Delmar's Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology

by Rizzo, Donald C.

• ISBN13: 9780766804982
• ISBN10: 0766804984
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-01
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This new full-color book is organized according to body functions, and focuses on the body working together to promote homeostasis. Essential laboratory exercises included at the end of chapters provide hands-on lab experience. Key terms with phonetic pronunciations help build vocabulary. Essential laboratory exercises included at the end of chapters provide hands-on lab experience. Key terms with phonetic pronunciations help build vocabulary. Free CD-ROM with each text provides additional practice through several types of activities and games for learning anatomy and physiology. Instant feedback helps the reader learn more quickly by explaining why an answer is correct or incorrect.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
To the Student	xi
To the Instructor	xiii
About the Author	xiv
Acknowledgments	xv
How to use This Book	xvi
How to use the Student Activity CD-ROM	xviii
The Human Body	2	(16)
Introduction	4	(1)
Terms of direction	4	(1)
Planes	4	(1)
Cavities	5	(1)
Structural units	6	(8)
Homeostasis	14	(1)
Summary outline	14	(2)
Review questions	16	(2)
The Chemistry of Life	18	(22)
Introduction	20	(1)
Atomic structure	20	(1)
Elements, isotopes, compounds	20	(1)
Bonds and energy	21	(2)
Common substances in living systems	23	(8)
Water	24	(1)
Carbon dioxide	24	(1)
Molecular oxygen	24	(1)
Ammonia	25	(1)
Mineral salts	25	(1)
Carbohydrates	25	(1)
Lipids	26	(1)
Proteins	26	(2)
Nucleic acids	28	(1)
Adenosine triphosphate	28	(3)
Movement of materials into and out of cells	31	(2)
Diffusion	31	(1)
Osmosis	32	(1)
pH	33	(3)
Summary outline	36	(2)
Review questions	38	(1)
Laboratory exercise: the chemistry of life	39	(1)
Cell Structure	40	(22)
Introduction	42	(1)
History of the cell theory	42	(1)
Anatomy of a typical cell	43	(10)
The cell membrane	43	(2)
Cytoplasm of the cell	45	(2)
The nucleus	47	(1)
Nuclear membrane	47	(1)
Nucleoplasm	48	(1)
Chromatin	48	(1)
Nucleolus	48	(1)
The mitochondria	48	(1)
Lysosomes	49	(1)
Endoplasmic reticulum	49	(1)
The rough or granular ER	49	(1)
The agranular or smooth ER	49	(1)
The Golgi apparatus	50	(1)
Ribosomes	50	(1)
Protein synthesis	50	(1)
Centrioles	51	(1)
Cilia and flagella	52	(1)
Plastids of plant cells	52	(1)
The cell wall of plant cells	53	(1)
Summary outline	53	(3)
Review questions	56	(1)
Laboratory exercise: cell structure	57	(5)
Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis	62	(32)
Introduction to cellular metabolism	64	(1)
Cellular metabolism or respiration	64	(5)
Glycolysis	64	(2)
The Krebs' critic acid cycle	66	(1)
The electron transport (transfer) system	67	(1)
Summary of ATP production during glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport	68	(1)
Anaerobic respiration	69	(1)
Fermentation	69	(1)
Anaerobic production of ATP by muscles	69	(1)
Production of ATP from general food compounds	70	(1)
Summary of ATP production from one glucose molecule	71	(2)
Introduction to cellular reproduction	73	(1)
The structure of the DNA molecule	73	(3)
The history of the discovery of DNA	73	(1)
The anatomy of the DNA molecule	74	(2)
The cell cycle	76	(3)
Interphase	76	(1)
Mitosis	76	(1)
Prophase	76	(2)
Metaphase	78	(1)
Anaphase	78	(1)
Telophase	78	(1)
Cytokinesis	78	(1)
Meiosis: a reduction division	79	(5)
The stages of meiosis	81	(1)
Prophase I	81	(1)
Metaphase I	81	(1)
Anaphase I	81	(1)
Telophase I	81	(2)
Prophase II	83	(1)
Metaphase II	83	(1)
Anaphase II	83	(1)
Telophase II	83	(1)
