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9781405161824

The Economics of Gender

by
  • ISBN13:

    9781405161824

  • ISBN10:

    1405161825

  • Edition: 3rd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2007-02-27
  • Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

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Summary

What role does gender play in relation to economic opportunities, activities, and rewards? The Economics of Gender offers a comprehensive, balanced, and up-to-date introduction to this important topic in labor economics. With a strong focus on US patterns, but utilizing an international comparative perspective, this text closely examines the evolution of these frameworks, and analyzes the ways in which they are impacted by race, ethnicity, and class. Real-life examples and anecdotes enliven the text as it encompasses crucial topics for a thorough understanding of the field, including the pros and cons of various policies, such as comparable worth and welfare programs. Helpful appendices provide additional information for readers who have little experience with economics, while simultaneously providing further detail for the economically sophisticated.Clear, readable, and provocative, The Economics of Gender is an essential resource for the growing number of courses on gender economics, labor economics, economic policy, and women's studies.

Author Biography

Joyce P. Jacobsen is Andrews Professor of Economics at Wesleyan University. Her Ph.D. is from Stanford University. She is co-author, with Gilbert Skillman, of Labor Markets and Employment Relationships (Blackwell, 2004).

Table of Contents

Prefacep. xii
What Are the Issues in the Economics of Gender?p. 1
Introductionp. 3
What is the economics of gender?p. 3
Why study the economics of gender?p. 4
How are men and women different?p. 5
Focus: Gender, gender, everywherep. 6
Why are men and women different?p. 6
Focus: Why are women underrepresented in science?p. 9
Critiques of the economic approachp. 14
Communication between academic disciplinesp. 16
Focus: Gender and metaphor in the language of economicsp. 17
Summaryp. 18
Endnotesp. 18
Further readingp. 21
Discussion questionsp. 21
The repercussions of scarcityp. 22
Opportunity costp. 22
The marginal vs. total distinctionp. 23
Marketsp. 24
Focus: The intrinsic value paradox: Are diamonds and water like lawyers and child care workers?p. 26
Noncompetitive markets-monopoly and monopsonyp. 27
Policy application: Effects of a minimum, wagep. 30
Endnotesp. 31
Discussion questionsp. 32
Gender Differences in the U.S. Economyp. 33
How much do men and women work?p. 33
Focus: Will men be tomorrow's "second sex"?p. 38
Where do women and men work?p. 39
How much money do men and women make?p. 42
How well-off are women and men?p. 45
Focus: Gender differences in charitable contributionsp. 47
How do men and women allocate their time?p. 50
Policy application: Unemployment policyp. 51
Summaryp. 53
Endnotesp. 53
Further reading and statistical sourcesp. 55
Discussion questionsp. 56
Why Do Women and Men Work?p. 59
The Household as Economic Unitp. 61
Household and marriage formationp. 61
Forces determining the division of laborp. 67
Who to marry and how to sharep. 73
Focus: Is bachelorhood a pitiable state?p. 76
How is power distributed in households?p. 77
Focus: The economics of domestic violencep. 78
Household and marriage dissolutionp. 79
Focus: Prenuptial and postnuptial agreementsp. 80
Policy application: No-fault divorcep. 81
Summaryp. 83
Endnotesp. 84
Further readingp. 88
Discussion questionsp. 88
Consumption and production relationshipsp. 89
Gains from tradep. 90
Budget constraints and indifference curvesp. 92
Substitutes and complementsp. 94
Endnotep. 96
Discussion questionsp. 96
Labor Force Participation: Analysis of Trendsp. 97
Trends in labor force participationp. 97
What has caused these trends?p. 105
Explanations of the rise in women's labor force participationp. 107
Focus: What is higher-quality housework?p. 112
Explanations of the fall in men's labor force participationp. 115
Trends in hours workedp. 117
Conclusions about economic factors affecting labor force participationp. 119
