Drugs & Society

by Hanson, Glen R.; Venturelli, Peter J.; Fleckenstein, Annette E.

• ISBN13: 9780763737320
• ISBN10: 0763737321
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-11-30
• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett

Summary

Drugs and Society, Ninth Edition, clearly illustrates the impact of drug use and abuse on the lives of ordinary people by including their personal drug experiences throughout the book. You will learn practical, current information concerning: Social and psychological reasons why drug use and abuse occurs, The results of drug use and abuse, How drugs can be used effectively for therapeutic purposes.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. x
Introduction to Drugs and Society	p. 2
Introduction	p. 4
Drug Use	p. 4
Dimensions of Drug Use	p. 5
Most Commonly Abused Drugs	p. 14
An Overview of Drugs in Society	p. 18
How Widespread Is Drug Abuse?	p. 19
Extent and Frequency of Drug Use in Society	p. 19
Current Patterns of Licit and Illicit Drug Use	p. 28
Nonmedical Users of Pain Relievers	p. 28
Types of Drug Users	p. 33
Influence of the Mass Media on Drug Use	p. 34
Drug Use and Drug Dependence	p. 36
When Does Use Lead to Abuse?	p. 37
Drug Dependence	p. 38
The Costs of Drug Use to Society	p. 39
Drugs, Crime, and Violence	p. 41
Drugs in the Workplace: A Costly Affliction	p. 44
Venturing to a Higher Form of Consciousness: The Holistic Self-Awareness Approach to Drug Use	p. 46
Explaining Drug Use and Abuse	p. 52
Introduction	p. 54
Drug Use: A Timeless Affliction	p. 55
The Origin and Nature of Addiction	p. 57
Defining Addiction	p. 57
Models of Addiction	p. 58
Factors Contributing to Addiction	p. 59
The Vicious Cycle of Addiction	p. 61
Nondrug Addictions?	p. 61
Major Theoretical Explanations: Biological	p. 62
Abused Drugs as Positive Reinforcers	p. 62
Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders	p. 63
Genetic Explanations	p. 63
Major Theoretical Explanations: Psychological	p. 64
Distinguishing Between Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders	p. 64
The Relationship Between Personality and Drug Use	p. 65
Theories Based on Learning Processes	p. 65
Social Psychological Learning Theories	p. 67
Major Theoretical Explanations: Sociological	p. 67
Social Influence Theories	p. 68
Structural Influence Theories	p. 78
Danger Signals of Drug Abuse	p. 82
Low-Risk and High-Risk Drug Choices	p. 63
Drug Use, Regulation, and the Law	p. 90
Introduction	p. 92
Cultural Attitudes About Drug Use	p. 92
The Road to Regulation and the FDA	p. 93
Prescription Versus OTC Drugs	p. 93
The Rising Demand for Effectiveness in Medicinal Drugs	p. 95
Regulating the Development of New Drugs	p. 95
The Effects of the OTC Review on Today's Medications	p. 98
The Regulation of Drug Advertising	p. 98
Prescription Advertising	p. 99
Federal Regulation and Quality Assurance	p. 99
Drug Abuse and the Law	p. 101
Drug Laws and Deterrence	p. 103
Factors in Controlling Drug Abuse	p. 104
Strategies for Preventing Drug Abuse	p. 107
Supply Reduction Strategy	p. 107
Demand Reduction Strategy	p. 108
Inoculation Strategy	p. 108
Drug Courts	p. 109
Current and Future Drug Use	p. 109
Drug Legalization Debate	p. 110
Drug Testing	p. 112
Pragmatic Drug Policies	p. 113
Homeostatic Systems and Drugs	p. 118
Introduction	p. 120
Overview of Homeostasis and Drug Actions	p. 120
Introduction to Nervous Systems	p. 120
Comprehensive Explanation of Homeostatic Systems	p. 122
The Building Blocks of the Nervous System	p. 122
The Neuron: The Basic Structural Unit of the Nervous System	p. 122
The Nature of Drug Receptors	p. 124
Agonistic and Antagonistic Effects on Drug Receptors	p. 124
