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9780120884254

The Earth's Ionosphere

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780120884254

  • ISBN10:

    0120884259

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2009-05-05
  • Publisher: Elsevier Science
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Summary

Weather in the ionosphere can threaten satellite communication and navigation that depend on waves that must traverse this commonly turbulent region of the atmosphere. Understanding and predicting this turbulence rests on comprehending the very topics of this book: the plasma physics and electrodynamics of the system.

Table of Contents

Prefacep. xiii
Introductory and Background Materialp. 1
Scope and Goals of the Textp. 1
Historical Perspectivep. 1
Organization and Limitationsp. 2
Structure of the Neutral Atmosphere and the Main Ionospherep. 4
D-Region Fundamentalsp. 10
The Earth's Magnetic Field and Magnetospherep. 16
Referencesp. 25
Fundamentals of Atmospheric, Ionospheric, and Magnetospheric Plasma Dynamicsp. 27
The Basic Fluid Equationsp. 27
Conservation of Massp. 28
Equation of Statep. 31
Momentum Equation for the Neutral Fluidp. 31
Momentum Equations for the Plasmap. 35
The Complete Equation Setsp. 36
Steady-State Ionospheric Plasma Motions Due to Applied Forcesp. 39
Generation of Electric Fieldsp. 47
Electric Field Mappingp. 48
Elements of Magnetospheric Physicsp. 54
The Guiding Center Equations and the Adiabatic Invariantsp. 54
Magnetohydrodynamicsp. 61
Are Ionospheric Electric Fields Real?p. 68
Coordinate Systemsp. 69
Referencesp. 70
Dynamics and Electrodynamics of the Equatorial Zonep. 71
Motions of the Equatorial F Region: The Databasep. 71
The Equatorial F-Region Dynamop. 76
E-Region Dynamo Theory and the Daytime Equatorial Electrojetp. 89
Further Complexities of Equatorial Electrodynamicsp. 99
The Prereversal Enhancementp. 99
High-Latitude Effects on the Equatorial Electric Fieldp. 102
Feedback Between Electrodynamics and Thermospheric Windsp. 113
Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric Dynamicsp. 119
Atmospheric Winds in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermospherep. 119
A Primer on Turbulence and the Turbopausep. 122
Referencesp. 125
Equatorial Plasma Instabilities and Mesospheric Turbulencep. 131
F-Region Plasma Instabilities: Observationsp. 131
Development and Initiation of Convective Equatorial Ionospheric Storms (a.k.a. Equatorial Spread F)p. 142
Linear Theory of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instabilityp. 142
The Generalized Rayleigh-Taylor Process: Electric Fields, Neutral Winds, and Horizontal Gradientsp. 149
The Seeding of Convective Ionospheric Storms by Gravity Wavesp. 152
Role of Velocity Shear in Convective Ionospheric Stormsp. 158
Summary of Linear Theory Resultsp. 159
Nonlinear Theories of Convective Ionospheric Stormsp. 160
Two-Dimensional Computer Simulationsp. 160
Simulations Including Seeding and Shearp. 164
Summary of Nonlinear Theory Resultsp. 168
Linkage of Large and Small Scales in CEISp. 169
Evidence for a Diffusive Subrangep. 169
The Diffusive Subrangep. 171
Toward a Unified Theory for the Convective Equatorial Ionospheric Storm Spectrump. 173
Convective Equatorial Ionospheric Storm Summaryp. 174
E-Region Plasma Instabilities: The Observational Data Basep. 175
Linear Theories of Electrojet Instabilitiesp. 187
Nonlinear Theories of Electrojet Instabilitiesp. 200
Two-Step Theories for Secondary Wavesp. 200
On the Observations That the Phase Velocity of Type I Equatorial Waves Is Independent of Anglep. 202
Nonlinear Gradient Drift Theoriesp. 203
Nonlinear Studies of Farley-Buneman (FB) Wavesp. 207
D-Region Turbulencep. 211
Future Directionsp. 213
Referencesp. 213
Hydro-and Electrodynamics of the Midlatitude Ionospherep. 221
Introduction to the Tropical and Midlatitude Ionospheresp. 221
Background Materialp. 221
On the Height of the Daytime F2 Layerp. 226
Equations Including Vertical Flux Without Winds or Electric Fieldsp. 227
F-Layer Solutions with Production, Diffusion, and Fluxp. 229
More General Nighttime Solutionsp. 230
The Appleton Anomaly: An Equatorial Electric Field Effectp. 232
The Corotation Electric Field and Formation of the Plasmaspherep. 234
Electric Fields in the Tropical and Midlatitude Zonep. 237
Electric Field Measurementsp. 237
Neutral Wind Effectsp. 242
Combined Effects of Electric Fields and Neutral Windsp. 244
Complexities of the Real Nighttime Tropical Ionospherep. 245
The Transition Zone Between Mid-and High Latitudesp. 254
Midlatitude Lower Thermosphere Dynamicsp. 256
Tidal Effectsp. 256
Wind Profilesp. 261
Referencesp. 264
Waves and Instabilities at Midlatitudesp. 267
Mesoscale Vertical Organization of Ionospheric Plasma: General Considerationsp. 267
Oscillations of the Neutral Atmospherep. 268