Extensions of the simple economic modelp. 119
Focus: Changes in volunteerism ratesp. 121
Predicting changes in the labor marketp. 122
Policy application: Subsidized child carep. 123
Summaryp. 126
Endnotesp. 126
Further readingp. 129
Discussion questionsp. 130
Labor supplyp. 130
The decision to workp. 130
Policy application: An earnings taxp. 137
Endnotesp. 139
Discussion questionsp. 139
Labor Force Participation: Consequences for Family Structurep. 140
Demographic trendsp. 140
The question of causalityp. 144
Focus: Early marriage as an element of Utopiap. 146
New household and family patternsp. 153
Changes in well-being of households and familiesp. 154
Focus: The price of success? Higher education and family lifep. 157
Focus: Teenage mothers and the cycle of povertyp. 158
Policy application: Regulation of fertility-access to contraception and abortionp. 160
Summaryp. 163
Endnotesp. 163
Further reading and statistical sourcesp. 167
Discussion questionsp. 167
Policy Application: Welfare Reformp. 169
What is welfare?p. 169
Who is poor?p. 169
Effects of welfare programsp. 171
Approaches to welfare reformp. 175
Focus: Making noncustodial parents payp. 178
Focus: The Free the Children antipoverty programp. 179
Recent welfare reform in the U.S.p. 180
Endnotesp. 182
Further reading and statistical sourcesp. 183
Discussion questionsp. 184
The Earnings Puzzle: Why Do Women Earn Less Than Men?p. 187
Gender Segregation in the Workplacep. 189
The situation in various occupationsp. 189
Focus: Directors and officers at Fortune 500 companiesp. 192
Interpretation of large changes in the proportion of women in some occupationsp. 192
Segregation index valuesp. 195
Cross-cultural segregation datap. 199
Theories of why segregation occurs and persistsp. 202
Focus: Blind selection processesp. 205
The relationship between segregation and earningsp. 205
Focus: University coaches' salariesp. 209
Effects of workforce policies on segregationp. 209
Policy application: Affirmative actionp. 213
Summaryp. 215
Endnotesp. 215
Further readingp. 219
Discussion questionsp. 220
Causes of Earnings Differences: Human Capitalp. 222
What is human capital?p. 222
How human capital investments affect earningsp. 223
Focus: The "mommy track" controversyp. 228
The significance of human capital theory for occupational choicep. 229
Focus: Is there gender bias in educational testing?p. 231
Evidence of effects of human capital differences on gender earnings differencesp. 232
Focus: Is the classroom climate chilly for women?p. 237
Policy implications of human capital theory for the gender earnings gapp. 238
Policy application: Nontraditional job training programsp. 238
Summaryp. 239
Endnotesp. 239
Further reading and statistical sourcesp. 242
Discussion questionsp. 242
Regression analysisp. 243
Endnotesp. 247
Discussion questionsp. 247
Causes of Earnings Differences: Compensating Differentialsp. 248
What is a compensating differential?p. 248
How do compensating differentials affect earnings?p. 249
Focus: Death on the jobp. 251
Sorting of workers across firms and industriesp. 252
Gender differences in preferences for job characteristicsp. 253
Focus: Gender differences in "selling out"p. 256
Policy implications of compensating differentials for the gender earnings gapp. 260
Policy application: Workplace regulationsp. 260
Summaryp. 262
Endnotesp. 262
Further readingp. 264
Discussion questionsp. 264
Causes of Earnings Differences: Discriminationp. 265
How economists define discriminationp. 265
Overview of evidence of workplace discriminationp. 266
Focus: The difficulties of filing discrimination chargesp. 267
Focus: The Sears casep. 273
How do discrimination theories explain gender workplace differences?p. 274
Models involving tastes for discriminationp. 275
Models of discrimination that do not involve prejudicep. 278
Can discrimination exist in equilibrium?p. 284
Feedback effects from labor market discriminationp. 285
Devices for combating discriminationp. 285
Focus: Women don't ask? Improving negotiation skillsp. 287
Policy application: Anti-discrimination legislationp. 288
Summaryp. 289
Endnotesp. 289
Further readingp. 294
Discussion questionsp. 294
