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" Educating Exceptional Children, Eighth Edition"

by Kirk

Edition:

8th

ISBN13:

9780395780510

ISBN10:

0395780519

Format:

Hardcover

Pub. Date:

8/1/1996

Publisher(s):

HOUGHTON MIFFLIN CO

Upgraded Edition: Click here!

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Educating Exceptional Children
Educating Exceptional Children
Educating Exceptional Children

Table of Contents

Preface

1

Chapter 1 Educating the Exceptional Child

1

(42)

The Exceptional Child as a Special Learner

2

(2)

Who Is an Exceptional Child?

2

(1)

Characteristics of Exceptional Children

3

(1)

The Context of the Exceptional Child

4

(7)

Ecology and the Exceptional Child

5

(2)

The Influence of Family

7

(2)

The Social Context: The Influence of the Environment

9

(1)

The Influence of Culture

9

(2)

The Significance of Language and Terminology

11

(1)

Individual Differences and Their Assessment

11

(8)

Individual Differences and the Classroom

12

(1)

The Role of Assessment

12

(7)

Inter-Individual Differences

13

(6)

Intra-Individual Differences

19

(1)

Developmental Profiles

19

(2)

Culture and Assessment

21

(2)

Culture-Bound Assessment Measures

21

(1)

Environmental Conditions

22

(1)

Conflicting Values

23

(1)

Child-Family Interaction

23

(4)

Parental Response

24

(1)

Family Responsibilities

25

(2)

The Child in Context: Anatomy Is Not Destiny

27

(8)

Changing Family Roles

29

(4)

Working Mothers

29

(1)

Parent Empowerment

30

(1)

Parents as Team Members

30

(2)

Parents as Advocates

32

(1)

Siblings

33

(2)

Identifying and Coping with Family Stress

35

(4)

Special Problems of Parents of Children with Special Gifts and Talents

39

(4)

Chapter 2 Exceptional Children and Their Environment

43

(47)

A Historical Perspective

45

(1)

Establishing Residential Schools

45

(1)

Adapting Public Schools

45

(1)

The Exceptional Child and the School

46

(1)

Integration

46

(1)

The Child in Context: "One Child Is Included"

47

(17)

Lifespan Perspective

51

(2)

Early Childhood

51

(1)

Transition Services

51

(2)

Special Education Adaptations

53

(6)

Learning Environment

54

(2)

Content

56

(1)

Skills

56

(1)

Computers and Technology

57

(2)

Referral and Assessment

59

(5)

Assessment

60

(2)

The Individualized Education Program

62

(2)

Educational Restructuring

64

(20)

The Regular Education Initiative

64

(2)

The Inclusion Movement

66

(6)

Restructuring in General Education: America 2000

72

(10)

Middle Schools

72

(1)

Cooperative Learning

72

(1)

Site-Based Management

73

(1)

Academic Standards

74

(1)

Effective Assessment Tools

75

(1)

Accountability

76

(1)

State and Federal Legislation

76

(6)

The Role of the Courts

82

(2)

The Role of the Organized Religion

84

(1)

Conclusion

84

(6)

Chapter 3 Early Intervention: Priorities and Programs

90

(35)

Overview and Origins of Early Intervention

92

(3)

Definitions and Goals

92

(1)

Origins of Early Intervention

92

(2)

Legislative Support for Early Intervention

94

(1)

Why Early Intervention?

95

(2)

Avoiding Developmental Delays

95

(1)

Preventing Additional Deficits

96

(1)

Are Early Childhood Intervention Programs Effective?

97

(1)

What Puts Children at Risk?

