Direct3d ShaderX : Vertex and Pixel Shader Tips and Tricks

by Engel, Woldgang; Engel, Wolfgang F.; Engel, Wolfgang F.

• ISBN13: 9781556220418
• ISBN10: 1556220413
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-07-01
• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Pub

Summary

Vertex and pixel shader programming allows graphics and game developers to create photorealistic graphics on the personal computer for the first time. And with DirectX, programmers have access to an assembly language interface to the transformation and lighting hardware (vertex shaders) and the pixel pipeline (pixel shaders). Direct3D ShaderX begins with an introduction to vertex and pixel shader programming and moves on to a wide array of specialized shader tricks contributed by 27 experts in game and graphics programming. These range from character animation and lighting to photorealistic faces and non-photorealistic rendering. Special effects shaders are also presented, including those for such effects as bubbles, rippling water, animated grass, and particle flows. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xvi
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Introduction to Shader Programming
Fundamentals of Vertex Shaders	p. 4
What You Need to Know/Equipment	p. 5
Vertex Shaders in the Pipeline	p. 5
Why Use Vertex Shaders?	p. 7
Vertex Shader Tools	p. 8
Vertex Shader Architecture	p. 16
High-Level View of Vertex Shader Programming	p. 18
What Happens Next?	p. 35
Programming Vertex Shaders	p. 38
RacorX	p. 38
RacorX2	p. 49
RacorX3	p. 53
RacorX4	p. 59
RacorX5	p. 66
What Happens Next?	p. 70
Fundamentals of Pixel Shaders	p. 72
Why Use Pixel Shaders?	p. 72
Pixel Shaders in the Pipeline	p. 74
Pixel Shader Tools	p. 79
Pixel Shader Architecture	p. 81
High-Level View of Pixel Shader Programming	p. 84
Summary	p. 121
What Happens Next?	p. 122
Programming Pixel Shaders	p. 125
RacorX6	p. 125
RacorX7	p. 137
RacorX8	p. 140
RacorX9	p. 144
Further Reading	p. 147
Basic Shader Development with Shader Studio	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
What You Should Know	p. 149
Create a Vertex Shader	p. 152
Create a Pixel Shader	p. 159
Shaders Reference	p. 160
Assets	p. 169
Further Info	p. 169
Vertex Shader Tricks
Vertex Decompression in a Shader	p. 172
Introduction	p. 172
Vertex Compression Overview	p. 172
Vertex Shader Data Types	p. 173
Compressed Vertex Stream Declaration Example	p. 174
Basic Compression	p. 174
Advanced Compression	p. 180
Conclusion	p. 187
Shadow Volume Extrusion Using a Vertex Shader	p. 188
Introduction	p. 188
Creating Shadow Volumes	p. 189
Effect File Code	p. 191
Using Shadow Volumes with Character Animation	p. 192
Character Animation with Direct3D Vertex Shaders	p. 195
Introduction	p. 195
Tweening	p. 195
Skinning	p. 197
Animating Tangent Space for Per-Pixel Lighting	p. 202
Summary	p. 208
Lighting a Single-Surface Object	p. 209
Vertex Shader Code	p. 211
Enhanced Lighting for Thin Objects	p. 213
About the Demo	p. 214
Optimizing Software Vertex Shaders	p. 215
Introduction to Pentium 4 Processor Architecture	p. 216
Introduction to the Streaming SIMD Extensions	p. 217
Optimal Data Arrangement for SSE Instruction Usage	p. 218
How the Vertex Shader Compiler Works	p. 220
A Detailed Example	p. 224
Compendium of Vertex Shader Tricks	p. 228
Introduction	p. 228
Periodic Time	p. 228
One-Shot Effect	p. 229
Random Numbers	p. 229
Flow Control	p. 230
Cross Products	p. 230
Examples	p. 230
Summary	p. 231
Perlin Noise and Returning Results from Shader Programs	p. 232
Limitations of Shaders	p. 232
Perlin Noise and Fractional Brownian Motion	p. 234
Final Thoughts	p. 251
Pixel Shader Tricks
Blending Textures for Terrain	p. 256
Image Processing with 1.4 Pixel Shaders in Direct3D	p. 258
Introduction	p. 258
Simple Transfer Functions	p. 259
Filter Kernels	p. 261
Edge Detection	p. 262
Mathematical Morphology	p. 265
Conclusion	p. 268
Hardware Support	p. 269
Sample Application	p. 269
Hallo World--Font Smoothing with Pixel Shaders	p. 270
Emulating Geometry with Shaders--Imposters	p. 273
Smooth Lighting with ps.1.4	p. 277
