Ecology of Fresh Waters: Man and Medium, Past to Future, 3rd Edition

by Brian Moss (University of Liverpool)

• ISBN13: 9780632035120
• ISBN10: 0632035129
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-08-01
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

This established textbook continues to provide a comprehensive and stimulating introduction to rivers, lakes and wetlands, and was written as the basis for a complete course on freshwater ecology. Designed for undergraduate and early postgraduate students who wish to gain an overall view of this vast subject area, this accessible guide to freshwater ecosystems and man's activities will also be invaluable to anyone interested in the integrated management of freshwaters. The author maintains the tradition of clarity and conciseness set by previous editions, and the text is extensively illustrated with photographs and diagrams. Examples are drawn from the author's experience in many parts of the world.In this edition, the scientific content of the text has been fully revised and updated. Emphasis has been placed on human impacts, and a completely new chapter has been added on the future of freshwaters. Balanced and stimulating introduction to limnology. Successfully combines fundamental and applied aspects of integrated management of freshwaters, with strong emphasis on human links. Completely revised and rewritten with a threefold increase in the number of illustrations. New chapter on the future of freshwaters. Of interest to undergraduates, beginning postgraduates and any limnologically interested reader.

Table of Contents

Preface and Acknowledgements	xv
1 Introduction: the Pantanal	1	(13)
1.1 The environmental theatre	1	(1)
1.2 The evolutionary play	2	(1)
1.3 The freshwater part of the stage	3	(1)
1.4 The Pantanal	4	(9)
1.4.1 The physical and chemical environment	4	(2)
1.4.2 Biogeography of the Pantanal	6	(3)
1.4.3 The present biota	9	(1)
1.4.4 Community structure	10	(1)
1.4.5 Vertebrates other than fish	10	(1)
1.4.6 Humans	11	(2)
1.5 End of the overture	13	(1)
2 On Living in Water	14	(22)
2.1 Properties of water	15	(5)
2.1.1 Physical properties	15	(2)
2.1.2 Water as a solvent	17	(2)
2.1.3 Solubility of non-ionic compounds	19	(1)
2.2 Land and water habitats and the evolution of aquatic organisms	20	(8)
2.2.1 Physiological problems of living in water	21	(1)
2.2.2 Brackish and freshwater invertebrates	22	(1)
2.2.3 Osmotic relationships in vertebrates	23	(1)
2.2.4 Colonization of fresh waters from the land	24	(2)
2.2.5 Respiration in water	26	(1)
2.2.6 Invertebrate air breathers in fresh waters	27	(1)
2.3 Time and fleetingness -- a fundamental difference between freshwater and marine ecosystems	28	(8)
2.3.1 Low diversity and the colonization of fresh waters	28	(3)
2.3.2 Evolution in freshwater habitats	31	(1)
2.3.3 Evolution in tropical African lakes	31	(5)
3 From Atmosphere to Stream: the Chemical Birth of Fresh Waters	36	(41)
3.1 Dissolving of atmospheric gases and the acidity of rain	36	(1)
3.1.1 Carbon dioxide and sulphur gases	36	(1)
3.2 Contribution of sea spray to rain	37	(1)
3.3 Atmospheric pollution	37	(7)
3.3.1 Carbon and sulphur	37	(2)
3.3.2 Nitrogen	39	(2)
3.3.3 Acid precipitation	41	(1)
3.3.4 Nutrients delivered by the atmosphere	41	(1)
3.3.5 Models of nitrogen deposition	42	(2)
3.4 The composition of water draining from the catchments	44	(8)
3.4.1 A chemical catalogue for runoff waters	44	(3)
3.4.2 Rock weathering	47	(1)
3.4.3 Weathering of igneous rocks	47	(2)
3.4.4 Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks	49	(1)
3.4.5 Weathering of sedimentary rocks	49	(2)
3.4.6 Links between geology and water chemistry	51	(1)