Neurotransmitters: The Messengers	p. 125
Major Divisions of the Nervous System	p. 128
The Central Nervous System	p. 129
The Autonomic Nervous System	p. 130
The Endocrine System	p. 132
Endocrine Glands and Regulation	p. 132
The Abuse of Hormones: Anabolic Steroids	p. 133
Designer Steroids	p. 135
Conclusion	p. 135
How and Why Drugs Work	p. 138
Introduction	p. 140
The Intended and Unintended Effects of Drugs	p. 140
The Dose-Response Relationship of Therapeutics and Toxicity	p. 141
Margin of Safety	p. 142
Potency Versus Toxicity	p. 142
Drug Interaction	p. 143
Additive Effects	p. 143
Antagonistic (Inhibitory) Effects	p. 143
Potentiative (Synergistic) Effects	p. 144
Dealing with Drug Interactions	p. 144
Pharmacokinetic Factors That Influence Drug Effects	p. 145
Forms and Methods of Taking Drugs	p. 146
Distribution of Drugs in the Body and Time-Response Relationships	p. 148
Inactivation and Elimination of Drugs from the Body	p. 150
Physiological Variables That Modify Drug Effects	p. 151
Pathological Variables That Modify Drug Effects	p. 151
Adaptive Processes and Drug Abuse	p. 151
Tolerance to Drugs	p. 152
Drug Dependence	p. 155
Psychological Factors	p. 156
The Placebo Effect	p. 156
Addiction and Abuse: The Significance of Dependence	p. 156
Hereditary Factors	p. 157
Drug Craving	p. 157
Other Factors	p. 158
CNS Depressants: Sedative-Hypnotics	p. 162
Introduction	p. 164
An Introduction to CNS Depressants	p. 164
The History of CNS Depressants	p. 164
The Effects of CNS Depressants: Benefits and Risks	p. 165
Types of CNS Depressants	p. 166
Benzodiazepines: Valium-Type Drugs	p. 167
Barbiturates	p. 171
Other CNS Depressants	p. 173
Patterns of Abuse with CNS Depressants	p. 177
Treatment for Withdrawal	p. 179
Alcohol: Pharmacological Effects	p. 186
Introduction	p. 188
The Nature and History of Alcohol	p. 189
Alcohol as a Drug	p. 189
Alcohol as a Social Drug	p. 190
Impact of Alcohol	p. 190
The Properties of Alcohol	p. 191
The Physical Effects of Alcohol	p. 192
Alcohol and Tolerance	p. 194
Alcohol Metabolism	p. 195
Polydrug Use	p. 195
Short-Term Effects	p. 195
Dependence	p. 197
The Effects of Alcohol on Organ Systems and Bodily Functions	p. 198
Brain and Nervous System	p. 198
Liver	p. 199
Digestive System	p. 200
Blood	p. 200
Cardiovascular System	p. 201
Sexual Organs	p. 202
Endocrine System	p. 202
Kidneys	p. 202
Mental Disorders and Damage to the Brain	p. 202
The Fetus	p. 202
Gender Differences	p. 203
Malnutrition	p. 203
Alcohol: A Behavioral Perspective	p. 208
Introduction	p. 210
Alcohol Consumption in the United States	p. 210
Current Statistics and Trends in Alcohol Consumption	p. 211
Percentages of the Drinking Population: A Pyramid Model	p. 212
Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse	p. 218
History of Alcohol in America	p. 220
Drinking Patterns	p. 220
Historical Considerations	p. 221
Defining Alcoholics	p. 221
Cultural Differences	p. 225
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism	p. 226
Types of Alcoholics	p. 226
Cultural Influences	p. 227
Culture and Drinking Behavior	p. 228
Culture and Disinhibited Behavior	p. 229
Culture Provides Rules for Drinking Behavior	p. 230
Culture Provides Ceremonial Meaning for Alcohol Use	p. 230
Culture Provides Models of Alcoholism	p. 230
Cultural Stereotypes of Drinking Patterns May Be Misleading	p. 231
Culture Provides Attitudes Regarding Alcohol Consumption	p. 232
College and University Students and Alcohol Use	p. 233
Binge Drinking	p. 234
Gender and Collegiate Alcohol Use	p. 235
Alcohol Consumption Patterns of Women	p. 235
The Role of Alcohol in Domestic Violence	p. 237
Alcohol and Sex	p. 238
