Demography in Ecotoxicology

by Kammenga, Jan; Laskowski, Ryszard

• ISBN13: 9780471490029
• ISBN10: 0471490024
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-12-19
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Demography in Ecotoxicology focuses on the interface between toxicology, life history and demographic theory. This comprehensive book examines the different ways of adequately assessing the potential impact of toxic stress on populations and discusses how to obtain an insight into the underlying physiological and genetic mechanisms. The theory is illustrated with empiricial observations on a number of species and organisational levels and the book incorporates: * case studies; * real data; * life history models; * methodologies; and, * recommendations for risk assessment Written by an international team of researchers, Demography in Ecotoxicology will be invaluable to ecotoxicologists, ecologists and wildlife conservationists in academia, industry and regulatory bodies wishing to gain a greater understanding into the prediction and effects of natural and man-made toxicants on populations.

Author Biography

Jan Kammenga and Ryszard Laskowski are the authors of Demography in Ecotoxicology, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

List of contributors	xi
Series Foreword	xv
Preface	xvii
PART ONE INTRODUCTION	1	(24)
Demographic Approaches in Ecotoxicology: State of the Art	3	(6)
Jan Kammenga
Ryszard Laskowski
Background of the book	3	(6)
The Toxicologists' and Ecologists' Point of View---Unification through a Demographic Approach	9	(16)
John Stark
John Banks
Introduction	9	(1)
The toxicologists' point of view	10	(1)
The ecologists' point of view	11	(3)
Ecotoxicological studies	14	(1)
Reasons to use demography in ecotoxicological studies	15	(5)
Conclusions	20	(5)
PART TWO DEMOGRAPHIC APPROACHES	25	(102)
Dynamic Effects of Compounds on Animal Energetics and Their Population Consequences	27	(16)
Bas Kooijman
Jacques Bedaux
Introduction	27	(1)
Dynamic energy budgets	28	(5)
Effects of chemical compounds on biota	33	(6)
Effects on populations	39	(1)
Conclusions	40	(3)
Life Table Response Experiments in Ecotoxicology	43	(14)
Hal Caswell
Introduction	43	(2)
Experiments	45	(7)
Conclusions	52	(5)
Stochastic and Density-dependent Models in Ecotoxicology	57	(16)
Ryszard Laskowski
Introduction	57	(1)
Long-lived organisms	57	(2)
Stochastic models	59	(7)
Density-dependent models	66	(4)
Conclusions	70	(3)
Effects of Heavy Metals on the Badger Meles meles: Interaction between Habitat Quality and Fragmentation	73	(18)
Chris Klok
Andre De Roos
Sim Broekhuizen
Rob van Apeldoorn
Introduction	73	(2)
Effects of cadmium and copper on the badger	75	(9)
Discussion	84	(2)
Conclusions	86	(5)
Appendix	89	(2)
Cadmium and Zinc Accumulation and Its Demographic Effects in Invertebrates	91	(22)
Paulina Kramarz
Introduction	91	(2)
Metal kinetics in invertebrates	93	(8)
Toxic effects of metals on demographic parameters	101	(7)
Conclusions	108	(5)
Small Mammal Response at Population and Community Level to Heavy Metal Pollution (Pb, Cd, TI)	113	(14)
Krzysztof Dmowski
Michal Kozakiewicz
Anna Kozakiewicz
Introduction	113	(2)
Effects at the population level	115	(6)
Effects at community level	121	(1)
Conclusions	122	(5)
PART THREE EVOLUTION IN POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS	127	(90)
Evolution in Toxic Environments: Quantitative Versus Major Gene Approaches	129	(18)
Richard E. Woods
Ary A. Hoffmann
Introduction	129	(1)
How common is stress adaptation?	130	(2)
The nature of selection and the genetic basis of resistance	132	(2)
Predicting adaptive changes: genetic variability	134	(4)
Predicting adaptive changes: other factors	138	(1)
Adaptation and biomonitoring	139	(3)
Conclusions	142	(5)
Review of Experimental Evidence for Physiological Costs of Tolerance to Toxicants	147	(16)
Nico M. van Straalen
Ary A. Hoffmann
Introduction	147	(3)
Costs of metal tolerance in plants and invertebrates	150	(3)
Pesticide resistance in arthropods	153	(3)
Can toxicants diminish genetic variation?	156	(2)
Conclusions	158	(5)
Multi-generation Effects at the Population Level: Fitness Maximisation and Optimal Allocation in a Nematode	163	(16)
Jan Kammenga
Marie-Jose Arts
Agnieszka Doroszuk
Introduction	163	(2)
Life-history model	165	(1)
Materials and methods	166	(2)
Results	168	(5)
Discussion	173	(2)
Conclusions	175	(4)
Appendix	177	(2)
Optimal Allocation, Life History and Heavy Metal Accumulation: a Dynamic Programming Model	179	(20)
Mariusz Janczur
Jan Kozlowski
Ryszard Laskowski
Introduction	179	(2)
The model	181	(5)
Numerical examples	186	(7)
Discussion	193	(6)
Preadapted Populations in Metal-polluted Environments	199	(18)
Anna Rozen
Introduction	199	(1)
Adaptation and acclimation	200	(2)
Preadaptations	202	(6)
Experimental example	208	(3)
Conclusions	211	(6)
PART FOUR VALIDITY AND LINKS BETWEEN BIOCHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND DEMOGRAPHY	217	(46)
Relationships between Enzymatic Response and Animal Population Demography in Polluted Environments	219	(22)
Pawel Migula
Introduction	219	(1)
Changes in enzymatic patterns of animals under environmental stress	220	(1)
Relationship between specific biomarkers and population responses	221	(2)
Non-specific enzyme biomarkers and population responses	223	(5)
Metabolic enzymes and demographic changes in insects and molluscs	228	(3)
Enzyme-based resistance to pesticides and population costs of detoxification	231	(1)
Cellular energetic impairments and population growth	232	(1)
Conclusions	233	(8)
Tissue Changes in Animals and Their Population Effects	241	(22)
Renata Swiergosz
Introduction	241	(1)
Structural changes in tissues of organisms and population effects	242	(8)
How may interactions of toxicants with essential elements affect populations?	250	(3)
Metal effects on hormone secretion	253	(1)
Genetic changes	254	(1)
Conclusions	255	(8)
PART FIVE OPEN PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT	263	(24)
Demographic Approaches in Ecotoxicology---Open Problems	265	(12)
Jan Kammenga
Ryszard Laskowski
Introduction	265	(1)
Long-lived organisms	265	(2)
Predictive power of demographic models for risk assessment	267	(3)
Species interaction	270	(3)
Metapopulation approaches and spatiality	273	(4)
Implications for Ecological Risk Assessment: the Risk Quotient Life-cycle Approach	277	(10)
Jan Kammenga
Introduction	277	(2)
Current quantitative methods for risk assessment	279	(1)
Filling the gaps of uncertainty	280	(2)
Risk quotient life-cycle approach at the population level	282	(1)
Incorporation of evolutionary and genetic aspects	282	(1)
Incorporation of biomarkers	283	(4)
Index	287