Drugs and Behavior : An Introduction to Behavioral Pharmacology

by McKim, William A., Ph.D.

• ISBN13: 9780132197885
• ISBN10: 013219788X
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-10-04
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

For undergraduate courses in Drugs and Behavior Psychopharmacology, as well as graduate survey courses in Psychopharmacology. This text gives an up-to-date description of the field of Behavioral Pharmacology. It starts by describing basic pharmacological concepts of drug administration and pharmacokinetics, research methodology including clinical trials, tolerance and withdrawal, drug conditioning, addiction processes, and neuroscience of drug action. Each chapter, thereafter, applies these concepts to different classes of both recreational and therapeutic drugs. Each chapter includes a section on the history of the drug class that places the drug in its historical and social context. It is written to be understandable to students without a background in Pharmacology or Neuroscience or Psychology.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Some Basic Pharmacology	1	(24)
What is a Drug?	1	(1)
Names of Drugs	2	(1)
Describing Dosages	3	(2)
Potency and Effectiveness	5	(1)
Primary Effects and Side Effects	5	(1)
Drug Interactions	6	(1)
Pharmacokinetics	6	(1)
Routes of Administration	6	(2)
Absorption from Parenteral Sites	8	(1)
Inhalation of Gases	9	(2)
Inhalation of Smoke and Solids	11	(1)
Oral Administration	11	(1)
The Digestive System	12	(2)
Transdermal Administration	14	(1)
Distribution of Drugs	15	(1)
Excretion and Metabolism	16	(2)
First-Pass Metabolism	18	(1)
Factors That Alter Drug Metabolism	19	(2)
Combining Absorption and Excretion Functions	21	(1)
The Therapeutic Window	22	(1)
Chapter Summary	23	(2)
Research Design and the Behavioral Analysis of Drug Effects	25	(17)
Research Design	25	(4)
Nonexperimental Research	29	(1)
The Study of Behavior	30	(1)
Level of Arousal	31	(1)
Measuring Performance in Humans	32	(2)
Measuring Behavior in Nonhumans	34	(3)
Dissociation	37	(1)
Stimulus Properties of Drugs	38	(1)
Development and Testing of Psychotherapeutic Drugs	38	(2)
Chapter Summary	40	(2)
Tolerance, Withdrawal, Sensitization, and Conditioning of Drug Effects	42	(15)
Tolerance	42	(1)
Mechanisms of Tolerance	43	(2)
Withdrawal Symptoms and Physical Dependence	45	(3)
Tolerance and Conditioning	48	(5)
Sensitization	53	(1)
Expectancy and Context	54	(1)
Chapter Summary	55	(2)
Neurophysiology, Neurotransmitters, and the Nervous System	57	(34)
The Neuron	57	(5)
The Synapse	62	(6)
Neurotransmitters	68	(4)
The Nervous System	72	(8)
Development of the Nervous System	80	(1)
Brain Imaging of Drug Effects	81	(8)
Chapter Summary	89	(2)
Dependence, Addiction, and the Self-Administration of Drugs	91	(37)
History of Addiction Research	92	(3)
Defining Addiction	95	(1)
Addiction as Physical Dependence	96	(2)
Modern Behavioral and Neuroscientific Explanations	98	(2)
Drugs as Positive and Negative Reinforcers	100	(3)
Self-Administration in Humans and Nonhumans	103	(2)
Measuring the Reinforcing Value of Drugs	105	(1)
Factors That Alter the Reinforcing Value of Drugs	106	(5)
The Neuroanatomy of Motivation and Reinforcement	111	(4)
What Happens During Addiction?	115	(1)
Incentive Sensitization Theory	115	(3)
Hedonic Dysregulation and Adaptation	118	(1)
Behavioral Economics: Choosing to Use Drugs	119	(4)
Behavioral Economics: Price and Demand	123	(2)
Chapter Summary	125	(3)
Alcohol	128	(33)
Source of Alcohol	128	(1)
Measurement of Alcohol Content	129	(1)
Origin and History	129	(4)
Measuring Alcohol Levels in the Body	133	(1)
Route of Administration and Pharmacokinetics	133	(1)
Absorption	134	(1)
Inhalation	135	(1)
Distribution	135	(2)
Excretion	137	(1)
Neuropharmacology	138	(1)
Effects of Alcohol	139	(1)
Effects on Human Behavior and Performance	140	(3)
Effects on the Behavior of Nonhumans	143	(1)
Discriminative Stimulus Properties	144	(1)
Tolerance	144	(1)
Withdrawal	145	(1)
Self-Administration in Nonhumans	146	(1)
Self-Administration in Humans	146	(2)
Alcoholism	148	(3)
Harmful Effects of an Acute Administration	151	(1)
Harmful Effects of Chronic Consumption	152	(3)
Benefits of Alcohol Consumption	155	(1)
Treatments	156	(3)
Chapter Summary	159	(2)
Tranquilizers and Sedative-Hypnotics	161	(18)
Introduction	161	(1)
History	161	(2)
Route of Administration and Absorption	163	(1)
Distribution and Excretion	163	(1)
Neurophysiology	164	(2)
Effects on the Body	166	(1)
Effects on Behavior and Performance of Humans	167	(1)
Effects on Performance	168	(1)
Effects on the Behavior of Nonhumans	169	(1)
Discriminative Stimulus Properties	170	(1)
Tolerance	170	(1)
Withdrawal	171	(2)
Self-Administration in Humans	173	(2)