Alcohol and the Family: Destructive Types of Support and Organizations for Victims of Alcoholics	p. 238
Codependency and Enabling	p. 238
Children of Alcoholics (COAs) and Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs)	p. 239
Treatment of Alcoholism	p. 239
Getting Through Withdrawal	p. 240
Helping the Alcoholic Family Recover	p. 241
Narcotics (Opioids)	p. 250
Introduction	p. 252
What Are Narcotics?	p. 252
The History of Narcotics	p. 252
Opium in China	p. 252
American Opium Use	p. 254
Pharmacological Effects	p. 256
Narcotic Analgesics	p. 256
Other Therapeutic Uses	p. 257
Mechanisms of Action	p. 258
Side Effects	p. 258
Abuse, Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal	p. 258
Heroin Abuse	p. 259
Treatment of Heroin and Other Narcotic Dependence	p. 265
Other Narcotics	p. 268
Morphine	p. 268
Methadone	p. 269
Fentanyls	p. 269
Hydromorphone	p. 270
Oxycodone (OxyContin)	p. 270
Meperidine	p. 271
Buprenorphine	p. 271
MPTP: A "Designer" Tragedy	p. 271
Codeine	p. 272
Pentazocine	p. 272
Propoxyphene	p. 272
Narcotic-Related Drugs	p. 272
Dextromethorphan	p. 272
Clonidine	p. 273
Naloxone/Naltrexone	p. 274
Stimulants	p. 280
Introduction	p. 282
Major Stimulants	p. 282
Amphetamines	p. 282
Cocaine	p. 294
Current Attitudes and Patterns of Abuse	p. 299
Minor Stimulants	p. 308
Caffeinelike Drugs (Xanthines)	p. 308
OTC Sympathomimetics	p. 313
Herbal Stimulants	p. 313
Tobacco	p. 322
Tobacco Use: Scope of the Problem	p. 324
Current Tobacco Use in the United States	p. 324
The History of Tobacco Use	p. 325
Popularity in the Western World	p. 325
History of Tobacco Use in America	p. 326
Phamacology of Nicotine	p. 330
Nicotine Administration	p. 330
Effects on the Central Nervous System	p. 330
Other Effects of Nicotine	p. 330
Clove Cigarettes	p. 336
Cigarette Smoking: A Costly Addiction	p. 336
Mortality Rates	p. 336
Chronic Illnesses	p. 337
Effects Without Smoking	p. 340
Effects on the Fetus	p. 340
Tobacco Use Without Smoking	p. 341
Environmental Tobacco Smoke	p. 342
Who Smokes?	p. 342
Reasons for Smoking	p. 343
The Motivation Not to Smoke	p. 343
Alternative Activities for Successfully Quitting	p. 344
Smoking Cessation Aids	p. 344
Social Issues: Looking to the Future	p. 346
Tobacco as a Gateway Drug	p. 346
Smoking Prohibition Versus Smokers' Rights	p. 347
Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)	p. 352
Introduction	p. 354
The History of Hallucinogen Use	p. 354
The Native American Church	p. 355
Timothy Leary and the League of Spiritual Discovery	p. 355
Hallucinogen Use Today	p. 356
The Nature of Hallucinogens	p. 356
Sensory and Psychological Effects	p. 357
Mechanisms of Action	p. 359
Types of Hallucinogenic Agents	p. 359
Traditional Hallucinogens: LSD Types	p. 360
Phenylethylamine Hallucinogens	p. 368
Anticholinergic Hallucinogens	p. 370
Other Hallucinogens	p. 372
Marijuana	p. 382
Introduction	p. 384
History and Trends in Marijuana Use	p. 385
Current Use of Marijuana	p. 388
Trends in Use	p. 390
Annual Use	p. 392
Perceived Harmfulness	p. 392
Disapproval	p. 392
Perceived Availability, Risk, and Use	p. 392
Marijuana: Is It the Assassin of Youth?	p. 293
Major Factors Affecting Marijuana Use	p. 393
Is Marijuana Really a Gateway Drug?	p. 394
Misperceptions of Marijuana Use	p. 395
Characteristics of Cannabis	p. 395
The Behavioral Effects of Marijuana Use	p. 397
The "High"	p. 397
Subjective Euphoric Effects	p. 398
Driving Performance	p. 400
Critical Thinking Skills	p. 401
Amotivational Syndrome	p. 401
Therapeutic Uses and the Controversy over Medical Marijuana Use	p. 403
The Physiological Effects of Marijuana Use	p. 407
Effects on the Central Nervous System	p. 407
Effects on the Respiratory System	p. 408
