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Preface | p. ix |
Language Variation in America | p. 1 |
Issues and Definitions | p. 1 |
Popular Meanings of Dialect | p. 2 |
Accent and Dialect | p. 3 |
Levels of Language Differences | p. 4 |
Sources of Dialect Difference: Region and Social Class | p. 5 |
Language Standards | p. 7 |
Language, Logic, and Language Complexity | p. 11 |
Standard English | p. 13 |
Dialects and Understanding | p. 15 |
Deficit Versus Difference | p. 17 |
Cultural Differences | p. 20 |
Multiple Dialects in Schools | p. 21 |
Language Attitudes in Society | p. 22 |
Dialect Change in the United States | p. 27 |
Further Study | p. 28 |
Exploring Dialects | p. 30 |
Dialect Study | p. 30 |
Considering Social Factors | p. 31 |
Examining Particular Patterns | p. 33 |
Variation in Linguistic Systems | p. 36 |
Pronunciation Differences | p. 37 |
Regional Dialects | p. 38 |
Social Dialects | p. 39 |
Grammar Differences | p. 43 |
Suffixes | p. 43 |
Other Differences in the Verb System | p. 46 |
Other Grammatical Differences | p. 48 |
Illustrative Dialect Samples | p. 49 |
Appalachian Ghost Story | p. 49 |
Wild Life | p. 50 |
Notes on Transcripts | p. 52 |
Vocabulary Differences | p. 55 |
Vocabulary Matters Across Dialects | p. 56 |
African American English | p. 58 |
The Origins of African American English | p. 59 |
The Changing State of African American English | p. 60 |
Dialect or Language? | p. 61 |
Further Study | p. 62 |
Social Interaction | p. 63 |
Conversational Politeness | p. 64 |
Making Meaning | p. 66 |
Cooperation in Communicating | p. 67 |
The Role of Context in Making Meaning | p. 57 |
Figurative Language in Context | p. 69 |
Language Rituals | p. 70 |
Conversational Misadventures | p. 71 |
Cultural Styles in the Classroom | p. 73 |
Understanding Students' Language Behavior | p. 77 |
Researching Classroom Interaction | p. 78 |
Data Collection | p. 78 |
Data Analysis | p. 79 |
Living With Language Behavior Differences | p. 81 |
Classroom Rules | p. 81 |
Further Study | p. 84 |
Interpreting Language Difference | p. 86 |
Perceptions of Language Standards | p. 87 |
Are Students' Language Skills Declining? | p. 89 |
Diversity and Test Scores | p. 89 |
Differences and Disorders | p. 90 |
Language at Home and at School | p. 92 |
Early Literacy | p. 93 |
Dialect Differences and Curriculum Content | p. 94 |
Further Study | p. 97 |
Oral Language Instruction | p. 98 |
Standard English and Social Reality | p. 98 |
Group Reference and Dialect Learning | p. 99 |
Positions on Dialects and Dialect Education | p. 100 |
Policy Development | p. 103 |
Curriculum Development | p. 104 |
Methods of Teaching Spoken Standard English | p. 108 |
Promoting Language Development | p. 110 |
Further Study | p. 111 |
Dialects and Writing | p. 113 |
Oral and Written Language | p. 113 |
Vernacular Dialect and Writing | p. 115 |
Vernacular Influence in Writing | p. 115 |
Difference and Error in Written Language | p. 116 |
Teaching Writing | p. 117 |
Editing | p. 119 |
Approaches to Editing | p. 119 |
Peer Editing | p. 120 |
Writing in the Vernacular Dialect | p. 120 |
Choosing the Vernacular | p. 121 |
Dialogue Journals | p. 121 |
Assessment of Writing Ability | p. 122 |
Further Reading | p. 124 |
Language Variation and Reading | p. 125 |
Written Language and Spoken Language | p. 126 |
What Do Teachers Need to Know About Dialects to Teach Reading? | p. 127 |
Language Form | p. 127 |
Beyond Language Form | p. 129 |
Teaching Children to Relate Sound and Print | p. 130 |
Effects of Dialect Differences on Reading Aloud | p. 131 |
Dialects and Meaning-Based Reading Instruction | p. 132 |
Teaching Children to Comprehend Text | p. 133 |
Vocabulary | p. 134 |
Comprehension Strategies | p. 134 |
Background Knowledge and Comprehension | p. 135 |
Reading Materials and Dialect Differences | p. 136 |
Matching Materials and Dialects | p. 136 |
Dialect Readers | p. 136 |
Language Experience | p. 138 |
Vernacular Dialect for Rhetorical Purpose | p. 139 |
Reading and the Acquisition of Standard English | p. 139 |
The Social Context of Reading | p. 140 |
Reading Tests and Dialect Differences | p. 141 |
Pronunciation, Grammar, and Vocabulary Differences | p. 142 |
Background Knowledge | p. 143 |
Other Fairness Factors | p. 148 |
Further Reading | p. 150 |
Dialect Awareness for Students | p. 151 |
Resources for Learning About Dialects | p. 153 |
Working With Data | p. 154 |
Dialect Awareness | p. 156 |
Introduction to Language Diversity | p. 156 |
Levels of Dialect | p. 157 |
The Patterning of Dialect | p. 166 |
Language Change | p. 179 |
Implementing Dialect Awareness Curricula | p. 181 |
Further Study | p. 186 |
An Inventory of Distinguishing Dialect Features | p. 187 |
Phonological Features | p. 188 |
Consonants | p. 188 |
Vowels | p. 191 |
Grammatical Features | p. 195 |
Adverbs | p. 201 |
Negation | p. 203 |
Nouns and Pronouns | p. 205 |
Other Grammatical Structures | p. 208 |
References | p. 209 |
Author Index | p. 217 |
Subject Index | p. 221 |
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The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.