Democracy Under Pressure

by Cummings,Milton C.

• ISBN13: 9780495008293
• ISBN10: 049500829X
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-12-12
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

A political science text for the 21st Century, DEMOCRACY UNDER PRESSURE has provided well over a million students with a comprehensive look at the fundamentals of American Government. Milton Cummings, a respected scholar and academic, and David Wise, a best selling author and political analyst, bring their talents to bear on a text that conveys a balanced, realistic guide to American politics while describing the institutions of American government. In this 2006 election year update edition, the theme of "democracy under pressure" is highlighted fully in the narrative and in the boxed features. The text includes a discussion of the systems approach--a framework of analysis that discusses the political process in terms of inputs and outputs--as well as a key question and related questions to consider in each chapter. DEMOCRACY UNDER PRESSURE focuses throughout on the gap that exists between rhetoric and reality in government today. Streamlined content in this edition makes the book even more accessible and appealing to students and instructors alike.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
About the Authors	xxiv
PART ONE THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY
Government and People	3	(30)
The American Past: George Washington: His High Mightiness?	11	(3)
The Reciprocal Nature of Democratic Power	14	(3)
The Impact of Government on People	15	(1)
The Impact of People on Government	15	(1)
Voting	16	(1)
Party Activity	16	(1)
Public Opinion	16	(1)
Interest Groups	17	(1)
Direct Action	17	(1)
What Is Government?	17	(3)
Government	18	(1)
Politics	18	(1)
Power	18	(1)
Democracy	19	(1)
The Concept of a Political System	20	(2)
A Dynamic Approach	20	(1)
Inputs, Outputs, and Feedback	21	(1)
Public Policymaking	22	(1)
Democratic Government and a Changing Society	23	(3)
300 Million Americans	23	(2)
The Mobile Society	25	(1)
Technological, Economic, and Social Change	25	(1)
Making a Difference: American Indians: A Federal Official Speaks Out	26	(4)
The Consent of the Governed	29	(1)
Key Terms	30	(1)
Suggested Websites	30	(1)
Suggested Reading	30	(3)
The Constitutional Framework	33	(30)
The Constitution and the Declaration of Independence	34	(2)
The Constitution Today	34	(1)
We Hold These Truths . . .	35	(1)
The American Past: Thomas Jefferson Becomes President	36	(1)
The Political Foundations	36	(4)
The Influence of John Locke	37	(1)
The English Heritage	37	(1)
The Colonial Experience	37	(1)
The Colonial Governments	38	(1)
The Paradox of Colonial Democracy	39	(1)
Comparing Governments: Hail Britannia! But It's Different	40	(1)
The American Revolution	40	(2)
A Growing Sense of Injury	40	(1)
The Articles of Confederation (1781--1789)	41	(1)
Toward a More Perfect Union	42	(9)
The Background	42	(1)
The Philadelphia Convention	42	(1)
The Delegates	43	(1)
The Setting	44	(1)
The Great Compromise	44	(1)
The Other Compromises	45	(1)
We the People	46	(1)
The Constitutional Framework	46	(1)
The Federal System	47	(1)
The National Government	47	(1)
The ``Great Silences'' of the Constitution	48	(1)
Motives of the Framers	49	(1)
Was It Democratic?	49	(1)
The Fight over Ratification	50	(1)
America: A Case Study in Nation Building	51	(1)
Problems of a New Nation	51	(1)
The Constitution: A Document ``Intended to Endure . . .''	52	(3)
What It Says	52	(1)
The Legislative Branch	52	(1)
The Executive Branch	52	(1)
The Judiciary	53	(1)
Other Provisions	53	(1)
The Amendment Process	53	(1)
The Bill of Rights	54	(1)
The Later Amendments	54	(1)