98

(1)

Genetic Disorders

99

(1)

Events During Pregnancy and Birth

99

(2)

Environmental Risks

99

(2)

Child Abuse

99

(1)

Lower Socioeconomic Conditions (Poverty)

100

(1)

Substance Abuse

100

(1)

Primary Prevention

101

(3)

Genetic Counseling

101

(1)

Prenatal Care

102

(2)

Alpha-fetoprotein Test

102

(1)

Sonography

103

(1)

Amniocentesis

104

(1)

Chorionic Villus Biopsy

104

(1)

Detecting Disabilities After Birth

104

(3)

Screening at Birth

104

(1)

Medical Intervention

105

(1)

Developmental Screening

106

(1)

Intervention Programs

107

(10)

The Individualized Family Services Plan

107

(4)

Settings and Strategies

111

(4)

In a Hospital

111

(2)

Home

113

(1)

In an Early Childhood Intervention Center

114

(1)

Evaluation and Curriculum

115

(1)

Model Programs

116

(1)

The Child in Context: The Making of a Miracle

117

(3)

Families

120

(5)

Chapter 4 Children Who Are Gifted and Talented

125

(53)

Definitions

127

(2)

Components of Intellectual Competence

129

(1)

One Gift or Many?

130

(2)

Factors That Contribute to Giftedness and Talent

132

(2)

Heredity

132

(1)

Environment

132

(2)

Studies of Students Who Are Gifted

134

(3)

The Burden of Giftedness

137

(1)

Developmental Profiles

138

(1)

The Child in Context: On Going to College Early

139

(4)

Identification

143

(2)

Special Groups of Children Who Are Gifted

145

(9)

Girls Who Are Gifted

145

(2)

Children of Extraordinary Ability

147

(1)

Underachievers Who Are Gifted

148

(2)

Culturally Different Children Who Are Gifted

150

(3)

Children with Disabilities Who Are Gifted

153

(1)

Education Reform and Its Effects

154

(2)

Educational Adaptations

156

(16)

Modifications to the Learning Environment

156

(4)

Modifications to Content

160

(3)

Teaching Cognitive Strategies

163

(7)

Problem Finding and Problem Solving

165

(3)

Creativity

168

(2)

Student Acceleration

170

(2)

Lifespan Issues

172

(6)

Chapter 5 Children with Mental Retardation

178

(53)

Definition

179

(5)

Intellectual Subnormality

179

(1)

Adaptive Behavior

180

(2)

Levels of Mental Retardation

182

(2)

Biological Factors That Contribute to Mental Retardation

184

(5)

Chromosomal Abnormalities

184

(3)

Down Syndrome

184

(2)

Phenylketonuria

186

(1)

Fragile X Syndrome

187

(1)

Toxic Agents

187

(2)

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

187

(1)

Heavy Metals

188

(1)

Infections

189

(1)

The Family and Other Environmental Factors That Affect Mental Retardation

189

(3)

Characteristics of Children with Retardation

192

(3)

Ability to Process Information

192

(2)

Ability to Acquire and Use Language

194

(1)

Emotional Problems and Social Acceptance

194

(1)

Developmental Profiles

195

(1)

Prevention of Mental Retardation

196

(1)

The Child in Context: Jon Will's Aptitudes

197

(3)

Educational Adaptations

200

(23)

Identification

200

(2)

Differential Programming

202

(1)

Individualized Education Programs

203

(1)

Learning Environments

203

(4)

Regular Classroom

203

(1)

Teacher Consultants or Facilitators

203

(3)

Resource Room

206

(1)

Special Classes

206

(1)

Middle School

206

(1)

Curriculum Content

207

(5)

Basic Academic Skills

209

(1)

Language and Communication

209

(2)

Socialization

211

(1)

Prevocational and Work-Study Skills

212

(1)

Uses of Technology

213

(3)

Skills Mastery

216

(2)

Teaching Strategies

218

(3)

Behavior Modification

218

(1)

Intrinsic Motivation

219

(1)

Counseling

220

(1)

Cooperative Learning

220

(1)

Special Olympics

221

(1)

Can Special Education Make a Difference?

221

(2)

Lifespan Issues

223

(8)

Transition from School to Work

223

(2)

Transition to Adulthood

225

(6)

Chapter 6 Children with Learning Disabilities

231

(46)

A Historical Overview

232

(1)

Definitions

233

(2)

Prevalence

235

(2)

Is There a Single Cause?

