Distance Education A Systems View

by Moore, Michael G.; Kearsley, Greg

• ISBN13: 9780534506889
• ISBN10: 0534506887
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-07-12
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

The most comprehensive and authoritative text on the subject, DISTANCE EDUCATION, SECOND EDITION retains its emphasis on a systems approach in the organization and selection of material. The authors apply their long and broad experience to the task of selecting from, and clarifying, information on the theory, research, and practice of distance education, including how to design and teach courses, the technologies employed, characteristics of learners, organizational structures, and policy perspectives.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Basic Concepts	1	(23)
A Definition and Clarification of Some Terminology	2	(2)
Levels of Distance Education	4	(2)
Single Mode Institutions	4	(1)
Dual Mode Institutions	4	(1)
Individual Teachers	5	(1)
Virtual Universities and Consortia	5	(1)
Courses and Programs	6	(1)
Distinguishing Technology and Media	6	(1)
Why Distance Education?	7	(1)
A Systems View and Model	8	(3)
The Idea of System	8	(1)
How a Systems View Helps Us Understand Distance Education	9	(2)
Components of a Working Distance Education System	11	(8)
Is Teaching Like Flying?	12	(1)
Sources of Knowledge	12	(2)
Design of Courses	14	(1)
Delivery of Course Material and Interaction via Technologies	15	(1)
Interaction: The Role of Instructors	15	(2)
Learners in their Learning Environments	17	(1)
Management and Administration	18	(1)
Interdependence of Subsystems in a Distance Education System	18	(1)
Inputs and Outputs	19	(1)
Distance Education Is about Change	19	(5)
Viewpoint: Sally Johnstone	22	(1)
Summary	22	(1)
Questions for Discussion or Further Study	23	(1)
The Historical Context	24	(22)
First Generation: A Brief History of Correspondence Study	24	(7)
Society to Encourage Studies at Home	27	(1)
A Story of Distance Education in the High School: The Benton Harbor Plan	28	(2)
Correspondence Education in the Armed Forces	30	(1)
Second Generation: The History of Broadcasting	31	(2)
Radio	31	(1)
Television	31	(1)
Unfulfilled Dreams	32	(1)
Instructional Television Fixed Services	32	(1)
Cable Television and Telecourses	32	(1)
Third Generation: A Systems Approach; AIM and the OU	33	(5)
AIM and the Invention of the Systems Approach	33	(1)
Birth of the Open University	34	(1)
Wedemeyer and the OU	35	(1)
Global Spread of the Systems Approach	35	(1)
The American Response	36	(2)
Fourth Generation: Teleconferencing	38	(4)
Satellites and Interactive Video-Conferencing	38	(2)
Business TV	40	(1)
Interactive Video in the K--12 Schools	40	(1)
Two-Way Video-Conferencing	41	(1)
Fifth Generation: Computer- and Internet-Based Virtual Classes	42	(4)
Computer Networks	42	(1)
Arrival of the Internet and Web-Based Education	43	(1)
Viewpoint: Von Pittman	44	(1)
Summary	45	(1)
Questions for Discussion or Further Study	45	(1)
The Scope of Distance Education	46	(26)
Correspondence Education and Home Study	46	(1)
Independent Study	47	(2)
Replacing Print with Electronic Media	49	(1)
Telecourses	49	(1)
Distance Education in Higher Education: NCES 2001 Survey	50	(1)
Open Universities	51	(5)
Channel One	52	(4)
Interactive Television: Satellite and Cable Networks	56	(3)
Business TV and Corporate Training	56	(1)
Examples of Business TV	57	(1)
Interactive Video in Higher Education	58	(1)
Online Learning and Virtual Universities	59	(13)
Virtual Schools	62	(1)
K--12 Online Learning: The Oregon Network for Education	63	(1)
Corporate Training	64	(1)
Vendors	65	(1)