Myth vs. Reality: Innocent until Proven Guilty?	55	(4)
A Document for the Living . . .	57	(2)
Making a Difference: A Student Gets the Constitution Amended	59	(1)
Chapter Highlights	59	(1)
Key Terms	60	(1)
Suggested Websites	60	(1)
Suggested Reading	60	(3)
The Federal System	63	(28)
Comparing Governments: The French Government Decides: You've Got Courriel?	65	(1)
Federalism: The Pros and Cons	65	(2)
The Checkerboard of Governments	67	(2)
Cooperation---and Tension	67	(1)
The Changing Federal Framework	68	(1)
Making a Difference: The Supreme Court Rules for Brenda Roe	69	(2)
The Historical Basis of Federalism	71	(1)
``A Middle Ground''	71	(1)
A Tool for Nation Building	72	(1)
The Constitutional Basis of Federalism	72	(2)
Federal Powers: Enumerated, Implied, Inherent, and Concurrent	72	(1)
The Supreme Court as Umpire	73	(1)
McCulloch v. Maryland	73	(1)
The American Past: The Storm over McCulloch v. Maryland	74	(5)
The Division of Federal and State Power	74	(3)
Restrictions on the States	77	(1)
Federal Obligations to the States	77	(1)
Interstate Relations	77	(1)
Interstate Compacts	78	(1)
The Growth of Strong National Government	79	(1)
The Rise of Big Government	79	(1)
Big Government and Foreign Policy	80	(1)
The Impact of Federalism on Government and Politics	80	(3)
Federalism and Government	81	(1)
Federalism and American Politics	81	(1)
Policy Outcomes in the States	82	(1)
Federalism Today	83	(2)
Categorical Grants	84	(1)
Block Grants	84	(1)
Where the Money Goes	84	(1)
Fiscal Headaches in the Federal System	84	(1)
Regulatory Federalism	85	(1)
The Future of Federalism	85	(2)
Chapter Highlights	87	(1)
Key Terms	88	(1)
Suggested Websites	88	(1)
Suggested Reading	88	(3)
Civil Liberties and Citizenship	91	(38)
Individual Freedom and Society	92	(1)
The Bill of Rights	92	(3)
Freedom of Speech	93	(2)
The American Past: The Bill of Rights: Pro and Con	95	(2)
The First Amendment, Hate Crime Laws, and Campus Speech Codes	96	(1)
Comparing Governments: China Cracks Down on the Falun Gong	97	(1)
The First Amendment and Student Rights	97	(1)
Making a Difference: The Power of the First Amendment	98	(13)
Preferred Freedoms and the Balancing Test	98	(1)
Freedom of the Press	98	(1)
Obscenity	99	(1)
Privacy	100	(2)
Freedom of Assembly	102	(1)
Freedom of Religion	102	(1)
The Free Exercise Clause	103	(2)
The Establishment Clause	105	(2)
Loyalty and Security	107	(1)
Due Process of Law	108	(1)
Searches and Seizures	108	(3)
Myth vs. Reality: Search and Seizure: Do Police Need a Warrant?	111	(9)
The Uninvited Ear	112	(2)
Rights of the Accused	114	(1)
The Battle over Miranda	115	(2)
The Right to Counsel	117	(1)
An Expanding Umbrella of Rights	118	(1)
Balancing Liberty and Order	119	(1)
Citizenship	120	(4)
Who Is a Citizen?	120	(1)
Loss of Citizenship	120	(1)
A Nation of Immigrants	121	(2)
Change, Citizen Action, and Dissent	123	(1)
Chapter Highlights	124	(1)
Key Terms	125	(1)
Suggested Websites	125	(1)
Suggested Reading	126	(3)
The Struggle for Equal Rights	129	(46)
Some Groups in Profile	133	(2)
American Indians	133	(2)
The American Past: Sacagawea: Honoring an American Indian Woman	135	(19)
Hispanic Americans	135	(3)
Undocumented Immigrants	138	(1)
Puerto Ricans	139	(2)
Asian Americans	141	(1)
Women	142	(5)
Abortion	147	(3)
Gay Rights	150	(3)
Disabled Americans	153	(1)
Black and White: An American Dilemma	154	(3)
Making a Difference: ``There Was Days I Ate Beans''	157	(1)
The Historical Background	157	(5)
The African American	157	(1)
An African American Heritage	158	(1)
Dred Scott, Reconstruction, and ``Jim Crow''	158	(1)
Plessy v. Ferguson	159	(1)
The Case of Linda Carol Brown	160	(1)
Brown v. Board of Education	160	(1)
Little Rock, Oxford, and Alabama	160	(1)
The School Decision: Aftermath	161	(1)
