What is included with this book?
Preface | p. xiii |
Introductory and Background Material | p. 1 |
Scope and Goals of the Text | p. 1 |
Historical Perspective | p. 1 |
Organization and Limitations | p. 2 |
Structure of the Neutral Atmosphere and the Main Ionosphere | p. 4 |
D-Region Fundamentals | p. 10 |
The Earth's Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere | p. 16 |
References | p. 25 |
Fundamentals of Atmospheric, Ionospheric, and Magnetospheric Plasma Dynamics | p. 27 |
The Basic Fluid Equations | p. 27 |
Conservation of Mass | p. 28 |
Equation of State | p. 31 |
Momentum Equation for the Neutral Fluid | p. 31 |
Momentum Equations for the Plasma | p. 35 |
The Complete Equation Sets | p. 36 |
Steady-State Ionospheric Plasma Motions Due to Applied Forces | p. 39 |
Generation of Electric Fields | p. 47 |
Electric Field Mapping | p. 48 |
Elements of Magnetospheric Physics | p. 54 |
The Guiding Center Equations and the Adiabatic Invariants | p. 54 |
Magnetohydrodynamics | p. 61 |
Are Ionospheric Electric Fields Real? | p. 68 |
Coordinate Systems | p. 69 |
References | p. 70 |
Dynamics and Electrodynamics of the Equatorial Zone | p. 71 |
Motions of the Equatorial F Region: The Database | p. 71 |
The Equatorial F-Region Dynamo | p. 76 |
E-Region Dynamo Theory and the Daytime Equatorial Electrojet | p. 89 |
Further Complexities of Equatorial Electrodynamics | p. 99 |
The Prereversal Enhancement | p. 99 |
High-Latitude Effects on the Equatorial Electric Field | p. 102 |
Feedback Between Electrodynamics and Thermospheric Winds | p. 113 |
Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric Dynamics | p. 119 |
Atmospheric Winds in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere | p. 119 |
A Primer on Turbulence and the Turbopause | p. 122 |
References | p. 125 |
Equatorial Plasma Instabilities and Mesospheric Turbulence | p. 131 |
F-Region Plasma Instabilities: Observations | p. 131 |
Development and Initiation of Convective Equatorial Ionospheric Storms (a.k.a. Equatorial Spread F) | p. 142 |
Linear Theory of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability | p. 142 |
The Generalized Rayleigh-Taylor Process: Electric Fields, Neutral Winds, and Horizontal Gradients | p. 149 |
The Seeding of Convective Ionospheric Storms by Gravity Waves | p. 152 |
Role of Velocity Shear in Convective Ionospheric Storms | p. 158 |
Summary of Linear Theory Results | p. 159 |
Nonlinear Theories of Convective Ionospheric Storms | p. 160 |
Two-Dimensional Computer Simulations | p. 160 |
Simulations Including Seeding and Shear | p. 164 |
Summary of Nonlinear Theory Results | p. 168 |
Linkage of Large and Small Scales in CEIS | p. 169 |
Evidence for a Diffusive Subrange | p. 169 |
The Diffusive Subrange | p. 171 |
Toward a Unified Theory for the Convective Equatorial Ionospheric Storm Spectrum | p. 173 |
Convective Equatorial Ionospheric Storm Summary | p. 174 |
E-Region Plasma Instabilities: The Observational Data Base | p. 175 |
Linear Theories of Electrojet Instabilities | p. 187 |
Nonlinear Theories of Electrojet Instabilities | p. 200 |
Two-Step Theories for Secondary Waves | p. 200 |
On the Observations That the Phase Velocity of Type I Equatorial Waves Is Independent of Angle | p. 202 |
Nonlinear Gradient Drift Theories | p. 203 |
Nonlinear Studies of Farley-Buneman (FB) Waves | p. 207 |
D-Region Turbulence | p. 211 |
Future Directions | p. 213 |
References | p. 213 |
Hydro-and Electrodynamics of the Midlatitude Ionosphere | p. 221 |
Introduction to the Tropical and Midlatitude Ionospheres | p. 221 |
Background Material | p. 221 |
On the Height of the Daytime F2 Layer | p. 226 |
Equations Including Vertical Flux Without Winds or Electric Fields | p. 227 |
F-Layer Solutions with Production, Diffusion, and Flux | p. 229 |
More General Nighttime Solutions | p. 230 |
The Appleton Anomaly: An Equatorial Electric Field Effect | p. 232 |
The Corotation Electric Field and Formation of the Plasmasphere | p. 234 |
Electric Fields in the Tropical and Midlatitude Zone | p. 237 |
Electric Field Measurements | p. 237 |
Neutral Wind Effects | p. 242 |
Combined Effects of Electric Fields and Neutral Winds | p. 244 |
Complexities of the Real Nighttime Tropical Ionosphere | p. 245 |
The Transition Zone Between Mid-and High Latitudes | p. 254 |
Midlatitude Lower Thermosphere Dynamics | p. 256 |
Tidal Effects | p. 256 |
Wind Profiles | p. 261 |
References | p. 264 |
Waves and Instabilities at Midlatitudes | p. 267 |
Mesoscale Vertical Organization of Ionospheric Plasma: General Considerations | p. 267 |
Oscillations of the Neutral Atmosphere | p. 268 |
Role of Gravity Waves and Tides in Creating Vertical Ionospheric Structure | p. 279 |
Effects of Particle Precipitation at Midlatitudes | p. 286 |
Horizontal Structure in the Midlatitude Ionosphere | p. 289 |
Midlatitude F-Region Plasma Instabilities | p. 293 |