Certification and Testing Companies	66	(1)
Military Education	66	(3)
Viewpoint: Chere Campbell Gibson	69	(1)
Course Sharing Initiatives	69	(1)
Summary	70	(1)
Questions for Discussion or Further Study	71	(1)
Technologies and Media	72	(28)
Print	73	(3)
Study Guides	73	(1)
Newspapers and Newsletters	74	(1)
Preparation Time and Impact of Electronic Publishing	74	(1)
Limitations of Print	75	(1)
Audio and Video Media	76	(2)
Production	77	(1)
Radio and Television	78	(4)
Main Strengths and Uses of Broadcasting	78	(1)
Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS)	79	(1)
Hawaii: Instructional Television across the Islands	80	(1)
Cable Television (CATV)	81	(1)
Direct Broadcast Satellites (DBS)	82	(1)
Streaming Video	82	(1)
Teleconferencing	82	(4)
Audio-Conferencing	82	(1)
Audio-Graphics	83	(1)
Desktop Video-Conferencing	84	(1)
Video-Conferencing	84	(2)
Teleconferencing for Medical Education	86	(1)
Computer-Based Learning	86	(4)
Computer Conferencing	87	(1)
Web-Based Learning Systems	88	(1)
Knowledge Management Systems	88	(1)
Internet2	89	(1)
Lucent Technologies' Knowledge Net Project	90	(1)
Media and Technology Selection	90	(5)
Media and Technology Selection Procedures	92	(2)
Media Richness and Social Presence	94	(1)
Media and Technology Integration	95	(1)
Decisions about Multiple Technologies	95	(1)
Media Standards	96	(4)
Viewpoint: Zane Berge	97	(1)
Summary	98	(1)
Questions for Discussion or Further Study	99	(1)
Course Design and Development	100	(35)
Instructional System Design	100	(3)
Stages in Instructional Design	101	(1)
A Planned Approach	102	(1)
The Development Team	103	(5)
The Author--Editor Model	103	(1)
Anatomy of Home Study Courses	104	(1)
The Course Team Model	105	(1)
Strengths and Weaknesses	106	(1)
The ``Lean Team''	107	(1)
Designing the Study Guide	108	(3)
Creating Lessons or Units	109	(1)
Writing Style	110	(1)
Layout	111	(1)
Designing an Audio-Conference	111	(2)
Design the Study Guide	111	(1)
Outline Segments and Activities	112	(1)
Make a Class Roster	112	(1)
Test, Test, and Test	112	(1)
Designing a Satellite Video-Conference	113	(2)
Components of a Satellite Teleconference	113	(2)
Design and Development of Web-Based Courses	115	(3)
Authoring Tools	116	(1)
Web Documents	116	(1)
Integrated Learning Systems	116	(1)
Web Design Principles	116	(2)
Designing and Developing the Online Course: A Lean Team in Action	118	(2)
Designing for Accessibility: Students with Disabilities on the Web	118	(2)
Designing Student Participation	120	(1)
Designing Self-Directed Learning	120	(1)
Monitoring and Evaluation	121	(3)
Copyright	124	(1)
General Design Principles	124	(4)
Viewpoint: Randy Garrison	126	(1)
Summary	126	(1)
Questions for Discussion or Further Study	127	(1)
Appendix: Design Schedule for an Online Course at Penn State University's World Campus	128	(7)
Teaching and the Roles of the Instructor	135	(26)
How Distance Teaching Differs	135	(1)
Some Specific Functions of the Instructor	136	(4)
Handling Assignments	138	(1)
Student Expectations	138	(1)
Reflections of a Correspondence Teacher	139	(1)
More about Interaction	140	(5)
Learner--Content Interaction	140	(1)
Learner--Instructor Interaction	140	(1)
Learner--Learner Interaction	141	(1)
A Hierarchy of Interaction	141	(4)
Interaction versus Presentation: Keeping a Balance	145	(1)
The Instructor's Role in Teleconferencing	145	(4)
The Site Coordinator	146	(2)
Instructing by Audio-Graphic Web Conferencing	148	(1)
Teaching Online	149	(6)
Conducting Asynchronous Discussions	149	(1)
Student Voices: The Value of Asynchronicity	150	(1)
Tips for Online Instructors	150	(2)
Synchronous Online Instruction	152	(1)