Self-Administration in Nonhumans	175	(1)
Harmful Effects	176	(1)
Treatment	177	(1)
Chapter Summary	177	(2)
Solvents, Anesthetics, and Inhaled Substances	179	(19)
Introduction	179	(1)
Sources of Inhaled Substances	179	(3)
History	182	(3)
Route of Administration	185	(1)
Absorption Distribution and Excretion	186	(1)
Neurophysiology	187	(1)
Effects on the Behavior of Nonhumans	187	(1)
Effects on the Behavior of Humans	188	(2)
Discriminative Stimulus Properties	190	(1)
Tolerance and Withdrawal	190	(1)
Harmful Effects	191	(2)
Self-Administration in Nonhumans	193	(1)
Self-Administration in Humans	193	(2)
Prevention and Treatment	195	(1)
Chapter Summary	196	(2)
Tobacco and Nicotine	198	(22)
Preparations	198	(1)
History	199	(2)
Route of Administration	201	(2)
Distribution	203	(1)
Excretion	203	(1)
Neurophysiological Effects	204	(1)
Effects of Tobacco	204	(2)
Effects on the Behavior and Performance of Humans	206	(2)
Effects on the Behavior of Nonhumans	208	(1)
Drug State Discrimination	208	(1)
Withdrawal Symptoms	209	(1)
Self-Administration in Nonhumans	209	(1)
Self-Administration in Humans	210	(4)
Harmful Effects	214	(3)
Treatments	217	(1)
Chapter Summary	218	(2)
Caffeine and the Methylxanthines	220	(21)
Sources of Methylxanthines	220	(3)
History of Methylxanthine Use	223	(2)
Route of Administration	225	(1)
Absorption	225	(1)
Distribution	225	(1)
Excretion	226	(1)
Neurophysiology	226	(1)
Effects of Caffeine and the Methylxanthines	227	(3)
Discriminative Stimulus Properties	230	(2)
Withdrawal	232	(1)
Self-Administration in Nonhumans	233	(1)
Self-Administration in Humans	234	(2)
Harmful Effects	236	(2)
Epilogue	238	(1)
Chapter Summary	239	(2)
Psychomotor Stimulants	241	(20)
Sources	241	(1)
History	242	(2)
Routes of Administration and Absorption	244	(1)
Distribution	245	(1)
Excretion	245	(1)
Neurophysiology	246	(1)
Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants	247	(1)
Effects on the Behavior and Performance of Humans	247	(4)
Effects on the Behavior of Nonhumans	251	(1)
Dissociation and Drug State Discrimination	252	(1)
Tolerance	252	(1)
Withdrawal	253	(1)
Self-Administration in Humans	254	(1)
Self-Administration in Nonhumans	254	(2)
Harmful Effects	256	(2)
Treatment	258	(1)
Chapter Summary	259	(2)
Opiates and Opioids	261	(22)
Origins and Sources of Opioids	261	(2)
History	263	(1)
Routes of Administration	264	(1)
Distribution	265	(1)
Excretion	265	(1)
Neurophysiology	265	(3)
Effects of Opioids	268	(1)
Effects on Human Behavior and Performance	268	(3)
Effects on the Behavior of Nonhumans	271	(1)
Drug State Discrimination	272	(1)
Tolerance	272	(1)
Withdrawal	273	(1)
Self-Administration in Humans	274	(1)
Self-Administration in Nonhumans	275	(1)
Harmful Effects	276	(3)
Treatment	279	(3)
Chapter Summary	282	(1)
Antipsychotic Drugs	283	(14)
Types of Antipsychotics	284	(1)
The Nature of Psychosis and Schizophrenia	285	(2)
History	287	(1)
Routes of Administration	288	(1)
Absorption and Distribution	288	(1)
Excretion	288	(1)
Neurophysiology	288	(4)
Effects of Antipsychotics	292	(1)
Effects on the Behavior and Performance of Humans	293	(1)
Effects on the Behavior of Nonhumans	293	(1)
Drug State Discrimination and Dissociation	294	(1)
Tolerance	294	(1)
Withdrawal	294	(1)
Self-Administration in Humans and Nonhumans	294	(1)
Harmful Effects	295	(1)
Other Therapeutic Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs	295	(1)
Chapter Summary	295	(2)
Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers	297	(16)
The Nature of Depression and Mania	298	(2)
History	300	(2)
Absorption	302	(1)
Distribution	302	(1)
Excretion	302	(1)
Neurophysiology	303	(2)
Effects of Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers	305	(2)
Effects on the Behavior and Performance of Humans	307	(1)
Effects on the Behavior of Nonhumans	308	(1)
Discriminative Stimulus Properties	308	(1)
Tolerance	309	(1)
Withdrawal	309	(1)
Self-Administration in Humans and Nonhumans	309	(1)
Harmful Effects	310	(1)
Chapter Summary	311	(2)
Cannabis	313	(23)
The Cannabinoids	313	(2)
History	315	(2)
Absorption	317	(1)
Distribution	318	(1)
Excretion	318	(1)
Neuropharmacology	319	(1)
Effects of Cannabis	320	(2)
Effects on Behavior and Performance of Humans	322	(3)
Effects on the Behavior of Nonhumans	325	(1)
Dissociation	326	(1)
Drug State Discrimination	326	(1)
Tolerance	327	(1)
Withdrawal	327	(1)
Self-Administration in Humans and Nonhumans	328	(1)
Epidemiology	329	(1)
Harmful Effects	330	(4)
Epilogue	334	(1)
Chapter Summary	335	(1)
Hallucinogens, Phantasticants, and Club Drugs	336	(21)
LSD and the Monamine-Like Drugs	336	(8)
Ecstasy and Synthetic Mescaline-Like Drugs	344	(4)
Dissociative Anesthetics: Phencyclidine and Ketamine	348	(3)
Dextromethorphan	351	(1)
GHB	352	(2)
Chapter Summary	354	(3)
References	357	(42)
Index	399