Effects on the Cardiovascular System	p. 408
Effects on Sexual Performance and Reproduction	p. 409
Tolerance and Dependence	p. 410
Chronic Use	p. 410
Inhalants	p. 418
Introduction	p. 420
History of Inhalants	p. 420
Types of Inhalants	p. 421
Volatile Substances	p. 421
Anesthetics	p. 423
Nitrites	p. 424
Current Patterns and Signs of Abuse	p. 424
Adolescent and Teenage Usage	p. 424
Gender, Race, Socioeconomics, and Abuse	p. 425
Signs of Inhalant Abuse	p. 426
Dangers of Inhalant Abuse	p. 426
Over-the-Counter (OTC), Prescription, and Herbal Drugs	p. 430
Introduction	p. 432
OTC Drugs	p. 432
Abuse of OTC Drugs	p. 432
Federal Regulation of OTC Drugs	p. 434
OTC Drugs and Self-Care	p. 434
Types of OTC Drugs	p. 436
OTC Herbal (Natural) Products	p. 448
Prescription Drugs	p. 451
Prescription Drug Abuse	p. 451
Proper Doctor-Patient Communication	p. 452
Drug Selection: Generic Versus Proprietary	p. 453
Common Categories of Prescription Drugs	p. 455
Common Principles of Drug Use	p. 462
Drug Use Within Major Subcultures	p. 468
Introduction	p. 470
Athletes and Drug Abuse	p. 471
Drugs Used by Athletes	p. 473
Prevention and Treatment	p. 482
Drug Use Among Women	p. 482
Women More Concerned About Drug Use Than Men	p. 483
Patterns of Drug Use: Comparing Females with Males	p. 483
Female Roles and Drug Addiction	p. 483
Women's Response to Drugs	p. 485
Treatment of Drug Dependency in Women	p. 488
Drug Use in Adolescent Subcultures	p. 489
Why Adolescents Use Drugs	p. 490
Patterns of Drug Use in Adolescents	p. 492
Adolescent versus Adult Drug Abuse	p. 493
Consequences and Coincidental Problems	p. 493
Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment of Adolescent Drug Problems	p. 498
Summary of Adolescent Drug Abuse	p. 500
Drug Use in College Student Subcultures	p. 501
Reasons for College Students' Drug Use	p. 501
Additional Noteworthy Findings Regarding Drug Use by College Students	p. 504
HIV and AIDS	p. 506
Nature of HIV Infection and Related Symptoms	p. 507
Diagnosis and Treatment	p. 507
Who Is at Risk for AIDS?	p. 510
AIDS and Drugs of Abuse	p. 512
Adolescents and AIDS	p. 513
What to Do About HIV and AIDS	p. 514
The Entertainment Industry and Drug Use	p. 515
More Recent Promoter of Drug Use: The Internet	p. 517
Drug Abuse Prevention	p. 526
Introduction	p. 528
Drug Prevention Programs	p. 530
Considering the Audience and Approach	p. 530
An Example of Drug Prevention at Central High in Elmtown	p. 532
Comprehensive Prevention Programs for Drug Use and Abuse	p. 531
Harm Reduction Model	p. 534
Community-Based Drug Prevention	p. 534
School-Based Drug Prevention	p. 535
Family-Based Prevention Programs	p. 538
Drug Prevention Programs in Higher Education	p. 539
Overview and Critique of Existing Prevention Programs	p. 539
Examples of Large-Scale Drug Prevention Programs	p. 541
BACCHUS and GAMMA Peer Education Network	p. 541
Fund for the Improvement of Post-secondary Education Drug Prevention Programs	p. 541
DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)	p. 543
Drug Courts	p. 543
Problems with Assessing the Success of Drug Prevention Programs	p. 546
Other Alternatives to Drug Use	p. 546
Meditation	p. 547
The Natural Mind Approach	p. 549
Treating Drug Dependence	p. 554
Treatment of Addiction	p. 556
Drug Addiction Treatment in the United States	p. 558
Therapeutic Strategies	p. 558
Historical Approaches	p. 558
General Therapeutic Strategies	p. 560
Specific Therapeutic Strategies	p. 561
Pharmacological Strategies	p. 562
Current Trends in Providing Treatment Services	p. 564
Appendices	p. 568
Index	p. 576
Photo Credits	p. 588
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