Gametogenesis: the formation of the sex cells	84	(1)
A comparison of mitosis and meiosis	84	(4)
Summary outline	88	(4)
Review questions	92	(1)
Laboratory exercise: cellular metabolism	93	(1)
Laboratory exercise: cellular reproduction	93	(1)
Tissues	94	(20)
Introduction	96	(1)
Epithelial tissue	96	(3)
Classification based on shape	96	(1)
Classification based on arrangement	96	(2)
Classification based on function	98	(1)
Connective tissue	99	(8)
Loose connective tissue	100	(1)
Dense connective tissue	101	(1)
Specialized connective tissue	102	(3)
Connective tissue functions	105	(2)
Muscle tissue	107	(2)
Nervous tissue	109	(1)
Summary outline	109	(2)
Review questions	111	(1)
Laboratory exercise: tissues	112	(2)
The Integumentary System	114	(18)
Introduction	116	(1)
The layers of the skin	116	(5)
The epidermis	116	(1)
The stratum corneum	116	(2)
The stratum lucidum	118	(1)
The stratum granulosum	118	(1)
The stratum spinosum	118	(1)
The stratum germinativum	118	(2)
The dermis	120	(1)
The appendages of the skin	121	(3)
Hair	121	(1)
Hair growth	121	(1)
Hair texture	122	(1)
Hair color	123	(1)
Nails	123	(1)
Sebaceous glands	123	(1)
Sweat glands	124	(1)
The functions of the integumentary system	124	(2)
Sensation	124	(1)
Protection	125	(1)
Thermoregulation	125	(1)
Secretion	126	(1)
Body systems working together to maintain homeostasis: the integumentary system	126	(2)
Summary outline	128	(2)
Review questions	130	(1)
Laboratory exercise: the integumentary system	131	(1)
The Skeletal System	132	(34)
Introduction	134	(1)
The functions of the skeletal system	134	(1)
The growth and formation of bone	134	(4)
Deposition of bone	136	(1)
Types of ossification	136	(1)
Maintaining bone	137	(1)
The histology of bone	138	(2)
The haversian system of compact bone	138	(1)
Cancellous bone	139	(1)
Bone marrow	139	(1)
The classification of bones based on shape	140	(1)
Long bones	140	(1)
Short bones	140	(1)
Flat bones	140	(1)
Irregular bones	141	(1)
Sesamoid bones	141	(1)
Bone markings	141	(1)
Processes	141	(1)
Fossae	141	(1)
Divisions of the skeleton	141	(2)
The axial skeleton	143	(8)
The cranial bones	143	(1)
The facial bones	143	(4)
The orbits	147	(1)
The nasal cavities	147	(1)
The foramina of the skull	147	(1)
The hyoid bone	147	(1)
How to study the bones of the skull	148	(1)
The torso or trunk	148	(2)
The thorax	150	(1)
The sternum	150	(1)
The ribs	151	(1)
The appendicular skeleton	151	(5)
The bones of the upper extremities	151	(1)
The bones of the lower extremities	152	(4)
The arches of the foot	156	(1)
Body systems working together to maintain homeostasis: the skeletal system	156	(4)
Summary outline	160	(3)
Review questions	163	(2)
Laboratory exercise: the skeletal system	165	(1)
The Articular System	166	(12)
Introduction	168	(1)
The classification of joints: structure and function	168	(2)
Synarthroses	168	(1)
Amphiarthroses	168	(1)
Diarthroses or synovial joints	168	(2)
Movements at synovial joints	170	(1)
The six types of diarthroses or synovial joints	170	(4)
Bursae	174	(2)
Summary outline	176	(1)
Review questions	177	(1)
Laboratory exercise: the articular system	177	(1)
The Muscular System	178	(34)
Introduction	180	(1)
The types of muscle	180	(1)
The anatomy of skeletal or striated muscle	180	(3)
The physiology of muscle contraction	183	(3)
Neuroelectrical factors	183	(1)
Chemical interactions	184	(2)
Energy sources	186	(1)
The muscle twitch	186	(2)
Muscle tone	188	(1)
The anatomy of smooth muscle	189	(1)
The anatomy of cardiac muscle	189	(1)
The naming and actions of skeletal muscles	189	(1)
The function and location of selected skeletal muscles	190	(16)
Muscles of facial expression	190	(1)
Muscles of mastication	190	(1)
