Digital Signal Processing Techniques and Applications in Radar Image Processing

by Wang, Bu-Chin

• ISBN13: 9780470180921
• ISBN10: 0470180927
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-08-18
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

Digital signal processing (DSP) is the study of signals in a digital representation and the processing methods of these signals. Using radar imaging as an example, this book describes DSP principles and demonstrates how tools like MATLAB can solve DSP problems in real-life applications. It covers the development of new hardware and system architectures, and provides flowcharts, system block diagrams, and programs to apply DSP principles to Radar Imaging Processing algorithms. This comprehensive guide will appeal to a wide range of graduate students and engineering, communication, and systems professionals.

Author Biography

Bu-Chin Wang has worked as a research engineer in DSP-based data modem design; worked in projects related to speech processing and DSP processor design; and cofounded Summit Micro Design, where he completed projects related to QAM data modem chip set, DSP processor, and various PC-based board-level products. He has been awarded five U.S. patents in fields related to DSP applications, and he currently works as an inventor and entrepreneur in DSP-related areas.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
List of Symbols	p. xvii
List of Illustrations	p. xxi
Signal Theory and Analysis	p. 1
Special Functions Used in Signal Processing	p. 1
Delta or Impulse Function [delta](t)	p. 1
Sampling or Interpolation Function sinc (t)	p. 2
Linear System and Convolution	p. 3
Key Properties of Convolution	p. 5
Commutative	p. 5
Associative	p. 5
Distributive	p. 5
Timeshift	p. 5
Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals	p. 6
Trigonometric Fourier Series	p. 6
Compact Trigonometric Fourier Series	p. 6
Exponential Fourier Series	p. 7
Nonperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Transform	p. 11
Fourier Transform of a Periodic Signal	p. 16
Sampling Theory and Interpolation	p. 19
Advanced Sampling Techniques	p. 24
Sampling with Bandpass Signal	p. 24
Resampling by Evenly Spaced Decimation	p. 25
Resampling by Evenly Spaced Interpolation	p. 25
Resampling by Fractional Rate Interpolation	p. 26
Resampling from Unevenly Spaced Data	p. 28
Jacobian of Transformation	p. 28
Discrete Time and Frequency Transformation	p. 35
Continuous and Discrete Fourier Transform	p. 35
Key Properties of Discrete Fourier Transform	p. 38
Shifting and Symmetry	p. 39
Linear and Circular Convolution	p. 39
Sectioned Convolution	p. 41
Overlap-and-Add Method	p. 42
Overlap-and-Save Method	p. 42
Zero Stuffing and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Resolution	p. 43
Widows and Discrete Fourier Transform	p. 48
Fast Fourier Transform	p. 50
Radix-2 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Algorithms	p. 50
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)	p. 53
Two-Dimensional DCT	p. 57
Continuous and Discrete Signals in Time and Frequency Domains	p. 57
Graphical Representation of DFT	p. 57
Resampling with Fractional Interpolation Based on DFT	p. 60
Basics of Antenna Theory	p. 63
Maxwell and Wave Equations	p. 63
Harmonic Time Dependence	p. 65
Radiation from an Infinitesimal Current Dipole	p. 67
Magnetic Vector Potential Due to a Small but Finite Current Element	p. 68
Field Vectors Due to Small but Finite Current Radiation	p. 69
Far-Field Region	p. 70
Summary of Radiation Fields	p. 72
Radiation from a Half-Wavelength Dipole	p. 73
Radiation from a Linear Array	p. 74
Power Radiation Pattern from a Linear Array	p. 78
Power Radiation Pattern from a 2D Rectangular Array	p. 80
Fundamentals of Antenna Parameters	p. 81
Radiation Beamwidth	p. 81
Solid Angle, Power Density, and Radiation Intensity	p. 82
Directivity and Gain	p. 84
Antenna Impedance	p. 84
Antenna Efficiency	p. 85
Effective Area and Antenna Gain	p. 85
Polarization	p. 89
Commonly Used Antenna Geometries	p. 89
Single-Element Radiators	p. 89
Microstrip Antennas and Antenna Array	p. 91
Fundamentals of Radar	p. 93
