Drugs And Human Behavior

by Grilly, David M.

• ISBN13: 9780205443628
• ISBN10: 0205443621
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This text introduces students to the field of psychopharmacology, with special emphasis on the relationships between drugs, their mechanisms of action in the nervous system, and human behavior.By examining human drug use from historical, societal, and biological perspectives, Grilly provides a rich foundation for understanding drugs affecting the brain and their usage. In addition to describing basic pharmacological principles, Grilly discusses the general factors behind drug tolerance, dependence, and abuse and approaches for dealing with these problems. Pharmacotherapy for the major mental disorders is described from both biochemical and clinical efficacy perspectives. By using the most up-to-date research, and by presenting data in concise, jargon-free prose, the author has created one of the most comprehensive and accessible books on the subject.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Psychopharmacology in Perspective	p. 1
A Historical Overview of Psychopharmacology	p. 2
Predecessors to Modern Pharmacotherapies	p. 3
The Psychopharmacological Revolution	p. 6
Recreational and Social Drug Use	p. 9
Websites for Further Information	p. 19
Basic Principles of Pharmacology	p. 20
Drugs and Receptors	p. 22
Dose-Response Relationships	p. 28
Drug Interactions	p. 34
Websites for Further Information	p. 38
Pharmacokinetics	p. 39
Drug Absorption	p. 39
Routes of Administration	p. 41
Drug Distribution	p. 45
Metabolism	p. 48
Drug Excretion	p. 52
Implications of Pharmacokinetics in the Fetus and Neonate	p. 53
Websites for Further Information	p. 54
Conduction and Neurotransmission	p. 55
The Neuron	p. 56
Conduction	p. 57
Neurotransmission	p. 63
Synaptic Neurotransmission	p. 64
Autoreceptors and Presynaptic Receptors	p. 70
Nonsynaptic Diffusion Neurotransmission	p. 75
Retrograde Neurotransmission	p. 76
A Perspective on Neurotransmission	p. 77
Websites for Further Information	p. 78
Neuroactive Ligands and the Nervous System	p. 79
Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and Neurohormones	p. 79
Specific Neurotransmitters	p. 81
Neurotransmitters and Diet	p. 90
Structures and Subsystems of the Nervous System	p. 92
Peripheral Nervous System	p. 92
Central Nervous System	p. 93
Drugs, the Nervous System, and Behavior: A Perspective	p. 100
Websites for Further Information	p. 101
Tolerance and Dependence	p. 102
What Is Tolerance?	p. 102
Tolerance Mechanisms	p. 103
Mechanisms of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Tolerance	p. 103
Mechanisms of Context-Specific Tolerance	p. 109
What Is Dependence?	p. 114
Factors in Dependence	p. 122
General Factors in Treatment for Drug Dependency	p. 127
State-Dependent Learning	p. 131
Websites for Further Information	p. 132
Psychotropic Drug Classification	p. 133
Molecular Structure-Activity Relationships	p. 133
Depressant versus Stimulant Classifications	p. 136
Drug Use Classification	p. 137
Schedule-Controlled Drugs	p. 139
Websites for Further Information	p. 141
Sedative-Hypnotics and Anxiolytics	p. 142
Alcohol (Ethanol)	p. 143
Psychological Effects of Ethanol	p. 144
Ethanol Pharmacokinetics	p. 146
Ethanol Pharmacodynamics	p. 148
Chronic Effects of Alcohol Use	p. 149
Beneficial Effects of Alcohol	p. 152
Tolerance, Dependence, and Alcoholism	p. 152
What Is Alcoholism?	p. 154
Etiology of Alcoholism	p. 155
Treatment of Alcoholism	p. 159
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	p. 167
Barbiturates and Other Sedative-Hypnotics	p. 169
Inhalants: Anesthetic Gases and Solvents	p. 170
Anxiolytics	p. 171
Anxiety Disorders Treated with Anxiolytics	p. 171
Benzodiazepines	p. 172
Buspirone	p. 176
Antidepressants as Anxiolytics	p. 178
Kava: An Herbal Anxiolytic?	p. 179
Sedative-Hypnotics and Insomnia	p. 180
Websites for Further Information	p. 182
Psychostimulants	p. 183
Caffeine	p. 184
Amphetamines and Related Drugs	p. 188
Psychological Effects of Amphetamines	p. 189
Clinical Uses for Amphetamines	p. 191