The Busing Controversy	161	(1)
The Civil Rights Movement: Freedom Now	162	(6)
The Montgomery Bus Boycott	162	(1)
Sit-Ins and Freedom Rides	162	(1)
Birmingham and the Dream	163	(1)
The Legislative Breakthrough	164	(1)
The Civil Rights Act of 1964	164	(1)
The Voting Rights Act of 1965	164	(3)
The Urban Riots	167	(1)
Black Power, Black Pride	167	(1)
Affirmative Action: The Supreme Court Rules	168	(1)
Bakke and Weber: The Battle Is Joined	168	(1)
Equal Rights: A Balance Sheet	169	(1)
Chapter Highlights	170	(1)
Key Terms	171	(1)
Suggested Websites	171	(1)
Suggested Reading	172	(3)
PART TWO POLITICS AND PEOPLE
Public Opinion	175	(24)
What Is Public Opinion?	176	(1)
How Public Opinion Is Formed	176	(7)
Political Socialization: The Family and the Schools	177	(1)
Social Class	178	(1)
Religion, Sex, and Ethnic Factors	178	(2)
Geographic Factors	180	(1)
Group Influence	181	(1)
Mass Media	181	(1)
Party Identification	182	(1)
The Qualities of Public Opinion	183	(1)
Political Polls	184	(2)
How Polls Work	185	(1)
The American Past: And the Winner Is . . . Harry Truman	186	(2)
What Americans Believe	188	(1)
Making a Difference: The ``Push-Poll'' Hadn't Counted on Donna Duren	189	(1)
Political Participation	189	(5)
Violence and Politics	193	(1)
Mass Opinion in a Democracy	194	(2)
Chapter Highlights	196	(1)
Key Terms	196	(1)
Suggested Websites	196	(1)
Suggested Reading	196	(3)
Interest Groups	199	(22)
Who Governs?	200	(1)
Interest Groups at Work	201	(6)
Who Belongs?	203	(1)
How They Operate	203	(1)
Lobbying	203	(1)
Money: The Lobbyist's Tool	204	(3)
The American Past: ``No Man in Public Office Owes the Public Anything''	207	(8)
Mass Propaganda and Grass-Roots Pressure	208	(1)
The Washington Lawyers: Access to the Powerful	209	(1)
Public Interest Groups	210	(2)
Single-Issue Groups	212	(1)
Political Action Committees	213	(2)
Making a Difference: A Watchdog in the Corridors of Power	215	(1)
Regulating Interest Groups	215	(1)
Interest Groups and the Policy Process	216	(1)
Chapter Highlights	217	(1)
Key Terms	218	(1)
Suggested Websites	218	(1)
Suggested Reading	218	(3)
The Media and Politics	221	(34)
A Protected Institution	222	(4)
The Development of the American Press	223	(1)
The Internet	224	(1)
Newspapers	225	(1)
The American Past: My Lai: A Reporter Uncovers a Massacre	226	(1)
Magazines	226	(1)
Who Owns the Media?	227	(1)
Television and the American Political System	228	(4)
Television and Radio: A Limited Freedom	230	(2)
The Press: Legal and Constitutional Issues	232	(3)
Prior Restraint	232	(1)
Free Press and Fair Trial	233	(1)
Confidentiality: Shielding Reporters and Their Sources	234	(1)
Myth vs. Reality: Do Americans Really Believe in Freedom of the Press?	235	(3)
Libel	235	(2)
The Press and Terrorism	237	(1)
Comparing Governments: Libel: A Town Called ``Sue''	238	(1)
The Press and the Government	238	(4)
News Leaks and ``Backgrounders''	238	(1)
The Valerie Plame Affair: A Case Study	239	(2)
Investigative Reporting	241	(1)
Making a Difference: Reporting Radioactive Secrets	242	(8)
Freedom of Information	243	(1)
The Press as Target	244	(1)
Is the Press Biased?	245	(3)
Government Misinformation and the Press	248	(1)
The Press and the Military	249	(1)
The Press in a Democratic Society	250	(1)
Chapter Highlights	251	(1)
Key Terms	252	(1)
Suggested Websites	252	(1)
Suggested Reading	252	(3)
Political Parties	255	(34)
What Is a Party?	257	(1)
Myth vs. Reality: American Political Parties: What Are They?	258	(1)
The Development of American Political Parties	258	(2)
Federalists and Democratic-Republicans	258	(1)
Democrats and Whigs	259	(1)
The American Past: Ballots and Bargains: The Republican Convention of 1860	260	(3)
Democrats and Republicans	260	(3)