Questions for Online Teachers in the High School	153	(1)
Social Aspects of Online Learning	153	(2)
Examination and Test Security	155	(1)
Faculty Perspectives: Some Findings from Research	155	(6)
Viewpoint: Lani Gunawardena	156	(2)
Summary	158	(2)
Questions for Discussion or Further Study	160	(1)
The Distance Education Student	161	(26)
The Nature of Adult Learning	161	(5)
Why Do Adults Enroll in a Distance Education Course?	162	(1)
Anxiety about Learning	163	(3)
Providing Access	166	(1)
Factors Affecting Student Success	166	(3)
Kember's and Billings's Models of Student Completion	169	(6)
Billings's Model of Course Completion	171	(1)
Educational Background	171	(1)
Personality Characteristics	171	(1)
Extracurricular Concerns	172	(1)
The Second Language Student	173	(1)
Course Concerns	173	(1)
Cross-Cultural Considerations: Distance Education in Alaska	174	(1)
Study Skills	175	(1)
Student Attitudes	175	(4)
Classroom versus Distance Learning	175	(1)
Resistance to Distance Education	176	(3)
Student Support: Guidance and Counseling Services	179	(4)
Orientation	181	(1)
Administrative Assistance	181	(1)
Social Interaction	182	(1)
A Realistic View of the Distance Learner	183	(4)
Viewpoint: Sir John Daniel	184	(1)
Summary	185	(1)
Questions for Discussion or Further Study	186	(1)
Management, Administration, and Policy	187	(32)
Strategic Planning	187	(4)
Defining the Mission	188	(1)
Deciding Whether to Proceed	188	(2)
Tracking Technology	190	(1)
Administering the Program	191	(1)
Staffing	191	(2)
Deciding on Full- versus Part-Time Staffing	192	(1)
Training and Orientation of Staff	192	(1)
Staff Monitoring and Assessment	193	(1)
Learner Support Centers, Libraries, and Teleconference Sites	193	(3)
Libraries	194	(1)
From the Margins to the Mainstream: Developing Library Support for Distance Learning	195	(1)
Teleconference Learning Sites	195	(1)
Budgeting	196	(2)
Budgeting at Different Levels	196	(1)
Budgeting the Administration	197	(1)
Scheduling	197	(1)
Scheduling the Student	198	(1)
Quality Assessment	198	(4)
Some Data about Administration	199	(2)
Benchmarks for Success in Internet-Based Distance Education	201	(1)
A Realistic Assessment of Quality	202	(2)
Regional Accrediting Commissions	204	(1)
Accrediting Commission of the Distance Education and Training Council (DETC)	204	(1)
Policy: Institutional, State, and Federal	204	(2)
Policy Barriers to Distance Education Are Falling	206	(1)
At the Federal Level	206	(1)
At the Regional Level	206	(1)
At the State Level	206	(1)
At the Institutional Level	207	(1)
Institutional: Faculty Policy	207	(1)
Intellectual Property Policy: The Example of Brigham Young University	208	(1)
State Policy on Funding and Administration of K--12 Programs	208	(1)
Implementing Institutional Change	209	(1)
A National Policy Issue: The Digital Divide	210	(2)
Penn State: Developing a Policy for an Institution-Wide System	211	(1)
Policy Initiatives to Reduce the Digital Divide	212	(2)
Federal Government	212	(1)
Private Sector	213	(1)
Nonprofit Sector Examples	213	(1)
Community Level Examples	214	(1)
Case Study in National Policy Making	214	(5)
National Planning in South Africa	215	(1)
Viewpoint: Michael Beaudoin	216	(1)
Summary	217	(1)
Questions for Discussion or Further Study	218	(1)
The Theory and Scholarship of Distance Education	219	(17)
The Importance of Theory	219	(1)
A Very Short History of Scholarship	220	(1)
History of a Theory of Distance Education	221	(2)
History of the Term Distance Education	222	(1)
Otto Peters	222	(1)
Toward a Pedagogical Theory	222	(1)
Theory of Transactional Distance	223	(4)
Distance Education as a Transaction	223	(1)