3.5 Effects of soil development and vegetation on the chemistry of drainage waters	52	(11)
3.5.1 Nitrogen fixation	53	(1)
3.5.2 Storage in the plant biomass	54	(6)
3.5.3 Vegetation and the supply of suspended silt and dissolved and suspended organic matter to drainage waters	60	(1)
3.5.4 Particulate organic matter	60	(1)
3.5.5 Dissolved organic matter	61	(1)
3.5.6 Labile organic compounds	62	(1)
3.6 Effects of human activities on the composition of drainage waters	63	(12)
3.6.1 Agriculture	63	(2)
3.6.2 Catchment planning and export-coefficient models	65	(3)
3.6.3 Agricultural chemicals other than nutrients	68	(2)
3.6.4 Settlement	70	(1)
3.6.5 Industry	71	(2)
3.6.6 Disposal and consents	73	(2)
3.6.7 Industrial atmospheric sources	75	(1)
3.7 The water rolls downhill	75	(2)
4 Erosive Streams and Rivers	77	(46)
4.1 Introduction	77	(3)
4.1.1 A model stream	77	(3)
4.2 Upland streams -- three general questions	80	(6)
4.2.1 On the rocks	80	(3)
4.2.2 Adaptation to moving water	83	(1)
4.2.3 Drift	84	(2)
4.3 Sources of food and energy flow in erosive streams	86	(18)
4.3.1 Hot-spring streams	86	(3)
4.3.2 Streams in wooded catchments -- Bear Brook	89	(3)
4.3.3 Mechanics of processing of organic matter in woodland streams	92	(1)
4.3.4 The shredders	92	(2)
4.3.5 Collectors, scrapers and carnivores	94	(2)
4.3.6 New Zealand streams	96	(3)
4.3.7 Fish in upland streams	99	(2)
4.3.8 The Atlantic salmon	101	(1)
4.3.9 Animal production in streams	102	(2)
4.4 Stream communities	104	(5)
4.4.1 Do distinct stream communities exist?	105	(3)
4.4.2 Competition in structuring stream communities	108	(1)
4.5 Erosive streams and human activities	109	(3)
4.5.1 River blindness and the Blandford fly	109	(1)
4.5.2 Game fisheries	110	(2)
4.6 Alterations to upland streams by human activities	112	(11)
4.6.1 Acidification	112	(4)
4.6.2 Changes in land use	116	(2)
4.6.3 Physical alteration of the streams	118	(2)
4.6.4 River-regulating reservoirs	120	(1)
4.6.5 Alterations of the fish community by man	121	(2)
5 Lowland Rivers, their Floodplains and Wetlands	123	(73)
5.1 Submerged plants	123	(4)
5.2 Growth of submerged plants	127	(3)
5.3 Methods of measuring the primary productivity of submerged plants	130	(4)
5.3.1 Whole-community methods	130	(1)
5.3.2 Enclosure methods	131	(3)
5.4 Submerged plants and the river ecosystem	134	(4)
5.4.1 Plant-bed management in rivers	134	(2)
5.4.2 Ecotoxicology -- the testing of potentially hazardous chemicals	136	(2)
5.5 Further downstream -- swamps and flood-plains	138	(6)
5.5.1 Productivity of swamps and flood-plain marshes	138	(1)
5.5.2 Swamp soils and the fate of the high primary production	139	(1)
5.5.3 Oxygen supply and soil chemistry in swamps	140	(3)
5.5.4 Emergent plants and flooded soils	143	(1)
5.6 Swamp and marsh animals	144	(5)
5.6.1 Whitefish and blackfish	145	(4)
5.7 Human societies of floodplains	149	(5)
5.7.1 Tolerators -- the marsh Arabs	149	(1)
5.7.2 Migrators -- the Nuer of southern Sudan	150	(4)
5.8 Floodplain fisheries	154	(2)
5.9 Modification of floodplain ecosystems	156	(8)
5.9.1 Wetland values	156	(2)
5.9.2 Swamps and nutrient retention -- reed-bed treatment	158	(2)
5.9.3 Floodplain swamps and human diseases	160	(4)
5.10 Drainage and other alterations to floodplain ecosystems	164	(15)
5.10.1 The Florida Everglades	164	(6)
5.10.2 Drainage and river management in temperate regions	170	(2)
5.10.3 River restoration	172	(1)
5.10.4 Approaches and methods of river and floodplain restoration	173	(6)
5.11 Lowland river channels	179	(11)
5.11.1 Pollution by organic matter	180	(1)
5.11.2 Sewage treatment	181	(3)
5.11.3 Pollution monitoring	184	(3)