The Two-Party System	263	(2)
The Roots of Dualism	263	(1)
Tradition and History	263	(1)
The Electoral System	264	(1)
Patterns of Belief	264	(1)
Democrats and Republicans: Is There a Difference?	264	(1)
The Decline of Party Loyalties and Party Influence	264	(1)
Comparing Governments: The United States and Italy: Stability or Choice?	265	(6)
The Democrats	265	(2)
The Republicans	267	(2)
Minor Parties and Independent Candidates	269	(2)
Party Structure	271	(3)
National Political Parties	272	(1)
State and Local Parties	273	(1)
The National Convention	274	(6)
Nominating a Presidential Candidate	278	(1)
The Delegates	279	(1)
Making a Difference: The Youngest Delegate at Los Angeles	280	(2)
From Smoke-Filled Rooms to the Television Age	280	(1)
The Future of the Convention System	281	(1)
Political Parties and Democratic Government	282	(2)
A Choice, Not an Echo?	283	(1)
Are Parties Accountable to the Voters?	284	(1)
A Look Ahead	284	(1)
Chapter Highlights	285	(1)
Key Terms	285	(1)
Suggested Websites	285	(1)
Suggested Reading	285	(4)
Political Campaigns and Candidates	289	(42)
Comparing Governments: The Kremlin Dominates the Airwaves	293	(1)
How Campaigns Are Organized	293	(1)
The American Past: Tippecanoe and Tyler Too	294	(3)
Campaign Strategy	297	(6)
Aiming for the Undecided	297	(2)
Which Road to the White House?	299	(1)
Where and How to Campaign	300	(1)
The President as Candidate	301	(2)
The Issues	303	(8)
Negative Campaigning	304	(1)
Bread-and-Butter Issues	305	(1)
Foreign Policy Issues	306	(2)
The Imponderables	308	(3)
Campaign Techniques	311	(9)
Television and Politics	311	(1)
The Presidential Debates	312	(3)
Madison Avenue: The Packaging of the President	315	(2)
Professional Campaign Managers	317	(1)
The Polls	318	(1)
The News Media	319	(1)
Campaign Finance	320	(7)
Regulating Campaign Finance	323	(1)
The Federal Rules	323	(1)
How Much Does It Cost?	324	(1)
Where Does the Money Go?	325	(1)
Where Does the Money Come From?	325	(1)
Campaigns, Money, and Democracy	326	(1)
Making a Difference: ``Wake Up, America''	327	(1)
Chapter Highlights	327	(1)
Key Terms	328	(1)
Suggested Websites	328	(1)
Suggested Reading	328	(3)
Voting Behavior and Elections	331	(48)
Who Votes?	332	(3)
The Voter	332	(1)
Socioeconomic Factors	332	(2)
Voter Attitudes	334	(1)
Comparing Governments: In Australia, Not Voting Can Mean Jail Time	335	(1)
The Nonvoter	335	(1)
The American Past: Susan B. Anthony and the Battle for Women's Suffrage	336	(1)
How the Voter Decides	337	(7)
The Sociological Factors	338	(1)
Social Class, Income, and Occupation	339	(1)
Education	339	(1)
Religion and Ethnic Background	339	(1)
Primary Groups	340	(1)
Geography	340	(1)
Sex	340	(1)
Age	341	(1)
The Psychological Factors	341	(1)
Party Identification	341	(1)
The Candidates	342	(1)
The Issues	342	(1)
Retrospective Voting	343	(1)
Rational Choice	344	(1)
Voting Patterns	344	(5)
Control	344	(1)
Coalitions	345	(1)
Congress	345	(1)
Coattails	345	(4)
Election 2004: A Case Study	349	(6)
The Republicans	349	(1)
The Democrats	350	(1)
April to August 2004, and the Democratic and Republican Conventions	351	(1)
The Fall General Election Campaign	352	(3)
Election 2006: A Case Study	355	(7)
The Setting	358	(1)
The Election Campaign	359	(1)
The Results	360	(2)
The Electoral System	362	(4)
Suffrage	362	(1)
Residence Requirements	363	(1)
Literacy and Character Tests	363	(1)
Age Requirements	364	(1)
Citizenship Requirements	364	(1)
Voter Identification Requirements	364	(1)
The Nominating Process: Primaries and Conventions	364	(1)
Voter Registration	365	(1)
Making a Difference: Rock the Vote: Empowering Young Americans	366	(7)
Ballots	366	(1)
Counting the Votes	367	(1)
Fraud	368	(1)
The Electoral College	368	(2)