237

(1)

Characteristics of Children with Learning Disabilities

237

(1)

Classification of Learning Disabilities

238

(7)

Neuropsychological/Developmental Learning Disabilities

239

(4)

Biological and Genetic Explanations

240

(1)

Perceptual-Motor Problems

240

(1)

Visual Processing Deficits

241

(1)

Auditory Processing Deficits

241

(1)

Memory Disorders

241

(1)

Attentional Deficits and Hyperactivity

241

(2)

Academic/Achievement Learning Disabilities

243

(2)

Language and Reading Disorders

243

(1)

Dyslexia

243

(1)

Writing Disorders

244

(1)

Spelling Disorders

244

(1)

Mathematics Disorders

244

(1)

The Child in Context: A Student Helps Other Dyslexics

245

(2)

Deficits in Executive Function or Cognitive Strategies

247

(1)

Social Disabilities

247

(1)

Developmental Profiles

247

(1)

Identification and Assessment

248

(6)

Diagnosis

249

(2)

Early Intervention

251

(2)

Language Disabilities

251

(1)

Perceptual-Motor Disabilities

252

(1)

Attentional and Other Disabilities

252

(1)

The Individualized Family Service Plan

253

(1)

Schoolchildren

254

(1)

Educational Adaptations

254

(17)

Major Approaches for Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities

255

(2)

Applied Behavioral Analysis

255

(2)

Diagnostic Prescriptive Model

257

(7)

Mnemonic Devices

257

(1)

Cooperative Learning

257

(1)

Cognitive Instruction

258

(1)

Some Approaches to Instruction

259

(5)

Learning Environment

264

(4)

Secondary School Programs

268

(1)

Transition Programs

268

(3)

Families

271

(6)

Chapter 7 Children with Behavior Problems

277

(49)

Definition

278

(3)

Factors Related to Behavior Problems

281

(5)

Biological Risk Factors

281

(3)

The Influence of Genes

283

(1)

Interaction Between Genes and Environment

283

(1)

The Influence of Drugs

284

(1)

Family Risk Factors

284

(1)

School Risk Factors

285

(1)

Social Risk Factors

285

(1)

Classifications and Characteristics

286

(5)

Conduct Disorders

286

(2)

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

287

(1)

Anxiety-Withdrawal

288

(3)

Developmental Profiles

291

(2)

Identification and Placement

293

(2)

The Child in Context: Vivienne: A Teacher's Viewpoint

295

(1)

Intervention Strategies

296

(8)

Operant Conditioning

298

(2)

Functional Assessment

300

(1)

Ecological Strategies

301

(1)

Project Re-Ed

301

(1)

Time-out

302

(1)

The Challenge of Substance Abuse

302

(1)

Drug Treatment

303

(1)

Treatment Combinations

303

(1)

Educational Adaptations

304

(15)

The Role of the Case Manager (Service Coordinator)

304

(1)

Learning Environment

304

(2)

Inclusion

306

(2)

Curriculum Content

308

(1)

Computers: Aiding Content Mastery and Avoiding Negative Response

309

(1)

Skills Mastery Techniques

310

(8)

Cognitive Strategy Approaches

312

(1)

Developing Social Skills

313

(2)

Modeling Acceptable Behavior

315

(3)

The Helping Teacher

318

(1)

Lifespan Issues

319

(7)

Transition from School to Work

319

(1)

Transition to Adulthood

320

(6)

Chapter 8 Children with Communication Disorders in Speech and Language

326

(40)

Definitions

327

(2)

Differences Between Speech Disorders and Language Disorders

329

(1)

The Elements of Verbal Language

330

(2)

Prevalence of Communication Disorders

332

(1)

Language Development: A Brief Overview

332

(5)

Characteristics of Language Development

332

(2)

The Sequence of Language Development

334

(3)

Classification of Communication Disorders

337

(3)

Disorders of Articulation-Phonology

338

(1)

The Nature of Articulation-Phonology Disorders

338

(1)

Disabilities Associated with Articulation-Phonology Disorders

339

(1)

Disorders of Fluency and Speech Timing

339

(1)

Disorders of Voice

339

(1)

Disorders of Language

340

(1)

Developmental Delay in Communication

340

(1)

Developmental Profile

341

(1)

Identification and Assessment

342

(5)

Preschool Children and Early Intervention

342

(1)