5.11.4 The river invertebrate prediction and classification system	187	(1)
5.11.5 Current problems of river pollution	187	(1)
5.11.6 Heavy metals	188	(2)
5.11.7 Problems in pollution management	190	(1)
5.12 Interbasin transfer and water needs	190	(6)
5.12.1 The Jonglei Canal	191	(1)
5.12.2 Assessment of the water needs of donor rivers when transfers are proposed	192	(4)
6 Lakes, Pools and Other Standing Waters: Some Basic Features of their Productivity	196	(71)
6.1 Exorheic lakes	198	(4)
6.2 The essential features and parts of a lake	202	(30)
6.2.1 Light availability	202	(3)
6.2.2 The euphotic zone	205	(2)
6.2.3 Thermal stratification and the structure of water masses	207	(5)
6.2.4 Key nutrients	212	(1)
6.2.5 Nutrient `limitation'	213	(2)
6.2.6 How the total phosphorus or nitrogen concentrations of a lake come about	215	(1)
6.2.7 Demonstration of catchment dependence	216	(1)
6.2.8 Consequences of thermal stratification	217	(3)
6.2.9 Consequences for water chemistry	220	(2)
6.2.10 Sediment and the oxidized microzone	222	(1)
6.2.11 Shallow lakes, tropical lakes and other scenarios	223	(4)
6.2.12 Aquatic plant communities and the morphometry of basins	227	(1)
6.2.13 Alternative stable states in shallow lakes	228	(4)
6.3 General models of lake production	232	(3)
6.3.1 Models incorporating other features	234	(1)
6.4 Eutrophication and acidification -- human-induced changes in the production of lakes	235	(20)
6.4.1 Eutrophication	235	(3)
6.4.2 Eutrophication in the tropics -- Lake Victoria	238	(2)
6.4.3 Solving the eutrophication problem	240	(1)
6.4.4 What are the present supplies of phosphorus and their relative contribution?	241	(1)
6.4.5 Relationship of the phosphorus concentration to the algal crop	242	(1)
6.4.6 Methods available for reducing total phosphorus loads	243	(4)
6.4.7 In-lake methods	247	(1)
6.4.8 Complications for phosphorus control -- sediment sources	248	(3)
6.4.9 Shallow-lake restoration	251	(2)
6.4.10 Twists in the tails	253	(2)
6.5 Acidification	255	(5)
6.5.1 Remediation	255	(2)
6.5.2 Targets	257	(3)
6.6 Variations on the theme -- other standing waters	260	(7)
6.6.1 Rainwater pools	260	(1)
6.6.2 Meromictic lakes	261	(2)
6.6.3 Endorheic lakes	263	(4)
7 The Plankton and Fish Communities of the Open Water of Lakes	267	(67)
7.1 The structure of the plankton community	267	(2)
7.2 Phytoplankton	269	(20)
7.2.1 Photosynthesis and growth of phytoplankton	273	(3)
7.2.2 Net production and growth	276	(1)
7.2.3 Nutrient uptake and growth rates of phytoplankton	277	(2)
7.2.4 Distribution of freshwater phytoplankton	279	(1)
7.2.5 The desmid plankton	280	(4)
7.2.6 Washout, mixing and stratification	284	(1)
7.2.7 Blue-green algal blooms	284	(3)
7.2.8 Phytoplankton communities, toxic algae and drinking-water	287	(2)
7.3 Microconsumers of the phytoplankton -- bacteria	289	(1)
7.4 Protozoa and fungi	290	(1)
7.5 Zooplankton	291	(14)
7.5.1 Grazing	294	(3)
7.5.2 Feeding and grazing rates of zooplankton	297	(1)
7.5.3 Competition among grazers	298	(1)
7.5.4 Predation in the zooplankton	299	(6)
7.6 Fish in the open-water community	305	(10)
7.6.1 Predation on the zooplankton and fish production	308	(1)
7.6.2 Predation by fish and the composition of zooplankton communities	309	(2)
7.6.3 Predator avoidance by the zooplankton	311	(2)
7.6.4 Piscivores and piscivory	313	(1)
7.6.5 A key role for Daphnia	314	(1)
7.7 Functioning of the open-water community	315	(4)
7.7.1 Cycling of phosphorus in the plankton	315	(2)
7.7.2 The nitrogen cycle in the plankton	317	(2)
7.8 Seasonal changes in the plankton	319	(6)
7.8.1 Mechanisms underlying algal periodicity	322	(3)