Proposals for Direct Election of the President	370	(1)
One Person, One Vote	370	(1)
The State Legislatures	370	(1)
Congressional Districts	371	(2)
Elections and Democratic Government	373	(2)
Types of Elections	373	(1)
The Meaning of Elections	373	(1)
Continuity and Change	374	(1)
Chapter Highlights	375	(1)
Key Terms	375	(1)
Suggested Websites	375	(1)
Suggested Reading	376	(3)
PART THREE THE POLICYMAKERS
The Congress	379	(34)
Congress: Conflict and Controversy	380	(1)
The Varied Roles of Congress	381	(1)
The American Past: Violence in the Senate	382	(1)
Making a Difference: For Carolyn McCarthy, ``The Road Is Always Long''	383	(1)
The Legislators	384	(5)
Portrait of a Lawmaker	384	(1)
The Life of a Legislator	385	(1)
The Image of the Legislator	386	(1)
Representation: The Legislators and Their Constituents	387	(2)
The House	389	(5)
Power in the House: The Leadership	391	(1)
The Rules Committee	392	(1)
The Legislative Labyrinth: The House in Action	392	(1)
Televising Congress	393	(1)
The Senate	394	(4)
Power in the Senate: The Leadership	395	(2)
The Senate in Action	397	(1)
The Filibuster	397	(1)
The Party Machinery	398	(1)
The Committee System	399	(5)
Committee Chairs	400	(1)
The Subcommittees	401	(1)
The Committees at Work	401	(1)
Congressional Investigations	401	(2)
Congressional Staffs	403	(1)
Congressional Reforms	404	(1)
Congress and the Budget	405	(1)
A Bill Is Passed	405	(2)
Legislative Vetoes	406	(1)
Congressional Ethics	407	(1)
Congress and the American Political System	408	(1)
Chapter Highlights	409	(1)
Key Terms	409	(1)
Suggested Websites	409	(1)
Suggested Reading	410	(3)
The President	413	(50)
The Paradox of the Presidency	415	(1)
The American Past: Dining with the President: Hot Dogs Fit for a King	416	(1)
The American Presidency	417	(1)
The Institution, the Person	418	(1)
The Expanding Presidency	418	(4)
``We Never Once Thought of a King''	418	(1)
The Growth of the American Presidency	419	(1)
The Nuclear Age and the End of the Cold War	419	(1)
Foreign Affairs	420	(1)
Domestic Affairs	420	(1)
The Mass Media	421	(1)
The Impossible Burden: The Many Roles of the Chief Executive	422	(13)
Chief of State	422	(1)
Chief Executive	423	(2)
Commander in Chief	425	(3)
Chief Diplomat	428	(2)
Chief Legislator	430	(3)
Chief of Party	433	(1)
Popular Leader	434	(1)
Making a Difference: The Unfinished Presidency	435	(1)
The Tools of Presidential Power	436	(12)
The Cabinet	437	(1)
The White House Staff	438	(2)
The Executive Office of the President	440	(1)
National Security Council	441	(1)
Domestic Policy Council	441	(1)
Office of Management and Budget	441	(1)
National Economic Council	441	(1)
Council of Economic Advisers	442	(1)
Office of the United States Trade Representative	442	(1)
The Vice President	442	(1)
Presidential Commissions	443	(1)
The Informal Tools of Power	444	(2)
The President and the Press	446	(2)
The Watergate Scandal: A President Resigns	448	(1)
Presidential Impeachment, Disability, and Succession	449	(5)
The Nixon Impeachment Proceedings and Resignation	450	(1)
The Clinton Scandal and Impeachment	451	(1)
Disability and Succession	452	(2)
The Splendid Misery: Personality and Style in the White House	454	(1)
The American Presidency: Triumph and Tragedy	455	(4)
Chapter Highlights	459	(1)
Key Terms	459	(1)
Suggested Websites	459	(1)
Suggested Reading	460	(3)
The Bureaucracy	463	(36)
Bureaucracy and the Policy Process	469	(4)
Bureaucracy and Client Groups	470	(1)
Bureaucracy and Congress	470	(2)
Bureaucracy, Triangles, and Subgovernments	472	(1)
Issue Networks: The Policy Activists	473	(1)
The Politics of Bureaucracy	473	(3)
Bureaucracy and Public Opinion	473	(1)
Bureaucracy and the President	474	(1)
Bureaucracy and Policymaking	475	(1)
A Profile of the American Bureaucracy	476	(12)