School-Age Children

343

(2)

Screening

344

(1)

Evaluation and Diagnosis

344

(1)

Developing the Individualized Education Program

345

(1)

Linguistic Diversity

345

(2)

Assessment of Non-English Speaking Children

345

(1)

Dialects

346

(1)

Educational Adaptations

347

(12)

Intervention Priorities

348

(1)

Intervention Strategies

348

(6)

Therapy

348

(2)

Interactive Approaches

350

(1)

Intervention for Fluency Disorders

350

(1)

Augmented and Alternative Communication

351

(1)

Computers

352

(1)

Auditory Integration Training

353

(1)

Facilitative Communication

354

(1)

Implications for Teachers

354

(3)

Service Delivery Options

357

(1)

Consultative Service

357

(1)

Itinerant Service

358

(1)

Intensive-Cycle Scheduling

358

(1)

Educational Setting

358

(1)

Additional Roles of the Speech-Language Pathologist

358

(1)

Family Issues

359

(1)

The Child in Context: Learning to Try

360

(6)

Chapter 9 Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing

366

(46)

Definitions

367

(4)

Degree of Hearing Loss

367

(1)

Age of Onset of Loss

367

(3)

The Structure of the Ear and Types of Hearing Loss

370

(1)

Prevalence of Hearing Loss

371

(1)

Causes of Hearing Loss

372

(5)

Genetic Causes

373

(1)

Environmental Causes

374

(3)

Characteristics of Children with Hearing Loss

377

(5)

Cognitive Development

377

(1)

Language Development

378

(2)

Social and Personal Adjustment

380

(2)

The Deaf Community

382

(1)

Developmental Profiles

382

(2)

The School's Role in Identification

384

(2)

The Classroom Teacher

384

(1)

The Audiologist

385

(1)

Means of Testing Hearing Loss

386

(1)

Pure-Tone Audiometry

386

(1)

Bone-Conductor Test

386

(1)

Behavioral Observation Audiometry

386

(1)

Play Audiometry

386

(1)

Technologies and Programs

387

(2)

Hearing Aids

387

(1)

Computers

388

(1)

Other Technological Advances

388

(1)

The Child in Context: Rachel Remembers

389

(2)

Educational Adaptations

391

(14)

Learning Environments

391

(3)

Early Intervention

391

(1)

Elementary School

392

(1)

Secondary School

393

(1)

Postsecondary Programs

393

(1)

Communication Skills

394

(6)

Communication Methods

395

(3)

Approaches to Teaching Communications

398

(2)

Academic Achievement

400

(2)

General Teaching Strategies

402

(2)

Instructor Variables

402

(1)

Program Variables

402

(1)

Home Variables

403

(1)

The Educational Team

404

(1)

Some Special Services

404

(1)

Captioned Films for the Deaf

404

(1)

Signaling Devices

404

(1)

Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, Inc.

404

(1)

State Departments of Vocational Rehabilitation

404

(1)

Telecommunications for the Deaf, Inc.

404

(1)

Families

405

(7)

Chapter 10 Children with Visual Impairments

412

(54)

Definitions

413

(1)

Visual Interpretation and the Human Eye

413

(4)

The Human Eye

414

(1)

Causes of Visual Impairments

415

(2)

Characteristics of Children with Visual Impairments

417

(4)

Intellectual Development

417

(1)

Language Development

418

(1)

Sensory Compensation and Perception

419

(1)

Personal and Social Adjustment

419

(2)

Developmental Profiles

421

(2)

Early Intervention

423

(2)

Identification

425

(2)

Educational Adaptations

427

(19)

Learning Environment

429

(7)

Inclusion

429

(2)

Special Schools

431

(1)

Itinerant Teacher

432

(1)

The Need for Teamwork

432

(2)

The Need for Support Personnel

434

(1)

Individualized Education Program

435

(1)

Social Aspects of Inclusion

436

(2)

Developing Adaptive Skills

438

(8)

Communication Skills

438

(4)

Environment Skills

442

(3)

Skills in the Learning Environment

445

(1)

The Child in Context: Taking Rachel Swimming

446

(8)

Additional Skills Training

450

(1)

