the Works of the Torah (4QMMT) | p. 81 |
Writings for Worship | p. 83 |
The Cycle of Worship | p. 83 |
Liturgical Texts | p. 84 |
Calendrical Texts | p. 85 |
Poetic Compositions | p. 86 |
The Thanksgiving Hymns | p. 86 |
Other Poems | p. 87 |
Eschatological Works | p. 88 |
The War Rule | p. 88 |
Texts about the New Jerusalem | p. 90 |
Wisdom Texts | p. 90 |
4Q184 Wiles of the Wicked Woman | p. 91 |
4Q185 Sapiential Work | p. 91 |
Instruction | p. 91 |
The Copper Scroll (3Q15) | p. 92 |
Documentary Texts | p. 93 |
The Identification of the Qumran Group | p. 97 |
The Case for the Essene Hypothesis | p. 97 |
The Evidence from Pliny the Elder | p. 97 |
The Contents of the Qumran Texts and Essene Beliefs and Practices | p. 101 |
Theology | p. 102 |
Determinism | p. 102 |
The Afterlife | p. 105 |
Practice | p. 107 |
Nonuse of Oil | p. 108 |
Property | p. 108 |
The Pure Meal | p. 111 |
Bodily Functions | p. 112 |
Spitting | p. 113 |
Problems With the Essene Hypothesis | p. 114 |
Entry Procedures | p. 114 |
Marriage | p. 116 |
The Name Essene | p. 118 |
Other Theories | p. 119 |
Sadducees | p. 119 |
Jerusalem Origins | p. 122 |
The Qumran Essenes | p. 127 |
A Sketch of the Qumran Group's History | p. 127 |
The Pre-Qumran Period | p. 128 |
The Qumran Period | p. 133 |
Phase I | p. 133 |
Phase II | p. 136 |
A Sketch of Qumran Thought and Practice | p. 137 |
Predeterminism | p. 137 |
The Two Ways | p. 138 |
The Community of the New Covenant | p. 139 |
Scriptural Interpretation | p. 141 |
The Latter Days | p. 141 |
Special Laws | p. 141 |
The Universe | p. 142 |
Worship | p. 144 |
The End and the Messiahs | p. 145 |
The Qumran Essenes and Their Place in Judaism | p. 147 |
The Scrolls and the Old Testament | p. 157 |
The Text of the Hebrew Bible/ Old Testament | p. 157 |
The Period of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament | p. 158 |
The Pre-Qumran Textual Witnesses | p. 159 |
The Masoretic Text | p. 159 |
The Septuagint | p. 160 |
The Samaritan Pentateuch | p. 161 |
Qumran Contributions | p. 162 |
The Great Isaiah Scroll | p. 162 |
Qumran Agreements with the Septuagint against the Masoretic Text | p. 163 |
Minor Examples | p. 163 |
Major Examples | p. 164 |
Jeremiah | p. 164 |
Samuel | p. 166 |
An Unusual Case | p. 167 |
Theories about Textual Development | p. 168 |
A Theory of Local Texts | p. 168 |
A Theory of Textual Plurality and Variety | p. 169 |
Successive Literary Editions | p. 171 |
New Information About the History of Some Texts | p. 171 |
The Book of Psalms | p. 172 |
Daniel 4 | p. 176 |
A Canon of Scripture | p. 178 |
Evidence outside Qumran | p. 178 |
The Prologue to Sirach (the Wisdom of Jesus ben Sira) | p. 179 |
2 Mace 2:13-15 | p. 181 |
Philo, On the Contemplative Life 25 | p. 182 |
Luke 24:44 | p. 182 |
Matt 23:35 | p. 183 |
4 Ezra 14:23-48 | p. 184 |
Josephus, Against Apion 1.37-43 | p. 185 |
Evidence from Qumran | p. 186 |
Criteria | |
Authoritative Books | p. 188 |
Books Quoted as Authorities | p. 188 |
Other Authoritative Books | p. 190 |
Jubilees | p. 191 |
1 Enoch | p. 192 |
The Temple Scroll | p. 193 |
The Scrolls and the New Testament | p. 197 |
Introduction | p. 197 |
Similarities Between the Scrolls and the New Testament | p. 201 |
Language and Text | p. 201 |
Language | p. 201 |
The Many | p. 202 |
The Guardian | p. 203 |
Other Examples | p. 203 |
Text | p. 204 |
New Testament Papyri in Cave 7? | p. 204 |
Qumran Words and Phrases in the New Testament | p. 204 |
The Sermon on the Mount | p. 205 |
Characters | p. 206 |
John the Baptist | p. 206 |
Others | p. 209 |
Practices | p. 210 |
Shared Property | p. 210 |
The Meal | p. 211 |
Calendar | p. 214 |
Eschatology | p. 215 |
Messianism | p. 215 |
Biblical Interpretation | p. 219 |
Teachings | p. 222 |
Conclusions | p. 224 |
Controversies about the Dead Sea Scrolls | p. 227 |
Editing and Publishing the Scrolls | p. 227 |
Events Since 1989 | p. 233 |
Postscript | p. 243 |
Index | p. 249********* |
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