Per-Pixel Fresnel Term	p. 281
Introduction	p. 281
Fresnel Effects	p. 281
Effect Code	p. 283
Diffuse Cube Mapping	p. 287
Introduction	p. 287
Using Diffuse Cube Maps	p. 287
Generating Dynamic Diffuse Cube Maps	p. 288
Accurate Reflections and Refractions by Adjusting for Object Distance	p. 290
Introduction	p. 290
The Artifacts of Environment Mapping	p. 290
UV Flipping Technique to Avoid Repetition	p. 295
Photorealistic Faces with Vertex and Pixel Shaders	p. 296
Introduction	p. 296
Software	p. 296
Resources	p. 297
3D Model	p. 297
A Word About Optimizations	p. 302
Full Head Mapping	p. 309
What's Next?	p. 312
Environment Mapping for Eyes	p. 315
Facial Animation	p. 317
Conclusion	p. 317
Non-Photorealistic Rendering with Pixel and Vertex Shaders	p. 319
Introduction	p. 319
Rendering Outlines	p. 319
Cartoon Lighting Model	p. 322
Hatching	p. 324
Gooch Lighting	p. 326
Image Space Techniques	p. 328
Conclusion	p. 333
Animated Grass with Pixel and Vertex Shaders	p. 334
Introduction	p. 334
Waving the Grass	p. 334
Lighting the Grass	p. 334
Texture Perturbation Effects	p. 337
Introduction	p. 337
Wispy Clouds	p. 337
Perturbation-Based Fire	p. 342
Plasma Glass	p. 344
Summary	p. 346
Rendering Ocean Water	p. 347
Introduction	p. 347
Sinusoidal Perturbation in a Vertex Shader	p. 348
CMEMBM Pixel Shader with Fresnel Term	p. 350
Ocean Water Shader Source Code	p. 352
Sample Applications	p. 356
Rippling Reflective and Refractive Water	p. 357
Introduction	p. 357
Generating Reflection and Refraction Maps	p. 358
Vertex Shader	p. 358
Pixel Shader	p. 360
Conclusion	p. 362
Crystal/Candy Shader	p. 363
Introduction	p. 363
Setup	p. 363
Vertex Shader	p. 364
Pixel Shader	p. 365
Summary	p. 368
Bubble Shader	p. 369
Introduction	p. 369
Setup	p. 369
Vertex Shader	p. 370
Pixel Shader	p. 372
Summary	p. 375
Per-Pixel Strand-Based Anisotropic Lighting	p. 376
Introduction	p. 376
Strand-Based Illumination	p. 376
Per-Pixel Strand-Based Illumination	p. 378
Summary	p. 382
A Non-Integer Power Function on the Pixel Shader	p. 383
Overview	p. 383
Traditional Techniques	p. 384
Mathematical Details	p. 387
Power Function on the Pixel Shader	p. 391
Applications	p. 396
Summary	p. 402
Bump Mapped BRDF Rendering	p. 405
Introduction	p. 405
Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions	p. 406
Decomposing the Function	p. 407
Reconstruction	p. 407
Adding the Bumps	p. 410
Conclusion	p. 412
Real-Time Simulation and Rendering of Particle Flows	p. 414
Motivation	p. 414
Ingredients	p. 415
How Does a Single Particle Move?	p. 416
Basic Texture Advection: How Do a Bunch of Particles Move?	p. 417
Inflow: Where are the Particles Born?	p. 421
How Can Particles Drop Out?	p. 423
Implementation	p. 423
Summary	p. 425
Using 3D Textures with Shaders
3D Textures and Pixel Shaders	p. 428
Introduction	p. 428
3D Textures	p. 428
Application	p. 435
Truly Volumetric Effects	p. 438
The Role of Volume Visualization	p. 438
Basic Volume Graphics	p. 439
Animation of Volume Graphics	p. 441
High-Quality but Fast Volume Rendering	p. 444
Where to Go from Here	p. 446
Acknowledgments	p. 447
Engine Design with Shaders
First Thoughts on Designing a Shader-Driven Game Engine	p. 450
Bump Mapping	p. 450
Real-time Lighting	p. 450
Use Detail Textures	p. 451
Use Anisotropic Filtering	p. 451
Split Up Rendering into Independent Passes	p. 451
Use_x2	p. 452
Visualization with the Krass Game Engine	p. 453
Introduction	p. 453
General Structure of the Krass Engine	p. 453
Developmental History of the Rendering Component	p. 454
Previous Drawbacks of Hardware Development	p. 455
Current Drawbacks	p. 455
Ordering Effects in the Krass Engine	p. 456
Application of the IMG Concept for Terrain Rendering	p. 457
Particle Rendering to Exemplify a Specialized Effect Shader	p. 460
Summary	p. 461
Designing a Vertex Shader-Driven 3D Engine for the Quake III Format	p. 463
Quake III Arena Shaders	p. 463
Vertex Program Setup in the Viewer	p. 464
Vertex Shader Effects	p. 467
Rendering Process	p. 471
Summary	p. 472
Glossary	p. 474
About the Authors	p. 481
Index	p. 487
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