Aids in the Learning Environment

450

(2)

Content

452

(2)

Science

452

(1)

Mathematics

452

(2)

The Uses of Technology

454

(7)

Communication

454

(4)

Transition from School to Work

458

(1)

Program Evaluation

458

(1)

Prevocational Training

458

(3)

Lifespan Issues

461

(1)

A Final Word

461

(5)

Chapter 11 Children with Multiple and Severe Disabilities

466

(46)

A Note About Terminology

468

(1)

Definition

469

(1)

Prevalence of Multiple and Severe Disabilities

470

(1)

Causes of Multiple and Severe Disabilities

471

(1)

Characteristics of Children with Multiple and Severe Disabilities

471

(11)

Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders (NOS)

472

(3)

Deaf-Blind Impairment

475

(4)

Behavior Disturbance and Hearing Impairment

479

(2)

Mental Retardation with Another Disability

480

(1)

Mental Retardation and Cerebral Palsy

481

(1)

Early Intervention

482

(3)

Identification of Children with Multiple and Severe Disabilities

485

(1)

Educational Adaptations

486

(15)

A Philosophy of Teaching

486

(6)

Functional Age-Appropriate Skills

487

(1)

Learning Environment

487

(2)

Integrated Settings

489

(2)

Data Collecting

491

(1)

Teaching and Assessing

492

(3)

Normal Development

492

(1)

Generalization of Skills

493

(1)

Assessment of Skills

494

(1)

Curriculum and Teaching Approaches

495

(3)

Preschool

495

(2)

Primary and Secondary School

497

(1)

Adaptation for Nonvocal Students

498

(1)

Transition from Home and School to Community and Work

499

(1)

Computer Technology

500

(1)

Adulthood and Lifespan Issues

501

(1)

Living Arrangements

501

(1)

Vocational Arrangements

501

(1)

The Child in Context: The Miracles of Brea

502

(4)

Day Treatment Programs

505

(1)

Sheltered Workshops

505

(1)

Supportive Competitive Employment

505

(1)

Families

506

(6)

Chapter 12 Children with Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments

512

(46)

Definitions

513

(1)

Prevalence of Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments

514

(1)

Causes of Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments

516

(1)

Congenital Disabilities

516

(1)

Acquired Disabilities

516

(1)

Classification and Characteristics

517

(3)

Children with Physical Disabilities

517

(1)

Neurological Conditions

518

(2)

The Child in Context: The Prison of Paralysis, the Freedom of Words

520

(15)

Musculoskeletal Conditions

523

(3)

Children with Health Impairments

526

(5)

Cardiopulmonary Conditions

526

(2)

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

528

(1)

Cooley's Anemia and Sickle Cell Anemia

528

(1)

Substance Abuse

529

(1)

Other Health-Related Conditions

530

(1)

Technology-Dependent Health Conditions

531

(3)

A Home-Care Success Story

531

(1)

Tube Feeding

532

(1)

Intravenous Feeding

532

(1)

Catheterization and Colostomy

532

(1)

Oxygen-Dependent Children

533

(1)

Child Abuse

534

(1)

Traumatic Brain Injury and Accidents

534

(1)

Developmental Profiles

535

(2)

Early Intervention

537

(1)

Identification of Children with Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments

538

(1)

Educational Adaptations

538

(13)

Content and Instructional Adaptations

538

(6)

The Role of Related Services

539

(1)

Communication

540

(3)

Instructional Materials and Classroom Equipment

543

(1)

Physical Education

544

(1)

Emergency and Medical Procedures

544

(1)

Skill Development

544

(5)

Motor Skills and Mobility

545

(1)

Self-Care Skills

546

(1)

Social and Emotional Adjustment

546

(3)

Learning Environment

549

(2)

Inclusion

549

(2)

Accessibility

551

(1)

Family and Lifespan Issues

551

(7)

Transition

551

(1)

Length of Life

552

(1)

Discrimination

552

(6)

Afterword Perspectives on Educating Exceptional Children in the Future

558

(4)

Glossary

562

(8)

References

570

(26)

Author/Source Index

596

(8)

Subject Index

604

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