F-Region Plasma Instabilities in the Equatorial Anomaly (Equatorial Arc) Region | p. 293 |
Local Midlatitude F-Region Plasma Instabilities: A New Process | p. 302 |
Linear Theory for the Perkins Instability | p. 308 |
Midlatitude E-Region Instabilities | p. 312 |
Radiowave Observations of Nighttime Midlatitude E-Region Instabilities | p. 312 |
Multiexperimental Observations of Midlatitude Structures | p. 319 |
Midlatitude E-Region Instabilities: Difficulties with Simple Explanations | p. 321 |
The Effect of a Wind Shear: The Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability as a Source of Q-P Echoes | p. 323 |
The Role of Horizontal Structure: Amplification by the Cowling Effect | p. 324 |
Spontaneous Structuring by the Es-Layer Instability | p. 328 |
Coupling of Es Layers and the F Layer | p. 330 |
The Wavelength Limiting Effect and Small-Scale Instabilities | p. 333 |
Wind-Driven Thermal Instabilities | p. 334 |
References | p. 336 |
Dynamics and Electrodynamics of the Mesosphere | p. 343 |
Noctilucent Clouds (NLC) and the Solstice Temperature Anomaly | p. 343 |
Gravity Wave Breaking | p. 346 |
The Polar Summer Mesosphere: A Wave-Driven Refrigerator | p. 348 |
New Observations of NLC and Related Phenomena | p. 350 |
Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE) | p. 353 |
The Role of Charged Ice | p. 360 |
On the Possible Relationship Between PMSE, NLC, and Atmospheric Change | p. 362 |
Upward-Propagating Lightning | p. 363 |
Nonlinear Mesospheric Waves | p. 366 |
Observations | p. 366 |
Analogy to a Hydraulic Jump | p. 368 |
Nonlinear Simulation of Mesospheric Bores | p. 369 |
References | p. 373 |
High-Latitude Electrodynamics | p. 379 |
Electrical Coupling Between the Ionosphere, Magnetosphere, and Solar Wind | p. 379 |
General Relationships | p. 379 |
A Qualitative Description of Convection for Southward IMF | p. 381 |
Energy Transfer | p. 387 |
Additional Complexities | p. 392 |
Observations of Ionospheric Convection | p. 395 |
Observations During Southward IMF | p. 396 |
Observations During Northward IMF | p. 400 |
Simple Models of Convection in the Magnetosphere | p. 403 |
Models for Southward IMF | p. 404 |
Models for Northward IMF | p. 411 |
Empirical and Analytical Representations of High-Latitude Convection | p. 412 |
Observations of Field-Aligned Currents | p. 417 |
Current Patterns for a Southward IMF | p. 419 |
Current Patterns for a Northward IMF | p. 421 |
Dependence on Magnetic Activity, IMF, and Season | p. 422 |
Horizontal Currents at High Latitudes | p. 423 |
References | p. 429 |
Ionospheric Response to Electric Fields | p. 433 |
Ionospheric Effects of Parallel Plasma Dynamics | p. 433 |
Ionospheric Composition at High Latitudes | p. 433 |
Hydrodynamic Theory of the Polar Wind | p. 435 |
Ionospheric Effects of Perpendicular Plasma Dynamics | p. 440 |
The Role of Horizontal Transport | p. 440 |
Ion Heating Due to Collisions | p. 445 |
Velocity-Dependent Recombination | p. 449 |
Positive and Negative Ionospheric Storms | p. 450 |
Electrodynamic Forcing of the Neutral Atmosphere | p. 451 |
J x B Forcing | p. 451 |
Global Observations and Simulations | p. 456 |
Particle Acceleration in the Topside Ionosphere | p. 459 |
Parallel Electric Fields in the Upper Ionosphere | p. 459 |
Ion Outflows and Perpendicular Ion Acceleration | p. 462 |
Summary | p. 465 |
References | p. 465 |
Instabilities and Structures in the High-Latitude Ionosphere | p. 469 |
Planetary and Large-Scale Structures in the High-Latitude F Region | p. 469 |
Convection and Production as Sources of Planetary Scale Structure in the High-Latitude Ionosphere | p. 470 |
Some Effects of Plasma Transport and Loss on the Large-Scale Horizontal Structure of the Ionosphere | p. 471 |
Longitudinal Structures Due to Localized Sub-Auroral Electric Fields | p. 476 |
Temperature Enhancements in the Trough and Stable Auroral Red Arcs | p. 480 |
Horizontal Plasma Variations Due to Localized Plasma Production and Heating | p. 480 |
Summary | p. 490 |
Intermediate-Scale Structure in the High-Latitude F Region | p. 490 |
The Generalized E x B Instability at High Latitudes | p. 490 |
Turbulent Mixing as an Alternative to Plasma Instabilities | p. 499 |
Diffusion and Image Formation | p. 502 |
Small-Scale Waves in the High-Latitude F Region | p. 510 |
E-Region Layering at High Latitudes | p. 515 |
Plasma Waves and Irregularities in the High-Latitude E Region: Observations | p. 516 |
Radar Observations | p. 518 |
Rocket Observations of Auroral Electrojet Instabilities | p. 519 |
Simultaneous Data Sets | p. 523 |
Summary | p. 526 |
Linear Auroral Electrojet Wave Theories | p. 526 |
The Gradient Drift Instability | p. 528 |
The Two-Stream Instability and Type 4 Radar Echoes | p. 532 |
Type 3 Radar Echoes: Are They Due to Ion Cyclotron Waves? | p. 533 |
Nonlinear Theories | p. 536 |
Summary | p. 538 |
References | p. 538 |
Index | p. 545 |
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