7.9 Practical applications of plankton biology: treatment of eutrophication by biomanipulation in deep lakes	325	(9)
7.9.1 Experiments on whole lakes	328	(3)
7.9.2 Scope of biomanipulation	331	(3)
8 The Littoral and Profundal Communities of Lakes	334	(52)
8.1 A variety of habitats	334	(4)
8.2 Submerged plant communities in lakes	338	(12)
8.2.1 Microbial communities in plant beds	341	(1)
8.2.2 Epiphytic algae	341	(4)
8.2.3 Invertebrates	345	(5)
8.3 Competition between submerged plants and phytoplankton	350	(8)
8.3.1 Consequences of the loss of aquatic plants	352	(2)
8.3.2 Restoration of shallow lakes back to plant dominance	354	(2)
8.3.3 Ponds and pond loss	356	(2)
8.4 Bare rocks and sandy littoral habitats	358	(9)
8.4.1 Distribution of triclads in the British Isles	359	(2)
8.4.2 Rocky-shore communities	361	(2)
8.4.3 Specialization in the rocky littoral	363	(2)
8.4.4 Sandy shores	365	(1)
8.4.5 Zebra mussels -- a problem	366	(1)
8.5 Relationships between the littoral zone and the open water	367	(3)
8.6 The profundal benthos	370	(8)
8.6.1 Biology of selected benthic invertebrates	373	(4)
8.6.2 What the sediment-living invertebrates really eat	377	(1)
8.7 Influence of the open-water community on the profundal benthos	378	(8)
9 Fish and Fisheries in Lakes	386	(42)
9.1 Some basic fish biology	386	(10)
9.1.1 Eggs	388	(1)
9.1.2 Feeding	389	(2)
9.1.3 Breeding	391	(5)
9.2 Choice of fish for a fishery	396	(3)
9.3 Measurement of fish production	399	(5)
9.3.1 Growth measurement	401	(2)
9.3.2 Fish production in lakes	403	(1)
9.4 Commercial fisheries	404	(3)
9.5 The North Buvuma Island fishery	407	(4)
9.5.1 Estimation of t(b), F(b) and M(b) for the Buvuma Oreochromis fishery	408	(3)
9.6 Approximate methods for yield assessment	411	(2)
9.7 Changes in fisheries	413	(10)
9.7.1 The North American Great Lakes	413	(3)
9.7.2 The East African Great Lakes	416	(7)
9.8 Fish culture	423	(1)
9.9 Still-water angling	424	(4)
10 The Birth, Development and Extinction of Lakes	428	(45)
10.1 Introduction	428	(2)
10.2 Man-made lakes	430	(8)
10.2.1 Fisheries in new tropical lakes	434	(1)
10.2.2 Effects downstream of the new lake	434	(1)
10.2.3 New tropical lakes and human populations	436	(1)
10.2.4 Man-made tropical lakes -- the balance of pros and cons	436	(2)
10.3 The development of lake ecosystems	438	(6)
10.3.1 Dating the sediment	439	(2)
10.3.2 Radiometric-decay techniques	441	(1)
10.3.3 Non-radiometric-decay methods	442	(2)
10.4 Sources of information in sediments	444	(11)
10.4.1 Chemistry	444	(4)
10.4.2 Fossils	448	(2)
10.4.3 Diatom remains	450	(3)
10.4.4 Pollen	453	(1)
10.4.5 General problems of interpretation of evidence from sediment cores	454	(1)
10.5 Examples of lake development	455	(13)
10.5.1 Blea Tarn, English Lake District	455	(2)
10.5.2 Esthwaite	457	(3)
10.5.3 Pickerel Lake	460	(2)
10.5.4 White Mere	462	(2)
10.5.5 Lago di Monterosi	464	(2)
10.5.6 Lake Valencia	466	(2)
10.6 Filling in of shallow lakes	468	(3)
10.6.1 Tarn Moss, Malham	468	(3)
10.7 Patterns in the development of lakes and the concept of natural eutrophication	471	(2)
11 Fresh Waters, the World and the Future	473	(28)
11.1 Introduction	473	(7)
11.1.1 Population, food supply and water	476	(2)
11.1.2 Resource use and water	478	(1)
11.1.3 Technology and water	479	(1)
11.2 Trends in freshwater science	480	(5)
11.2.1 New genetic technologies	480	(1)
11.2.2 Ecotoxicology	481	(2)
11.2.3 Levels of approach	483	(2)
11.3 Advances in monitoring techniques	485	(2)
11.4 Solving the problems	487	(6)
11.4.1 Treaties	488	(4)
11.4.2 Consequences of evolution?	492	(1)
11.5 Alternative states and human societies	493	(8)
11.5.1 The future	498	(3)
References	501	(32)
Index	533
Colour plates fall between pp. 144 and 145