Muscles of the eye	190	(1)
Muscles moving the head	190	(3)
Muscles moving the shoulder girdle	193	(1)
Muscles moving the humerus	194	(1)
Muscles moving the elbow	194	(2)
Muscles moving the wrist	196	(1)
Muscles moving the hand	196	(1)
Muscles moving the thumb	196	(2)
Muscles moving the fingers	198	(1)
Muscles of the abdominal wall	198	(1)
Muscles of respiration or breathing	198	(1)
Muscles moving the femur	199	(1)
Muscles moving the knee joint	199	(3)
Muscles moving the foot	202	(1)
Muscles moving the toes	202	(4)
Body systems working together to maintain homeostasis: the muscular system	206	(1)
Summary outline	207	(3)
Review questions	210	(1)
Laboratory exercise: the muscular system	211	(1)
The Nervous System Introduction, Spinal Cord, and Spinal Nerves	212	(18)
Introduction	214	(1)
Organization	214	(1)
Classification of nerve cells	215	(3)
Neuroglia cells	215	(1)
The structure of a neuron	216	(1)
Structural classification of neurons	216	(1)
Functional classification of neurons	217	(1)
The physiology of the nerve impulse	218	(1)
The synaptic transmission	218	(3)
The reflex arc	221	(1)
Grouping of neural tissue	222	(1)
The spinal cord	223	(1)
Functions of the spinal cord	224	(1)
The spinal nerves	224	(1)
Summary outline	225	(2)
Review questions	227	(2)
Laboratory exercise: the nervous system, introduction, spinal cord, and spinal nerves	229	(1)
The Nervous System The Brain, Cranial Nerves, Autonomic Nervous System, and the Special Senses	230	(24)
The principal parts of the brain	232	(1)
The anatomy and function of the brainstem	233	(2)
The anatomy and function of the diencephalon	235	(1)
The cerebrum: structure and function	235	(1)
The cerebellum: structure and function	236	(1)
The autonomic nervous system	236	(2)
The 12 cranial nerves and their functions	238	(1)
The special senses	239	(6)
The sense of smell	240	(1)
The sense of taste	241	(2)
The sense of sight	243	(1)
The anatomy of the eye	243	(1)
The sense of hearing and equilibrium	244	(1)
Body systems working together to maintain homeostasis: the nervous system	245	(3)
Summary outline	248	(3)
Review questions	251	(2)
Laboratory exercise: the nervous system	253	(1)
The Endocrine System	254	(24)
Introduction	256	(1)
The functions of hormones	257	(1)
The classification of hormones	258	(1)
The hypothalamus of the brain	258	(2)
The major endocrine glands and their hormones	260	(11)
The anterior pituitary gland, its hormones, and some disorders	260	(3)
The posterior pituitary gland and its hormones	263	(1)
The thyroid gland, its hormones, and some disorders	263	(2)
The parathyroid glands, their hormone, and some disorders	265	(1)
The adrenal glands, their hormones, and some disorders	266	(1)
The pancreas, its hormones, and some disorders	267	(1)
The tests and the ovaries	268	(2)
The thymus gland and its hormone	270	(1)
The pineal gland and its hormone	270	(1)
Body systems working together to maintain homeostasis: the endocrine system	271	(1)
Summary outline	271	(4)
Review questions	275	(1)
Laboratory exercise: the endocrine system	276	(2)
The Blood	278	(16)
Introduction	280	(1)
Functions of the blood	280	(1)
The classification of blood cells and the composition of plasma	281	(1)
Formation of blood cells: hematopoiesis	281	(3)
Blood cell anatomy and functions	284	(1)
The clotting mechanism	285	(3)
The blood groups	288	(2)
The ABO blood group	288	(1)
The Rh blood group	288	(2)
Summary outline	290	(2)
Review questions	292	(1)
Laboratory exercise: the blood	293	(1)
The Cardiovascular System	294	(22)
Introduction	296	(1)
The anatomy of the heart	297	(5)
The layers of the heart wall	298	(1)
The chambers of the heart	299	(2)
