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Effective Group Discussion,9780697327260

Effective Group Discussion

by Brilhart

Edition:

9th

ISBN13:

9780697327260

ISBN10:

0697327264

Pub. Date:

1/1/1997

Publisher(s):

BROWN WM C CO PUBLISHERS

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Effective Group Discussion : Theory and Practice
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Effective Group Discussion : Theory and Practice

Table of Contents

Preface

vii

Part 1 Introduction to the Study of Small Groups

1

(40)

1 The Small Groups in Everyone's Life

3

(18)

Central Message

3

(1)

Study Objectives

3

(1)

Key Terms

3

(4)

Important Concepts and Terms

7

(2)

Types of Small Groups

9

(6)

Primary Groups

9

(1)

Secondary Groups

10

(5)

Ethical Behavior of Group Members

15

(1)

Participant-Observer Perspective

16

(1)

Summary

17

(1)

Exercises

18

(1)

Bibliography

19

(1)

Notes

19

(22)

2 The Small Group As a System

21

(22)

Central Message

21

(1)

Study Objectives

21

(1)

Key Terms

21

(1)

An Example of an Effective Problem-Solving Group

22

(5)

The Small Group As an Open System

27

(6)

Characteristics of an Ideal Secondary Group

33

(6)

Input Variables

33

(2)

Throughput Variables

35

(2)

Output Variables

37

(1)

Environmental Factors

38

(1)

Summary

39

(1)

Exercises

39

(1)

Bibliography

40

(1)

Notes

40

(1)

Part 2 The Foundations of Communicating in Groups

41

(68)

3 Human Communication Processes in Small Groups

43

(16)

Central Message

43

(1)

Study Objectives

43

(1)

Key Terms

43

(1)

What Is Communication?

44

(6)

Principles of Communication

44

(3)

Myths About Communication

47

(1)

A Description of a Communication Transaction

48

(2)

Listening and Responding During Discussions

50

(5)

Pitfalls to Listening Effectively

51

(2)

Effective Listening in the Small Group

53

(2)

Summary

55

(1)

Exercises

55

(2)

Bibliography

57

(1)

Notes

57

(2)

4 Verbal and Nonverbal Signals in Small Group Communication

59

(22)

Central Message

59

(1)

Study Objectives

59

(1)

Key Terms

59

(1)

The Nature of Language

60

(8)

Problems Resulting from Language Choices

61

(6)

Improving Communication by Organizing Remarks

67

(1)

Nonverbal Signals in Small Group Communication

68

(9)

Principles of Nonverbal Communication

68

(2)

Functions of Nonverbal Communication

70

(2)

Types of Nonverbal Signals

72

(5)

Summary

77

(1)

Exercises

78

(1)

Bibliography

79

(1)

Notes

79

(2)

5 The Effects of Culture on Small Group Communication

81

(28)

Central Message

81

(1)

Study Objectives

81

(1)

Key Terms

81

(3)

What Is Culture?

84

(2)

Cultural Characteristics that Affect Communication

86

(5)

Worldview

86

(2)

Individualism Versus Collectivism

88

(1)

Power Distance

89

(1)

Uncertainty Avoidance

89

(1)

Low-Versus High-Context Communication

90

(1)

Crosscultural Communication Differences

91

(5)

Language

91

(2)

Nonverbal Signals

93

(3)

Gender and Race As Culture

96

(4)

Gender

96

(3)

Race

99

(1)

Becoming Interculturally Competent

100

(2)

Summary

102

(1)

Exercises

102

(2)

Bibliography

104

(1)

Notes

104

(5)

Part 3 Developing the Small Group

109

(98)

6 The Members

111

(12)

Central Message

111

(1)

Study Objectives

111

(1)

Key Terms

111

(1)

Group Size

112

(1)

Personal Behavior: Characteristics, Attitudes, and Competencies

113

(6)

Personal Traits

113

(2)

Communicative Attitudes

115

(4)

Summary

119

(1)

Exercises

120

(1)

Bibliography

121

(1)

Notes

121

(2)

7 From Individuals to Group: Norms and Roles

123

(20)

Central Message

123

(1)

Study Objectives

123

(1)

Key Terms

123

(1)

Development of Group Culture

124

(1)

Communication and the Structuring of Small Groups

124

(2)

Tension Among Members

126

(2)

Primary Tension

126

(1)

Secondary Tension

127

(1)

Phases in the Development of Small Groups

128

(1)

Development of Group Norms

129

(4)

Changing a Norm

132

(1)

Development of Role Structure

133

(6)

Role Emergence

134

(1)

Classifying Group Roles

134

(5)

Summary

139

(1)

Exercises

139

(2)

Bibliography

141

(1)

Notes

141

(2)

8 From Individuals to Group: Fantasy and Cohesiveness

143

(18)

Central Message

143

(1)

Study Objectives

143

(1)

Key Terms

143

(1)

Communication Networks

144

(1)

Status Hierarchy

145

(1)

Fantasy Themes

146

(4)

Cohesiveness

150

(7)

Teambuilding

152

(2)

SYMLOG: Depicting Cohesiveness

154

(3)

Summary

157

(1)

Exercises

157

(2)

Bibliography

159

(1)

Notes

159

(2)

9 Perspectives on Leadership in Small Groups

161

(20)

Central Message

161

(1)

Study Objectives

161

(1)

Key Terms

161

(1)

Leadership and Leaders

162

(3)

Leadership

162

(1)

Leader

163

(2)

Theoretical Approaches to Leadership

165

(7)

Traits Approaches

165

(2)

Styles Approaches

167

(1)

Contingency Approaches

168

(4)

Communicative Competencies Approach

172

(1)