Principles of Radar Operation	p. 93
Basic Configuration of Radar	p. 96
Waveform Generator	p. 96
Transmitter	p. 96
Antenna System	p. 96
Receiver	p. 97
Computer/Signal Processor	p. 97
Timing and Control	p. 97
The Radar Range Equation	p. 97
Cross Section and Clutter	p. 100
Target Cross Section	p. 100
Cross Section and the Equivalent Sphere	p. 101
Cross Section of Real Targets	p. 101
Radar Cross Section (RCS)	p. 101
Clutter	p. 102
Doppler Effect and Frequency Shift	p. 103
Doppler Frequency	p. 104
Radar Resolution and Ambiguity Function	p. 110
Radar Modulation and Target Detection Techniques	p. 116
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Radar	p. 116
Continuous-Wave (CW) Radar	p. 117
Pulse Modulation Radar	p. 117
Target Detection Techniques of AM-Based Radar	p. 119
Doppler Frequency Extraction	p. 119
Motion Direction Detection	p. 121
Frequency Modulation (FM)-Radar	p. 123
Pulsed Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) Radar	p. 124
Continuous-Wave Linear Frequency Modulation Radar	p. 129
Stepped Frequency Modulation Radar	p. 130
Target Detection Techniques of FM-Based Radar	p. 133
In-Phase Quadrature-Phase Demodulator	p. 133
Matched Filter and Pulse Compression	p. 134
Target Detection Techniques of LFM Radar	p. 141
Target Detection Techniques of SFM Radar	p. 149
Basics of Radar Imaging	p. 155
Background	p. 155
Geometry of Imaging Radar	p. 157
Doppler Frequency and Radar Image Processing	p. 159
Broadside SAR	p. 161
SAR with Squint Angle	p. 174
SAR with a Small Squint Angle	p. 176
SAR with a Low Squint Angle	p. 180
Range Migration and Curvature	p. 185
Geometric Distortions of the Radar Image	p. 188
Layover	p. 188
Foreshortening	p. 189
Shadowing	p. 189
Slant-to-Ground Range Distortion	p. 189
Speckle	p. 189
Radar Image Resolution	p. 189
Example of Real Aperture Radar (RAR) Resolution: ERS-1/2-Imaging Radars	p. 191
System Model and Data Acquisition of SAR Image	p. 194
System Model of Range Radar Imaging	p. 194
System Model	p. 194
Reconstruction of Range Target Function	p. 196
System Model of Cross-Range Radar Imaging	p. 199
Broadside Radar Case	p. 199
System Model	p. 199
Principle of Stationary Phase	p. 203
Spatial Fourier Transform of Cross-Range Target Response	p. 207
Reconstruction of Cross-Range Target Function	p. 210
Squint Radar Case	p. 213
System Model	p. 213
Spatial Fourier Transform of Cross-Range Target Response	p. 216
Reconstruction of Cross-Range Target Function	p. 219
Data Acquisition, Sampling, and Power Spectrum of Radar Image	p. 221
Digitized Doppler Frequency Power Spectrum	p. 223
Broadside SAR	p. 223
Squint SAR	p. 223
Range-Doppler Processing on SAR Images	p. 226
SAR Image Data Generation	p. 227
Synthesis of a Broadside SAR Image Data Array	p. 231
Single-Target Case	p. 231
Multiple-Target Case	p. 235
Synthesis of a Squint SAR Image Data Array	p. 240
Single-Target Case	p. 240
Multiple-Target Case	p. 242
Range-Doppler Processing of SAR Data	p. 246
Range Compression	p. 248
Corner Turn	p. 249
Range Cell Migration Correction	p. 249
Computation of Range Migration Amount	p. 249
Fractional Range Sample Interpolation	p. 252
Range Sample Shift	p. 252
Azimuth Compression	p. 254
Doppler Frequency Centroid	p. 254
Doppler Frequency Change Rate [beta]	p. 254
Pulse Duration Time T[subscript a]	p. 254
Simulation Results	p. 255
Broadside SAR with Single Target	p. 255
Broadside SAR with Multiple Targets	p. 261
Squint SAR with Single Target	p. 267
Squint SAR with Multiple Targets	p. 275
Stolt Interpolation Processing on SAR Images	p. 285
Wavenumber Domain Processing of SAR Data	p. 285
Direct Interpolation from Unevenly Spaced Samples	p. 288
Stolt Interpolation Processing of SAR Data	p. 290
System Model of Broadside SAR with Six Targets	p. 294
Synthesis of Broadside SAR Data Array	p. 296
Simulation Results	p. 298
System Model of Squint SAR with Six Targets	p. 305
Synthesis of Squint SAR Data Array	p. 307
Simulation Results	p. 309
Reconstruction of Satellite Radar Image Data	p. 320
Comparison Between Range-Doppler and Stolt Interpolation on SAR Data Processing	p. 328
Further Reading	p. 333
Index	p. 335
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