The great vessels of the heart	301	(1)
The valves of the heart	301	(1)
Blood flow through the heart	302	(1)
The conduction system of the heart	303	(1)
A cardiac cycle	303	(1)
Some major blood circulatory routes	304	(1)
Anatomy of blood vessels	304	(2)
Major arteries and veins of the body	306	(4)
Body systems working together to maintain homeostasis: the cardiovascular system	310	(1)
Summary outline	311	(3)
Review questions	314	(1)
Laboratory exercise: the cardiovascular system	315	(1)
The Lymphatic System	316	(18)
Introduction	318	(1)
The functions of the system and the structure and functions of the lymphatic vessels	318	(3)
Lymphatic vessels	319	(1)
Lymph nodes	320	(1)
Lymph circulation	321	(2)
The organs of the lymphatic system	323	(2)
Immunity	325	(1)
Antigens and antibodies	325	(1)
Cells of the immune response and other defenses	326	(1)
Body systems working together to maintain homeostasis: the lymphatic system	327	(3)
Summary outline	330	(2)
Review questions	332	(1)
Laboratory exercise: the lymphatic system	333	(1)
Nutrition and the Digestive System	334	(30)
Introduction	336	(1)
General organization	336	(1)
Histology	337	(3)
The mouth or oral cavity	340	(1)
The salivary glands	341	(1)
Teeth	342	(2)
The pharynx	344	(1)
The esophagus	344	(1)
The stomach	344	(3)
The pancreas	347	(1)
The liver	348	(1)
The gallbladder	349	(1)
The small intestine	349	(3)
The large intestine	352	(3)
The formation of the feces	355	(1)
Body systems working together to maintain homeostasis: the digestive system	355	(1)
Summary outline	356	(2)
Review questions	358	(1)
Laboratory exercise: the digestive system	359	(5)
The Respiratory System	364	(20)
Introduction	366	(2)
The anatomy and functions of the nose	368	(1)
The structure and functions of the pharynx	369	(1)
The larynx or voice box	369	(1)
The trachea or windpipe	370	(2)
The bronchi and the bronchial tree	372	(1)
The anatomy and function of the lungs	373	(2)
The respiration process	375	(3)
Body systems working together to maintain homeostasis: the respiratory system	378	(1)
Summary outline	379	(2)
Review questions	381	(1)
Laboratory exercise: the respiratory system	382	(2)
The Urinary System	384	(18)
Introduction	386	(2)
The functions of the urinary system	388	(1)
The external anatomy of the kidneys	389	(1)
The internal anatomy of the kidneys	389	(1)
The anatomy of the nephrons	390	(2)
Blood and nerve supply to the nephrons	392	(1)
The physiology of the nephrons	393	(1)
The ureters: anatomy and function	394	(1)
The urinary bladder and the micturition reflex	394	(1)
The urethra: male and female positions	395	(2)
Body systems working together to maintain homeostasis: the urinary system	397	(1)
Summary outline	398	(2)
Review questions	400	(1)
Laboratory exercise: the urinary system	401	(1)
The Reproductive System	402	(32)
Introduction	404	(1)
The male reproductive system	404	(7)
The scrotum	404	(1)
The testes	404	(3)
The anatomy of the spermatozoa	407	(1)
The functions of testosterone	407	(1)
The ducts of the system	408	(2)
The accessory glands	410	(1)
Semen	410	(1)
The penis	411	(1)
The female reproductive system	411	(9)
The ovaries	411	(3)
The uterine or fallopian tubes	414	(1)
The uterus	415	(1)
The menstrual cycle	415	(2)
The functions of estrogen	417	(1)
The vagina	417	(1)
The external genitalia of the female	417	(3)
The perineum	420	(1)
The anatomy and function of the mammary glands	420	(1)
Pregnancy and embryonic development	421	(3)
Body systems working together to maintain homeostasis: the reproductive system	424	(2)
Summary outline	426	(4)
Review questions	430	(2)
Laboratory exercise: the reproductive system	432	(2)
Appendix	434	(2)
Glossary	436	(31)
Index	467