Role of Gravity Waves and Tides in Creating Vertical Ionospheric Structurep. 279
Effects of Particle Precipitation at Midlatitudesp. 286
Horizontal Structure in the Midlatitude Ionospherep. 289
Midlatitude F-Region Plasma Instabilitiesp. 293
F-Region Plasma Instabilities in the Equatorial Anomaly (Equatorial Arc) Regionp. 293
Local Midlatitude F-Region Plasma Instabilities: A New Processp. 302
Linear Theory for the Perkins Instabilityp. 308
Midlatitude E-Region Instabilitiesp. 312
Radiowave Observations of Nighttime Midlatitude E-Region Instabilitiesp. 312
Multiexperimental Observations of Midlatitude Structuresp. 319
Midlatitude E-Region Instabilities: Difficulties with Simple Explanationsp. 321
The Effect of a Wind Shear: The Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability as a Source of Q-P Echoesp. 323
The Role of Horizontal Structure: Amplification by the Cowling Effectp. 324
Spontaneous Structuring by the Es-Layer Instabilityp. 328
Coupling of Es Layers and the F Layerp. 330
The Wavelength Limiting Effect and Small-Scale Instabilitiesp. 333
Wind-Driven Thermal Instabilitiesp. 334
Referencesp. 336
Dynamics and Electrodynamics of the Mesospherep. 343
Noctilucent Clouds (NLC) and the Solstice Temperature Anomalyp. 343
Gravity Wave Breakingp. 346
The Polar Summer Mesosphere: A Wave-Driven Refrigeratorp. 348
New Observations of NLC and Related Phenomenap. 350
Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE)p. 353
The Role of Charged Icep. 360
On the Possible Relationship Between PMSE, NLC, and Atmospheric Changep. 362
Upward-Propagating Lightningp. 363
Nonlinear Mesospheric Wavesp. 366
Observationsp. 366
Analogy to a Hydraulic Jumpp. 368
Nonlinear Simulation of Mesospheric Boresp. 369
Referencesp. 373
High-Latitude Electrodynamicsp. 379
Electrical Coupling Between the Ionosphere, Magnetosphere, and Solar Windp. 379
General Relationshipsp. 379
A Qualitative Description of Convection for Southward IMFp. 381
Energy Transferp. 387
Additional Complexitiesp. 392
Observations of Ionospheric Convectionp. 395
Observations During Southward IMFp. 396
Observations During Northward IMFp. 400
Simple Models of Convection in the Magnetospherep. 403
Models for Southward IMFp. 404
Models for Northward IMFp. 411
Empirical and Analytical Representations of High-Latitude Convectionp. 412
Observations of Field-Aligned Currentsp. 417
Current Patterns for a Southward IMFp. 419
Current Patterns for a Northward IMFp. 421
Dependence on Magnetic Activity, IMF, and Seasonp. 422
Horizontal Currents at High Latitudesp. 423
Referencesp. 429
Ionospheric Response to Electric Fieldsp. 433
Ionospheric Effects of Parallel Plasma Dynamicsp. 433
Ionospheric Composition at High Latitudesp. 433
Hydrodynamic Theory of the Polar Windp. 435
Ionospheric Effects of Perpendicular Plasma Dynamicsp. 440
The Role of Horizontal Transportp. 440
Ion Heating Due to Collisionsp. 445
Velocity-Dependent Recombinationp. 449
Positive and Negative Ionospheric Stormsp. 450
Electrodynamic Forcing of the Neutral Atmospherep. 451
J x B Forcingp. 451
Global Observations and Simulationsp. 456
Particle Acceleration in the Topside Ionospherep. 459
Parallel Electric Fields in the Upper Ionospherep. 459
Ion Outflows and Perpendicular Ion Accelerationp. 462
Summaryp. 465
Referencesp. 465
Instabilities and Structures in the High-Latitude Ionospherep. 469
Planetary and Large-Scale Structures in the High-Latitude F Regionp. 469
Convection and Production as Sources of Planetary Scale Structure in the High-Latitude Ionospherep. 470
Some Effects of Plasma Transport and Loss on the Large-Scale Horizontal Structure of the Ionospherep. 471
Longitudinal Structures Due to Localized Sub-Auroral Electric Fieldsp. 476
Temperature Enhancements in the Trough and Stable Auroral Red Arcsp. 480
Horizontal Plasma Variations Due to Localized Plasma Production and Heatingp. 480
Summaryp. 490
Intermediate-Scale Structure in the High-Latitude F Regionp. 490
The Generalized E x B Instability at High Latitudesp. 490
Turbulent Mixing as an Alternative to Plasma Instabilitiesp. 499
Diffusion and Image Formationp. 502
Small-Scale Waves in the High-Latitude F Regionp. 510
E-Region Layering at High Latitudesp. 515
Plasma Waves and Irregularities in the High-Latitude E Region: Observationsp. 516
Radar Observationsp. 518
Rocket Observations of Auroral Electrojet Instabilitiesp. 519
Simultaneous Data Setsp. 523
Summaryp. 526
Linear Auroral Electrojet Wave Theoriesp. 526
The Gradient Drift Instabilityp. 528
The Two-Stream Instability and Type 4 Radar Echoesp. 532
Type 3 Radar Echoes: Are They Due to Ion Cyclotron Waves?p. 533
Nonlinear Theoriesp. 536
Summaryp. 538
Referencesp. 538
Indexp. 545
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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