Policy Application: Comparable Worthp. 296
What is comparable worth?p. 296
The pros and cons of comparable worthp. 297
Focus: Comparable worth for professorsp. 303
How would comparable worth be implemented nationally?p. 304
Estimation of potential comparable worth benefits and costsp. 305
Evaluation of actual comparable worth policiesp. 307
The need for policies to correct discriminationp. 309
Endnotesp. 310
Further readingp. 312
Discussion questionsp. 313
Cross-Societal Comparisons: Are Gender Differences the Same Everywhere?p. 315
Industrialized Capitalist Societiesp. 317
Overview of levels and trends in these countriesp. 317
Focus: Institutionalized pay discrimination in New Zealandp. 323
Focus: Swedish hiring quotas and Norwegian boardroom quotasp. 326
Examples from particular countriesp. 327
Focus: Comparing tax system effects for Sweden and Germanyp. 331
Social policies across advanced industrialized countriesp. 332
Policy application: Child allowancesp. 335
Summaryp. 335
Endnotesp. 336
Further reading and statistical sourcesp. 339
Discussion questionsp. 340
Socialist and Cooperative Societiesp. 341
Why these societies might be expected to display more gender equalityp. 341
Evaluation of actual practicesp. 342
Focus: Causes of the progress of women in the Soviet Unionp. 347
Examples from particular countriesp. 348
Focus: How many "missing girls" are there in China?p. 349
Focus: Vietnam as a paradigm for transition?p. 354
Summaryp. 354
Endnotesp. 354
Further reading and statistical sourcesp. 357
Discussion questionsp. 357
Nonindustrialized Traditional Societiesp. 359
Overview of levels and trends in these countriesp. 359
Methods for evaluating the extent and value of workp. 367
Focus: Time use in Togop. 368
Level of gender inequality by type of societyp. 369
Focus: Flexible gender roles in American Indian societiesp. 370
Focus: Sex ratios across societiesp. 373
Examples from particular countriesp. 373
Policy application: Rural-urban migration disincentivesp. 376
Summaryp. 377
Endnotesp. 377
Further readingp. 380
Discussion questionsp. 381
Effects of the Development Process on Gender Differencesp. 383
What is development?p. 383
Focus: Two Brazilian factoriesp. 388
Development effects on family structurep. 389
Focus: The marriage market in Singaporep. 390
Development policy topicsp. 391
Focus: Bank loans in Bombayp. 394
Policy application Foreign aid practicesp. 395
Summaryp. 396
Endnotesp. 396
Further reading and statistical sourcesp. 398
Discussion questionsp. 399
Historical Comparisons: How Do Gender Differences Vary over Time?p. 401
Gender Differences in U.S. Economic Historyp. 403
Overview by erap. 403
Focus: Mill towns in New Englandp. 404
Long-run trends in labor marketsp. 407
Focus: Bank tellers and the tipping phenomenonp. 411
Policies affecting men and women differentlyp. 414
Focus: The cigar industryp. 416
Policy application: Marriage barsp. 417
Summaryp. 418
Endnotesp. 418
Further reading and statistical sourcesp. 421
Discussion questionsp. 422
Race, Ethnicity, and Class Considerations in Interpreting Gender Differencesp. 423
Gender differences across groupsp. 423
Different conceptual frameworks for analyzing group differencesp. 426
Focus: Does U.S. immigration law hurt women?p. 427
Displaced populations-American Indiansp. 427
Repercussions of slavery: the African-American experiencep. 428
Focus: Black progress in corporate Americap. 430
Immigrant experiencesp. 431
Group membership considerations in formulation of policyp. 434
Focus: Does Title IX discriminate against black men?p. 435
Policy application: Quotas in educational programs and hiringp. 436
Summaryp. 437
Endnotesp. 437
Further readingp. 439
Discussion questionsp. 439
Policy Proposalsp. 441
Summary of policy approaches to gender issuesp. 441
General precepts for policy formulationp. 442
Focus: Why don't women get tenure?p. 448
Focus: Part-time lawyersp. 449
Policy application: Family-friendly benefitsp. 451
Summaryp. 451
Endnotesp. 451
Further reading and statistical sourcesp. 453
Discussion questionsp. 453
Author indexp. 455
Subject indexp. 468
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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