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Amphetamines	p. 192
Dependence on Amphetamines	p. 195
Effects of Chronic Amphetamine Exposure	p. 196
Cocaine	p. 197
Psychological Effects of Cocaine	p. 198
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cocaine	p. 199
Cocaine Dependence	p. 201
Direct Adverse Consequences of Cocaine	p. 206
Treatment of Cocaine and Amphetamine Abuse	p. 208
Nicotine	p. 213
Modafinil	p. 220
Psychostimulants, Learning, and Memory	p. 221
Websites for Further Information	p. 224
Opioids (Narcotics) and Their Antagonists	p. 225
Endogenous Opioid Peptides and Their Receptors	p. 225
Typical Opiates	p. 227
Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Opiates	p. 228
Opioid Pharmacodynamics	p. 232
Tolerance and Dependence on Opiates	p. 233
Treatment for Opiate Dependence	p. 237
The "Overdose" Phenomenon	p. 242
Legal Factors in the Narcotics Problem	p. 244
Opiate Antagonists: Potential Uses	p. 246
Websites for Further Information	p. 248
Psychotomimetics, Psychedelics, and Hallucinogens	p. 249
Some General Characteristics of P/P/Hs	p. 250
Monoamine-Related P/P/Hs	p. 252
LSD's Historical Significance	p. 254
Pharmacodynamics of LSD and Related Compounds	p. 256
Psychological Effects of Monoamine P/P/Hs	p. 258
MDMA ("Ecstasy")	p. 262
Cannabinoids	p. 264
Psychological Effects of Marijuana	p. 266
Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics	p. 269
Pharmacodynamics of Delta-9-THC	p. 270
Psychopathological Effects of Marijuana	p. 272
Tolerance and Dependence on Cannabis	p. 276
Non-CNS-Related Effects of Marijuana	p. 277
Dissociative Anesthetics: Phencyclidine and Ketamine	p. 278
Pharmacodynamics and Psychological Effects of PCP	p. 279
PCP-Induced Psychosis	p. 281
Treatment for PCP Psychosis	p. 282
Ketamine	p. 282
Anticholinergics	p. 283
Ibogaine	p. 284
P/P/Hs: The Human Experience	p. 286
Websites for Further Information	p. 287
Antipsychotics	p. 288
Biochemical Hypotheses of Schizophrenia	p. 290
The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia	p. 290
Alternatives to the Dopamine Hypothesis	p. 294
Present-Day Antipsychotics	p. 297
Conventional (Typical, First-Generation) Antipsychotics	p. 299
Atypical (Second-Generation) Antipsychotics	p. 299
Aripiprazole: A Third-Generation Atypical Antipsychotic	p. 300
Efficacy of Antipsychotics	p. 301
Pharmacodynamics of Antipsychotics	p. 306
Augmentation of Antipsychotic Drug Treatment	p. 310
Antipsychotic Side Effects	p. 311
Tardive Dyskinesia	p. 313
Current Pharmacotherapy for Schizophrenia	p. 315
Websites for Further Information	p. 316
Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers	p. 317
Biochemical Hypotheses of Affective Disorders	p. 319
The Monoamine Hypothesis of Mood Disorders	p. 319
The Neurotrophic Theory of Affective Disorders	p. 323
Other Potential Neurotransmitters Involved in Mood Disorders	p. 325
Pharmacotherapy for Depression	p. 325
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)	p. 327
Tricyclic Antidepressants	p. 330
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors	p. 331
Reversible Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase A (RIMAs)	p. 334
Alternative Antidepressants	p. 334
Psychostimulants	p. 337
Drug Combinations in the Treatment of Depression	p. 338
A Perspective on Antidepressant Medication	p. 338
Pharmacotherapy in Mania and Bipolar Illnesses	p. 339
Lithium	p. 340
Efficacy of Lithium in Mood Disturbances	p. 341
Pharmacokinetics of Lithium	p. 342
Alternatives to Lithium in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorders	p. 343
Pharmacodynamics of Mood Stabilizers	p. 345
Nondrug Treatments for Depression	p. 346
Websites for Further Information	p. 347
Pharmacotherapy for Miscellaneous Mental Disorders	p. 348
Disorders in Children	p. 348
Attention Deficit Disorder	p. 349
Autistic Disorder	p. 358
Childhood Schizophrenia	p. 361
Mental Retardation	p. 362
Affective Disorders in Adolescents	p. 363
Parkinson's Disease	p. 363
Tourette's Syndrome	p. 368
Epilepsy	p. 370
Geriatric Psychopharmacology	p. 372
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