Communicative Competencies of Effective Discussion Leaders

172

(2)

The Relationship Between Leaders and Members

174

(1)

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Model

174

(1)

The Case for Distributed Leadership

175

(1)

Summary

176

(1)

Exercises

177

(1)

Bibliography

178

(1)

Notes

178

(3)

10 Serving As Designated Leader

181

(26)

Central Message

181

(1)

Study Objectives

181

(1)

Key Terms

181

(1)

Group-Centered Democratic Leadership

182

(1)

Leader As Completer

183

(1)

Responsibilities and Techniques of Discussion Leaders and Chairs

183

(20)

Administrative Duties

185

(8)

Leading Discussions

193

(7)

Developing the Group

200

(3)

Ethical Principles for Group Leaders

203

(1)

Summary

204

(1)

Exercises

205

(1)

Bibliography

206

(1)

Notes

206

(1)

Part 4 Effective Problem Solving in the Small Group

207

(84)

11 Problem-Solving Discussion

209

(28)

Central Message

209

(1)

Study Objectives

209

(1)

Key Terms

209

(2)

Problem Solving and Decision Making

211

(1)

Effective Problem Solving

211

(3)

Problem

211

(1)

Problem Characteristics

212

(2)

Organizing Problem-Solving Discussions

214

(5)

Vigilant Interaction Theory

215

(1)

The Need for Structure

216

(3)

P-MOPS: A General Procedural Model of Problem Solving for Structuring Problem-Solving Discussions

219

(8)

The Single Question Format: A Less Highly Structured Format

227

(3)

Summary

230

(1)

Exercises

231

(2)

Bibliography

233

(1)

Notes

233

(4)

12 Decision Making in Small Groups

237

(22)

Central Message

237

(1)

Study Objectives

237

(1)

Key Terms

237

(1)

Group Versus Individual Decision Making

238

(3)

Factors Affecting Decision Quality

239

(2)

Group Polarization

241

(1)

Methods of Decision Making in Groups

241

(2)

Decision Making by the Leader

241

(1)

Decision Making by Majority Vote

242

(1)

Decision Making by Consensus

242

(1)

Phasic Progression During Decision Making

243

(3)

Effective Group Decision Making

246

(2)

Critical Thinking and the Quality of Group Decision Making

248

(4)

Evaluating Information

248

(2)

Evaluating Reasoning

250

(2)

Summary

252

(1)

Exercises

253

(3)

Scholarship Awards Committee

254

(2)

Bibliography

256

(1)

Notes

256

(3)

13 Managing Conflict in the Small Group

259

(32)

Central Message

259

(1)

Study Objectives

259

(1)

Key Terms

259

(1)

A Definition of Conflict

260

(8)

Positive and Negative Outcomes of Conflict

262

(3)

Expressing Disagreement in a Group

265

(1)

Types of Conflict

266

(2)

Groupthink

268

(6)

Symptoms of Groupthink

271

(2)

Preventing Groupthink

273

(1)

Managing Conflict

274

(10)

Basic Approaches Toward Conflict Management

275

(1)

Conflict Management Styles

275

(2)

Expressing Disagreements Ethically

277

(2)

Negotiating Principled Agreement

279

(3)

When Negotiation Fails: Alternative Procedures

282

(2)

Summary

284

(1)

Exercises

285

(2)

Bibliography

287

(1)

Notes

287

(4)

Part 5 Group Discussion and Observation Techniques

291

(52)

14 Special Discussion Techniques and Methods

293

(24)

Central Message

293

(1)

Study Objectives

293

(1)

Key Terms

293

(1)

Regulating Group Discussions

294

(2)

Group Techniques for Increasing Problem-Solving Effectiveness

296

(9)

Identifying Problems

296

(2)

Generating Information and Ideas

298

(2)

Enhancing Group Creativity

300

(4)

Implementing Ideas with PERT

304

(1)

Improving Organizational Problem Solving

305

(3)

The Nominal Group Technique

305

(1)

Quality Circles

306

(1)

Self-Managed Work Groups

307

(1)

Using Technology to Help a Group

308

(4)

Teleconferences

308

(2)

Group Decision Support Systems

310

(2)

Summary

312

(1)

Exercises

313

(1)

Bibliography

314

(1)

Notes

314

(3)

15 Observing Group Discussions

317

(26)

Central Message

317

(1)

Study Objectives

317

(1)

Key Terms

317

(1)

Roles of Nonparticipant Observers

318

(5)

Learning

318

(1)

Reminding

319

(1)

Consulting

320

(1)

Critiquing

321

(1)

Ethical Guidelines for Nonparticipant Observers

322

(1)

Planning for Observing

323

(2)

Instruments for Observing and Evaluating Discussions

325

(15)

Verbal Interaction Analysis

325

(1)

Content Analysis

326

(3)

Questionnaries and Rating Scales

329

(11)

Summary

340

(1)

Exercises

340

(2)

Questions for Evaluating a Project Group

341

(1)

Bibliography

342

(1)

Notes

342

(1)

Appendix A Making Public Presentations of the Group's Output

343

(6)

Panel Discussions

343

(3)

Preparing for Panel Discussions

344

(2)

Public Interviews

346

(1)

Forum Discussions

346

(3)

Appendix B Informational Resources for the Group

349

(6)

Review and Organize Your Present Stock of Information and Ideas

349

(1)

Gather Needed Information

350

(3)

Note Taking

350

(1)

Direct Observation

351

(1)

Reading

351

(1)

Interviews

352

(1)

Other Information Sources

353

(1)

Evaluate the Information and Ideas Your Have Collected

353

(1)

Organize Your Information and Ideas

354

(1)

Glossary

355

(8)

Name Index

363

(4)

Subject Index

367

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