Who Are the Administrators?	476	(2)
The Structure of the Bureaucracy	478	(1)
The Cabinet Departments	478	(1)
The Executive Agencies	479	(1)
The Independent Regulatory Agencies	479	(5)
Deregulation: The Pattern Changes	484	(1)
The Growth of Social Regulation	484	(1)
Those at the Top	485	(1)
The Civil Service	486	(1)
The Spoils System	486	(1)
The Road to Reform	486	(1)
Recruiting the Bureaucrats	487	(1)
The American Past: Civil Service: ``The Root of All Evil''	488	(4)
The Carter Reforms	489	(1)
The Senior Executive Service	489	(1)
Bureaucracy and Society	489	(1)
Rational Decision Making	490	(2)
Making a Difference: Whistle-Blowing: ``Understand the Risks''	492	(3)
Checks on Bureaucratic Power	492	(1)
Whistle-Blowers	492	(2)
Other Checks on Bureaucracy	494	(1)
Chapter Highlights	495	(1)
Key Terms	496	(1)
Suggested Websites	496	(1)
Suggested Reading	496	(3)
Justice	499	(42)
The System of Justice	501	(2)
Crime, Terrorism, Politics, and the Public	501	(2)
Comparing Governments: Crime and Punishment around the World	503	(1)
The Law	504	(1)
The American Past: ``Separate But Equal Has No Place''	505	(1)
The Supreme Court	505	(12)
The Supreme Court: Politics, Policy, and Public Opinion	505	(1)
Judicial Review	506	(1)
The Road to Judicial Review	507	(1)
The Changing Role of the Supreme Court	508	(1)
The Warren Court	508	(1)
The Burger Court	509	(1)
The Rehnquist Court	510	(1)
The Roberts Court	511	(1)
The President and the Court	512	(1)
Congress and the Court	513	(1)
The Supreme Court in Action	514	(1)
How Cases Reach the Court	515	(1)
Court Tradition	515	(1)
The Chief Justice	516	(1)
Dissenting Opinions	517	(1)
The American Court System	517	(2)
The Federal Courts	517	(1)
Special Federal Courts	517	(1)
The State Court System	518	(1)
The Judges	518	(1)
Federal Court Judges	519	(1)
State and Local Judges	519	(1)
Criminal Justice in America	519	(14)
A Profile of Crime in America	520	(2)
The Prisons	522	(1)
The Police	523	(2)
The Department of Justice	525	(2)
The FBI	527	(2)
The Criminal Courts	529	(1)
Plea Bargaining	529	(1)
Court Delay	529	(1)
Bail Reform	529	(1)
The Trial	530	(1)
Capital Punishment	531	(2)
Making a Difference: Journalism 101: Freeing Prisoners on Death Row	533	(2)
Organized Crime	535	(1)
Justice and the American Political System	536	(1)
Chapter Highlights	537	(1)
Key Terms	538	(1)
Suggested Websites	538	(1)
Suggested Reading	538	(3)
PART FOUR GOVERNMENT IN OPERATION
Foreign Policy and National Security	541	(46)
The United States and World Affairs	545	(1)
American Foreign Policy	545	(1)
The American Past: Truman Fires General MacArthur	546	(10)
The Historical Setting	547	(1)
The Era of the Cold War	547	(3)
Vietnam and Its Aftermath	550	(1)
From Detente to the End of the Cold War	550	(3)
The Cold War Ends	553	(1)
The Post--Cold War World	554	(2)
Comparing Governments: Presidential Elections, Russian Style	556	(2)
How Foreign Policy Is Made	558	(11)
The President and Foreign Policy	558	(2)
Congress and Foreign Policy	560	(1)
The Machinery	561	(1)
The National Security Council	561	(1)
The State Department	562	(1)
Information and Arms Control	563	(1)
Intelligence and Foreign Policy: The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)	563	(1)
National Security Agency (NSA)	563	(4)
National Reconnaissance Office	567	(1)
Director of National Intelligence (DNI)	568	(1)
Other Instruments: The Agency for International Development, the Peace Corps, and the Voice of America	568	(1)
Making a Difference: Inspiring Hope: Middle East Teenagers Working for Peace in Maine	569	(5)
The United Nations	570	(1)
The Politics of Foreign Policymaking	571	(1)
The Role of the Public	572	(1)
Presidential Credibility	572	(1)