Dialogue	224	(1)
Guided Didactic Conversation	225	(1)
The Growing Importance of Dialogue	225	(1)
Course Structure	226	(1)
Structure and Dialogue Measure Transactional Distance	227	(1)
Learner Autonomy	227	(2)
Desmond Keegan	229	(1)
Randy Garrison	229	(2)
Collaborative Learning and the Social Construction of Knowledge	230	(1)
System Dynamics of Saba	231	(1)
Other Applications of Theory of Transactional Distance	231	(1)
Theory and the Student	232	(2)
Viewpoint: Farhad Saba	233	(1)
The Theory and the Practitioner	234	(2)
Summary	234	(1)
Questions for Discussion or Further Study	235	(1)
Research and Studies of Effectiveness	236	(21)
The General Situation Regarding Research	237	(1)
Effectiveness as Dependent on a Technology	238	(2)
Descriptive Case Studies	239	(1)
Comparing Learner Achievement	240	(6)
Beyond ``No Significant Difference''	242	(1)
Effective Course Design	243	(1)
Course Design Teams	244	(1)
Media and Technology Selection	245	(1)
Combining Media and Technologies	246	(1)
Effective Teaching Strategies	246	(2)
Cost Effectiveness	248	(4)
Variables to Include in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis	248	(2)
Some Examples of Cost-Effectiveness Studies	250	(1)
Economies of Scale	250	(1)
Faculty Time and Other Hidden Costs	251	(1)
Research on Policy	252	(3)
Viewpoint: Curtis Bonk	255	(1)
Conclusion	255	(2)
Summary	256	(1)
Questions for Discussion or Further Study	256	(1)
The Global Span of Distance Education	257	(31)
A Brief World Tour	258	(1)
China: A National System	258	(3)
Organizational Structure of China's Distance Education System	259	(2)
Korea: A National Policy	261	(1)
Korea National Open University (KNOU)	262	(1)
Brazil: A National System of Teacher Training	262	(2)
Course Design	262	(1)
Implementation	263	(1)
Finland and Norway	264	(2)
Australia and New Zealand	266	(2)
The Republic of South Africa	268	(3)
University of South Africa (UNISA)	268	(1)
Other Systems in RSA	269	(1)
A Major Policy Development	270	(1)
The United Kingdom: The Open University	271	(1)
Courses of Quality	271	(1)
Course Design and Learner Support	272	(1)
Technology	272	(1)
Turkey: The World's Largest Distance Teaching University	272	(1)
Some Other National Institutions	273	(3)
India	273	(1)
Pakistan	273	(1)
Thailand	274	(1)
Malaysia	274	(1)
Germany	274	(1)
The Netherlands	274	(1)
Portugal	275	(1)
Spain	275	(1)
Canada	275	(1)
Venezuela	276	(1)
Costa Rica	276	(1)
Arab States	276	(1)
Consortia and Virtual Systems in Some Other Countries	277	(2)
Africa	279	(3)
The Global Digital Divide	280	(2)
Distance Education, International Agencies, and National Development	282	(1)
UNESCO	283	(1)
The World Bank	284	(4)
The African Virtual University	285	(1)
Viewpoint: Michael Foley	286	(1)
Summary	286	(1)
Questions for Discussion or Further Study	287	(1)
Distance Education Is about Change	288	(19)
The Changing Supply of Information	288	(1)
Changing Access to Information	289	(1)
Changes in Relation of Knowledge to Economic Development	290	(2)
Changes in Technology	292	(3)
What Technological Changes Lie Ahead?	293	(1)
Does Technology Add Value and If So, What Is It?	293	(2)
Changes in Program Design: Learning Objects	295	(2)
Organizational Change	297	(3)
A New Supply Model of Distance Education Organization	298	(1)
A New, Demand-Driven Model of Distance Education	299	(1)
Globalization and Commercialization	300	(2)
Changes Needed in Use of Terminology	302	(5)
Viewpoint: Neil Postman	304	(1)
Summary	304	(1)
Questions for Discussion or Further Study	305	(2)
Appendix Sources of Further Information	307	(16)
Glossary	323	(10)
References	333	(18)
Index of Authors	351	(6)
Subject Index	357