Political Parties, Campaigns, and Foreign Policy	573	(1)
The Economics of Foreign Policymaking	574	(1)
The Defense Establishment	574	(5)
The Department of Defense	575	(1)
The Joint Chiefs of Staff	575	(1)
Selective Service	576	(1)
Strategic Arms: The Balance of Terror	576	(2)
Arms Control and Disarmament	578	(1)
The Military-Industrial Complex	579	(2)
America's World Role in the 21st Century	581	(2)
Chapter Highlights	583	(1)
Key Terms	583	(1)
Suggested Websites	583	(1)
Suggested Reading	584	(3)
Government and the Economy	587	(26)
Managing the Economy	590	(1)
The Political Context of Economic Policy	590	(1)
The American Past: The Crash of 1929	591	(3)
The Historical Context	591	(1)
Theories of Economic Policy	592	(1)
Laissez-Faire Economics	593	(1)
Keynesian Economics	593	(1)
Supply-Side Economics	594	(1)
Monetarism	594	(1)
The Machinery	594	(14)
The Tools of Economic Policy	595	(1)
Fiscal Policy	595	(1)
The Budget	595	(3)
Borrowing	598	(1)
Taxes	598	(1)
Monetary Policy	599	(3)
International Trade Policy	602	(6)
Making a Difference: How Two Graduate Students Created Google	608	(1)
The American Economy in the 21st Century	608	(2)
Chapter Highlights	610	(1)
Key Terms	610	(1)
Suggested Websites	610	(1)
Suggested Reading	610	(3)
Promoting the General Welfare	613	(36)
The American Past: FDR on Social Security: ``A Law That Will Take Care of Human Needs''	615	(1)
Government as Regulator and Promoter	616	(6)
Government and Business	616	(1)
Regulating Business: Antitrust Policy	616	(2)
The Regulatory Agencies	618	(1)
Aiding Business	619	(1)
Aiding Agriculture	619	(1)
Government and Labor	620	(2)
Government as Protector	622	(4)
Government and the Consumer	623	(2)
The General Welfare	625	(1)
Comparing Governments: Sweden's Welfare State--and High Taxes	626	(6)
Social Security	626	(1)
Medicare	627	(1)
Unemployment Insurance	628	(1)
Welfare: Politics and Programs	628	(2)
The Politics of Poverty	630	(1)
The Politics of Hunger	631	(1)
Myth vs. Reality: America: The Affluent Society?	632	(2)
Health	632	(1)
Education	633	(1)
Comparing Governments: Health Care in Canada and the United States	634	(5)
Science	636	(1)
Protecting the Environment	637	(2)
Making a Difference: Saving the Redwoods: Two Years in a Tree	639	(6)
The Environmental Protection Agency	640	(1)
Air Pollution	640	(1)
Water Pollution	640	(2)
Environmental Impact and Endangered Species	642	(1)
Energy Policy	642	(2)
Nuclear Power: Three Mile Island	644	(1)
Can Government Meet the Challenge?	645	(1)
Chapter Highlights	645	(1)
Key Terms	646	(1)
Suggested Websites	646	(1)
Suggested Reading	646	(3)
State and Local Government	649
The States	652	(1)
The American Past: Municipal Corruption: Boss Tweed Loots New York	653	(7)
The State Constitutions	654	(4)
The Governors	658	(1)
The Legislatures	659	(1)
Making a Difference: Bryant Hall: When He Speaks the Legislators Listen	660	(5)
The Judges	662	(1)
Politics and Parties	663	(2)
Local Governments	665	(1)
Cities	665	(1)
The Mayor-Council Plan	665	(1)
The Council-Manager Plan	665	(1)
The Commission Plan	666	(1)
Counties	666	(1)
Towns and Townships	666	(1)
Special Districts	666	(1)
Cities and Suburbs: The Metropolitan Dilemma	666	(11)
The Problems of the Cities	667	(3)
Housing, HUD, and Community Development	670	(1)
Urban Transportation	671	(2)
Poverty	673	(1)
Urban Politics: Governing the Cities	673	(1)
The Face of the Suburbs	674	(2)
The Politics of Suburbia	676	(1)
Exploding Metropolis and America's Future	677	(2)
Metropolitan Solutions	677	(1)
Intergovernmental Relations	678	(1)
The American Challenge	678	(1)
Chapter Highlights	679	(1)
Key Terms	679	(1)
Suggested Websites	679	(1)
Suggested Reading	680
Appendix	1	(1)
Endnotes	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1